نعترف بول وبستر JL لتقديم 3D من البيانات البصرية مع أميرة. قدم فيل مونيوز وFranta بنيامين تعليقات على المخطوط في جميع أنحاء تنميتها. وأيد هذا البحث وصفها في هذه الورقة من قبل مكتب القوات الجوية للبحث العلمي تحت بند المنح FA9550-09-1-0546 وFA9550-10-1-0402.

1. إعداد المعدنية أيون بوليمر فيلم مخدر <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قياس 8 مل من الماء في دورق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 206 ملغ من PVP في الماء. خلط باستخدام خلاط مغناطيسي أو حتى دوامة الحل واضح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة ملغ 210 من AGNO 3 إلى الحل. خلط باستخدام خلاط مغناطيسي أو حتى دوامة الحل واضح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> معطف شريحة زجاجية مع حل من خلال صب قطرة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مكان شريحة زجاجية في مجموعة الفرن على 100 درجة مئوية. خبز عينة لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة عينة من الفرن والسماح لتبرد لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li></ol> 2. تصنيع الهياكل فضة قطع <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> محاذاة الإعداد هو مبين في الشكل (1) على طاولة الضوئية مع العوازل الاهتزاز. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضبط ضاغط للحصول على 50-fsec البقول بعد الهدف المجهر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضبط مرشحات الكثافة محايدة للحصول على 3-NJ البقول بعد الهدف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضمان ليزر حجم البقعة أكبر من الفتحة الخلفي من الهدف المجهر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl">تعيين صوتية الضوئية المغير لإنتاج النوافذ التعرض 10-μsec خلالها المشع العينة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كتلة شعاع الليزر قبل أن تصل إلى عينة المجهر ومكان على المحور 3-المرحلة الترجمة. يجب أن يحتوي مسار شعاع من نبضات الليزر الفيمتو ثانية تمر من خلال المجهر والتصوير الهدف في العينة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مصدر الإضاءة تشغيل المجهر لمراقبة عينة في الموقع باستخدام كاميرا CCD. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ترجمة Z-محور المرحلة لإيجاد التفاعل بين الركيزة الزجاج وفيلم البوليمر. ثم، إعادة تركيز المجهر على العمق المطلوب داخل الطبقة السفلية للبوليمر في أقصى الزخرفة. Z-ترجمة خلال الزخرفة يجب أن يكون في الاتجاه بعيدا عن واجهة زجاجية لتفادي تشتت البوليمر مع الهياكل ملفقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الافراج عن شعاع الليزر ومجموعة برامج الحركة وحدة تحكم لترجمة عينة في العاشر -، ص - ض و- الاتجاهات مع سرعة 100 ميكرون / ثانية. أشرق voxels واحد لمدة 10 لμsecvoxels الثانية المجاورة منفصلة على الأقل ميكرومتر عدة للتصوير في الموقع واضحة. ووضع صوتية الضوئية المغير معدل الرسوب هرتز إلى 25 ميكرون إنتاج 4-التباعد. وستشمل مجالات الليزر يتعرض تحتوي على هياكل الفضة. </li></ol>

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الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

المفتاح لعملية الحصول على مصفوفة وعازلة تسمح مخدر عالية تلفيق القرار، ولكن لا تتحلل بعد فترة وجيزة إعداد. مزيج بسيط من PVP، AGNO 3 و O 2 H يسمح بإنشاء النانو الفضية عالية الدقة المضمنة داخل مصفوفة الدعم. وتراوح نسبة 3 إلى PVP AGNO تغيير طاقة الليزر اللازمة لتص?...

