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Method Article
Embryonic stages are the most susceptible to xenobiotics. Although chemical toxicity depends on salinity, no method exists to test the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Here, we describe a new and high-throughput method for determining the salinity dependence of toxicity to aquatic embryos.
盐度是水生环境的一个重要特征。对水生生物有它定义淡水,微咸水,海水的栖息地。化学品和它们的生态风险对水生生物评估的毒性试验在淡水中频繁地进行的,但化学品的水生生物的毒性取决于pH值,温度和盐度。没有方法,然而,用于测试毒性的盐度依赖对水生生物。这里,我们使用青 鳉( 青鳉 ),因为它们能适应淡水,微咸水和海水。不同浓度的胚胎饲养介质(ERM)(1×,5倍,10倍,15倍,20倍,和30倍)被雇用来测试银nanocolloidal颗粒(SNC),它们的毒性青鳉卵(1×ERM和30倍的ERM有渗透压当量分别淡水和海水)。在六个孔 塑料板,15鳉卵以一式三份在10毫克/升和暴露于SNCs#8722; 1在pH为7和25°C在黑暗中不同浓度的ERM的。
我们使用解剖显微镜和一个千分尺来测量心脏率达到15秒,眼径6日和孵化天(第4节)幼虫的全身长度。观察胚胎直至孵化或14日;那么,我们每天都计算孵化率为14天(第4节)。要在胚胎银的积累,我们采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测量测试解决方案的银浓度(第5)和dechorionated胚胎(第6)SNCs以青鳉胚胎毒性.The随着盐度明显增加。这种新方法允许我们测试化学物质的毒性在不同的盐度。
自1979年成立了经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的测试准则测试化学品,38测试准则已刊登在准则,对生物系统的影响1第2节。所有测试已经从淡水栖息地,即淡水植物水生生物;藻类;无脊椎动物如水蚤和摇蚊;和鱼类如青鳉,斑马鱼和虹鳟鱼。相比于盐水环境,淡水环境中更直接受到人类经济和工业活动。因此,淡水环境已被优先用于测试,因为它们是在距污染风险较高。
在沿海地区,包括河口,盐度苦咸水和海水的条件各不相同,而这些地区往往是由工业活动污染2。沿海地区及其相关湿地的特点是用hIGH生态多样性和生产力。因此,沿海生态系统必须受到保护,免受化学污染。然而,有已经在有限的苦咸水和海水栖息地的生态毒性研究。
Sakaizumi 3就读于日本青鳉鸡蛋甲基汞和盐度之间的毒性相互作用,发现增加供试品溶液的渗透压提高了甲基汞的毒性。 。炭谷等 4用于青鳉鸡蛋探讨垃圾渗滤液的毒性;他们发现,渗滤液对鸡蛋渗透等价的关键是胚胎发育过程中诱导异常。此外,Kashiwada 5日报道,塑料颗粒(直径为39.4纳米)很容易通过微咸水条件下青鳉鸡蛋绒毛膜(15X胚胎饲养介质(ERM))的渗透。
一个典型的小鱼模型,日本青鳉( 青鳉 )已在基础生物学和生态毒理学6中。日本青鳉可以住在条件淡水海水,因为他们的高度发达的氯细胞7一应俱全。因此,它们可能是在条件具有广泛的盐度的测试是有用的。
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在这项研究中使用的青鳉日本人道分别按照东洋大学的机构准则处理,适当考虑痛苦和不适的缓解。
1.白银纳米胶体(SNC),它们
2. SNC解决方案与不同盐度(银胶和Ag +的混合物)的制备
3.青鳉文化和鸡蛋收获
4. SNCs毒性试验或硝酸银不同盐度ERM
5.从隔离解决方案SNC易溶银,银分析
6.银累积的鳉胚胎的测量
7. ICP-MS分析测量银浓度的
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盐度对SNC毒性效果非常明显:畸形或死亡的诱导是盐度依赖性的( 图1和2)。我们在SNC测定表型生物标记(心脏速率,眼睛的大小,完整的体长,和孵化率)(10毫克/升-1)-exposed胚胎。这些表型的生物标志物发现盐度依赖SNC毒性。
心脏率从29.6到32.2次/ 15秒1X各地在控制ERM 30倍不等。然而,他们?...
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青鳉是一种淡水鱼,是非常宽容的海水;它不是众所周知,这种鱼的原有自然栖息地是海水离日本海岸6。因此,青鳉鱼有发达的氯细胞7。这种独特的属性只用鱼的单一品种提供了一种新的方式来测试化学物质的毒性在环境盐度的函数科学家(淡水海水)。
在阶段21获得鳉鸡蛋,鸡蛋必须每天早上收获,并在舞台20.一般选择,青鳉对开始在清晨交配(日出前)?...
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
We are grateful to Ms. Kaori Shimizu and Mr. Masaki Takasu of the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, for their technical support. This project was supported by research grants from the Special Research Foundation and Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre of Toyo University (to SK); by the Science Research Promotion Fund of the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan (to SK); by the New Project Fund for Risk Assessments, from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (to SK); by a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (award 23651028 to SK); by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) and (C) (award 23310026 and 26340030 to SK); and by a Grant-in-Aid for Strategic Research Base Project for Private Universities (award S1411016 to SK) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Silver nanocolloids | Utopia Silver Supplements | ||
NaCl | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 31319-45 | For making ERM |
KCl | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 28513-85 | For making ERM |
CaCl2·2H2O | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 06730-15 | For making ERM |
MgSO4·7H2O | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 21002-85 | For making ERM |
NaHCO3 | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 31212-25 | For making ERM |
AgNO3 | Nacalai Tesque, Inc. | 31018-72 | |
pH meter | HORIBA, Ltd. | F-51S | |
Balance | Mettler-Toledo International Inc. | MS204S | |
medaka (Oryzias latipes) orange-red strain | National Institute for Environmental Studies | ||
medaka flow-through culturing system | Meito Suien Co. | MEITOsystem | |
Artemia salina nauplii eggs | Japan pet design Co. Ltd | 4975677033759 | |
aeration pump | Japan pet design Co. Ltd | non-noise w300 | |
Otohime larval β-1 | Marubeni Nissin Feed Co. Ltd | Otohime larval β-1 | Artificial dry fish diet |
dissecting microscope | Leica microsystems | M165FC | |
micrometer | Fujikogaku, Ltd. | 10450023 | |
incubator | Nksystem | TG-180-5LB | |
shaker | ELMI Ltd. | Aizkraukles 21-136 | |
6-well plastic plates | Greiner CELLSTAR | M8562-100EA | |
aluminum foil | AS ONE Co. | 6-713-02 | |
stopwatch | DRETEC Co. Ltd. | SW-111YE | |
3 kDa membrane filter | EMD Millipore Corporation | 0.5 ml centrifugal-type filter | |
50 ml Teflon beaker | AS ONE Co. | 33431097 | |
Custom claritas standard | SPEXertificate | ZSTC-538 | For internal standard |
Custom claritas standard | SPEXertificate | ZSTC-622 | For external standard |
ultrapure nitric acid | Kanto Chemical Co. | 28163-5B | |
hydrogen peroxide | Kanto Chemical Co. | 18084-1B | for atomic absorption spectrometry |
ICP-MS | Thermo Scientific | Thermo Scientific X Series 2 | |
hot plate | Tiger Co. | CRC-A300 |
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