13.4 : 阿片类止痛药：合成和半合成阿片类药物

Semisynthetic opioids, derived from morphine, are utilized for pain management.

Their modified structures enhance their efficacy and alter the pharmacokinetic profile.

For instance, oxymorphone, oxycodone, and hydromorphone display enhanced oral bioavailability, with oxycodone additionally having a faster onset of action than morphine.

While they are effective analgesics, they have potential adverse effects, including constipation, cough, nausea, and depression.

Synthetic opioids, with unique structures, provide potent analgesic effects.

Fentanyl and its derivatives are clinically valued for their potency and rapid onset of action.

Methadone is a potent μ receptor agonist. It is useful in treating chronic pain and opioid addiction due to its long duration of action and reduced euphoria.

Although these drugs are crucial in pain and addiction management, they also show potential adverse effects, including respiratory depression and addiction.

So, careful prescribing and monitoring are essential to mitigate potential risks and ensure optimal patient well-being.