a method to fabricate disconnected silver nanostructures in 3d

مجموعة الأدوات القياسية تشمل تقنيات nanofabrication تهدف في المقام الأول إلى خلق أنماط 2D في وسائل الإعلام عازلة. إنشاء أنماط معدنية على نطاق وsubmicron يتطلب مجموعة من الأدوات وnanofabrication عدة خطوات تجهيز المواد. على سبيل المثال، الخطوات لإنشاء الهياكل المعدنية باستخدام ضوئيه مستو فوق البنفسجية والطباعة الحجرية شعاع الإلكترون يمكن أن تشمل التعرض العينة، عينة التنمية، ترسب المعادن، والمعادن الاقلاع. لإنشاء هياكل معدنية 3D، يتم تكرار تسلسل عدة مرات. تعقد وصعوبة التوفيق بين التراص وطبقات متعددة يحد تطبيقات العملية لهيكلة معدنية 3D باستخدام أدوات nanofabrication القياسية. وقد برزت الفيمتو ثانية ليزر مباشرة الكتابة كأسلوب البارز لnanofabrication 3D. وكثيرا ما تستخدم أشعة الليزر الفيمتو ثانية 1،2 لخلق أنماط 3D في البوليمرات والنظارات. 3-7 ومع ذلك، 3D المعادن مباشرة الكتابة لا يزال يشكل تحديا. هنا، ونحنوصف طريقة لافتعال النانو الفضية جزءا لا يتجزأ من داخل البوليمر باستخدام ليزر الفيمتو ثانية تمحورت في 800 نانومتر. طريقة تمكن من تصنيع أنماط غير ممكن باستخدام تقنيات أخرى، مثل صفائف 3D من الفضة voxels قطع .. 8 أنماط قطع معدنية 3D مفيدة لخلايا يتعلق بما وارء حيث وحدة ليست على اتصال مع بعضهم البعض، 9 يقترن مثل المعادن نقطة 10، 11 أو يقترن المعادن قضيب 12،13 مرنانات. وتشمل التطبيقات المحتملة يتعلق بما وارء مؤشر سلبي، عباءات الخفي، والعدسات الكمال. في الكتابة مباشرة الفيمتو ثانية ليزر، يتم اختيار الطول الموجي الليزر لا يمتص الفوتونات بحيث خطيا على المدى المتوسط ​​الهدف. عندما يتم ضغط مدة نبضة ليزر الفيمتو ثانية إلى النطاق الزمني وتركز بإحكام الإشعاع داخل الهدف، كثافة عالية للغاية الحث امتصاص غير الخطية. يتم امتصاص الفوتونات متعددة في وقت واحدلي أن يسبب التحولات الإلكترونية التي تؤدي إلى تعديل المواد داخل المنطقة تركيزا. باستخدام هذا النهج، يمكن للمرء أن تشكيل هياكل في الجزء الأكبر من مادة وليس على سطحه. وقد ركزت معظم العمل على 3D الكتابة المعادن مباشر على إنشاء هياكل معدنية النفس التي تدعمها. 14-16 الطريقة الموضحة هنا ينتج الهياكل الفرعية ميكرون الفضة التي لا تحتاج إلى أن تكون النفس التي تدعمها لأن تضمهم داخل المصفوفة. ويتم إعداد مصفوفة البوليمر مخدر باستخدام مزيج من نترات الفضة (AGNO 3)، polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) والماء (H 2 O). ثم يتم منقوشة عينات من أشعة الليزر الفيمتو ثانية مع 11-50-ميغاهيرتز إنتاج البقول FS. خلال التشعيع، والتي يسببها اختزال ضوئي الإحداث من خلال امتصاص أيونات الفضة غير الخطية، وخلق إجمالي الفضة النانوية في المنطقة المركزية. باستخدام هذا النهج الذي خلق أنماط الفضة جزءا لا يتجزأ من مصفوفة PVP مخدر. مضيفا ترجمة 3D من لياليوافرة تمتد إلى ثلاثة أبعاد الزخرفة.

والمغير صوتية الضوئية والمرشحات الكثافة المحايدة (الشكل 1) تسمح لأحد السيطرة على كمية الطاقة المودعة في العينة. باستخدام التعرض من 110 نبضة في فوكسل و 3 NJ في النبض، مع مرحلة ترجمة في 100 ميكرون / ثانية، وهياكل الفضة الناتجة مرئية بسهولة من خلال المجهر الضوئي في...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D at JoVE.com

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

كثيرا ما يستخدم ليزر الفيمتو ثانية مباشرة الكتابة لخلق ثلاثية الأبعاد (3D) في أنماط البوليمرات والنظارات. ومع ذلك، والمعادن الزخرفة في 3D لا يزال يشكل تحديا. وصفنا طريقة لافتعال النانو الفضية جزءا لا يتجزأ من داخل البوليمر باستخدام ليزر الفيمتو ثانية تمحورت في 800 نانومتر.

A طريقة لصنع النانو سيلفر قطع في 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

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13.7K Views.  Harvard University. كثيرا ما يستخدم ليزر الفيمتو ثانية مباشرة الكتابة لخلق ثلاثية الأبعاد (3D) في أنماط البوليمرات والنظارات. ومع ذلك، والمعادن الزخرفة في 3D لا يزال يشكل تحديا. وصفنا طريقة لافتعال النانو الفضية جزءا لا يتجزأ من داخل البوليمر باستخدام ليزر الفيمتو ثانية تمحورت في 800 ?...

Video: A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

تقييم النقل Plasmonic في سيلفر الحالية الحاملة الأسلاك المتناهية الصغر

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Oxide nanostructures provide new opportunities for science and technology. The interfacial conductivity between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be controlled with near-atomic precision using a conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The protocol for creating and measuring conductive nanostructures at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is demonstrated.

الكتابة وانخفاض درجة الحرارة توصيف أكسيد النانو

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor performance, which suggest a new direction for the development of next-generation ultrathin and flexible photonic and electronic devices. Enhanced luminescence quantum efficiency has been widely observed in these atomically thin 2D crystals. However, dimension effects beyond quantum confinement thicknesses or even at the micrometer scale are not expected and have rarely been observed. In this study, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer crystals with a thickness range of 6-2,700 nm were fabricated as two- or four-terminal devices. Ohmic contact formation was successfully achieved by the focused-ion beam (FIB) deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal. Layer crystals with various thicknesses were prepared through simple mechanical exfoliation by using dicing tape. Current-voltage curve measurements were performed to determine the conductivity value of the layer nanocrystals. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffractometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the interface of the metal&#8211;semiconductor contact of the FIB-fabricated MoSe2 devices. After applying the approaches, the substantial thickness-dependent electrical conductivity in a wide thickness range for the MoSe2-layer semiconductor was observed. The conductivity increased by over two orders of magnitude from 4.6 to 1,500 &#937;&#8722;1 cm&#8722;1, with a decrease in the thickness from 2,700 to 6 nm. In addition, the temperature-dependent conductivity indicated that the thin MoSe2 multilayers exhibited considerably weak semiconducting behavior with activation energies of 3.5-8.5 meV, which are considerably smaller than those (36-38 meV) of the bulk. Probable surface-dominant transport properties and the presence of a high surface electron concentration in MoSe2 are proposed. Similar results can be obtained for other layer semiconductor materials such as MoS2 and WS2.

We describe the approaches for the device fabrication and electrical characterization of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer semiconductor nanostructures with different thicknesses. In addition, the fabrication of ohmic contacts for MoSe2-layer nanocrystals by the focused-ion beam deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal is described.

أومية الاتصال التصنيع باستخدام تقنية تركز أيون شعاع وتوصيف الكهربائية للطبقة أشباه الموصلات النانوية

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

دمج ضوء الاصطياد الفضة النانوية في مهدرج الجريزوفولفين سيليكون الخلايا الشمسية عن طريق التحويل الطباعة

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

A طريقة تصنيع الموصلات للمط عالية مع الأسلاك المتناهية الصغر فضة

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

التحديات في الريولوجية توصيف المعلقات عالية التركيز - دراسة حالة ل-طباعة الشاشة الفضية المعاجين

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

طريقة قياسية وموثوقة لاختلاق النانو ثنائي الأبعاد

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

تصنيع اتصال قوي نانوي بين القطب نانوواير الفضة وطبقة العازلة CDS في Cu (في، Ga) Se2 الخلايا الشمسية رقيقة الفيلم

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

الطيفية وزاوية حل مغناطيسي-البصرية توصيف النانو الضوئية

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi River basin due to its highly efficient filter feeding mechanism. The characteristic organs called gill rakers (GRs), found in many such filter feeders, facilitate the efficient filtration of food particles such as phytoplankton that are of a few microns in size.
The motivation to investigate the rheology of the GR mucus stems from our desire to understand its role in aiding the filter feeding process in the silver carp. The mucus-rich fluid, in a &#8216;thick and sticky&#8217; state may facilitate the adhesion of food particulates. The permeation and transport through the GR membrane are&#160;facilitated by the action of external shear forces that induce varying shear strain rates. Therefore, mucus rheology can provide a vital clue to the tremendous outcompeting nature of the silver carp within the pool of filter feeding fish. Based on this it was posited that GR mucus may provide an adhesive function to food particles and act as a transport vehicle to assist in the filter feeding process.
The main objective of the protocol is to determine the yield stress of the mucus, attributed to the minimum shear stress required to initiate flow at which irreversible plastic deformation is first observed across a structured viscoelastic material. Accordingly, rheological properties of the GR mucus, i.e., viscosity, storage, and loss moduli, were investigated for its non-Newtonian, shear-thinning nature using a rotational rheometer. &#160;
A protocol presented here is employed to analyze the rheological properties of mucus extracted from the gill rakers of a silver carp, fished at Hart Creek location of the Missouri River. The protocol aims to develop an effective strategy for rheological testing and material characterization of mucus assumed to be a structured viscoelastic material.

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

This protocol presents a method to perform rheology characterization of mucus that resides on gill rakers (GRs) of the silver carp. Viscoelastic characteristics of GR-mucus, obtained by measuring viscosity, storage and loss moduli, are evaluated for the apparent yield stress to understand the filter feeding mechanism in GRs.

وصف الريولوجيا الكلية لمخاط جيل راكر في الكارب الفضي ، Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi ...