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Method Article
A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure.
Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature.
生物学领域,生物材料科学,生物材料,生物工程和生化聘请首映的科学技术和思想,试图提供令人难以置信的自然世界有更深的了解。这项研究解释了许多最惊人的生物结构和生物;从人骨1,2的内在韧性大嘴巨嘴鸟3。然而,大部分的这方面的知识,很难以一种方式,可以提供一个好处社会采用。其结果是,bioinspiration的切线野采用从自然学会了现代材料的经验教训,以解决共同问题。例子包括莲花启发超疏水表面留下4-6,由壁虎的脚鼓舞粘接面和昆虫7,8,由9-11鲍鱼和海胆的喉舌启发活检收割机的珍珠层的启发强硬陶瓷,也知道n作为亚里士多德的灯笼12,13。
海胆是长满刺的栖息地最常见的包括在海底的岩石床的无脊椎动物。人体中最大的海胆物种(称为测试)可以超过18厘米,直径;在这项研究考察了粉红色的海胆测试尺寸( 海胆脆弱 ),可以长到直径10厘米。亚里士多德的灯笼是由由封闭所有,但牙齿( 图1A)的远端粉碎提示矿化组织的组成和排列为半球状形成金字塔结构,支助了五个主要为碳酸钙的牙齿。
颌骨肌肉结构能够有效的咀嚼和拼抢甚至对硬盘的海洋岩石和珊瑚。当夹爪打开,牙齿向外突出并在爪闭合,牙齿在一个平滑的运动向内缩回。 primitiv的比较E(上)和现代(下)海胆牙齿横截面( 图1B)表明一个龙骨状齿演变对硬磨底物时,强化牙齿。每个单独的齿具有由于纵向附龙骨( 图1C,D) 的稍微凸起的曲率和在横向平面(垂直于生长方向)的T形的形态。
Bioinspiration始于有趣的自然现象,如亚里士多德在海胆灯笼高效率咀嚼运动的观察。这自然结构最初迷住亚里士多德,因为这让他想起喇叭灯笼与喇叭的窗格冷落。两千多年后,斯卡帕被亚里士多德的灯笼的复杂性,他后来Trogu模仿只使用纸和橡胶带( 图2A)15,16天然咀嚼运动迷住了。同样,耶利内克是由C仿生砍伐了亚里士多德的灯笼的运动,并制定了更好的活检收割机,可以安全地隔离肿瘤组织,不扩散的癌细胞( 图2B,C)12,13。在这种情况下,被利用仿生设计,使适合用于期望的应用的特定需要的生物医学装置。
这里描述的设计协议适用于海胆仿生沉积物取样。通过生物材料科学,亚里士多德的灯笼的自然结构的特点。仿生设计识别潜在的应用那里的自然机制,可以通过使用现代材料和制造技术的提高。通过bioexploration的棱镜的最终设计重新检查,以了解自然的牙齿结构如何演变 ( 图3)。最后一步bioexploration,波特提出的17,18,采用工程分析方法到e智能与解释生物现象。所有bioinspiration过程中的重要步骤,表示为用于利用技术,预先核准的本质,可用于解决现代问题的一个例子。我们的协议,所提交由Arzt 7特定应用程序的早期bioinspiration程序的动机,是针对生物学家,工程师和其他人谁是灵感来自于大自然。
1.生物材料科学
2.仿生设计
3. Bioexploration
亚里士多德的灯笼采样装置的设计仿生很大程度上取决于所采用的表征方法的质量。像μ-CT非侵入性技术是用于分析整个灯和单独的齿申请应用特定的增强的仿生设计( 图4)有帮助。同时,齿微结构可以通过二次电子和一个个人齿( 图5)的抛光横截面的背散射电子显微照片加以探讨。较暗的灰色区域是磨齿尖的硬石部件和具有多达该取代钙原子...
海胆用亚里士多德的灯笼( 图1A)的各种功能(进料,镗孔,旋转等 )。化石记录表明,灯笼形状和功能已经发展从最原始的cidaroid类型到camarodont型现代海胆14。 Cidaroid灯笼已经沿纵向开槽的齿( 图1B,上图 )和非分离肌肉附着到其金字塔结构。这限制了它们的上下运动和剥夺由横向运动,这在更现代camarodont灯笼( 图1B,下图 )观察到所产?...
We have nothing to disclose.
This work is supported by Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009) (M. B. F., S. E. N., J.-Y. J., J. M). Collection of pink sea urchins was supported by the University of California Ship Funds and the US National Marine Fisheries Service (K.N.S., J.R.A.T). The authors acknowledge the following people: Prof. Jerry Tustaniwskyj for helpful suggestions during development of the bioinspired Aristotle's lantern sampler, Prof. Marc A. Meyers (UCSD, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program), Prof. Robert L. Sah and Esther Cory (UCSD, Dept. of Bioengineering), and Dr. Maya deVries (Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography). We also thank undergraduate students Sze Hei Siu, Jerry Ng and Ivan Torres for polishing urchin teeth cross-sections.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
BUEHLERMET II 8 PLN 600/P1200 | Buehler | 305308600102 | Abrasive paper for polishing |
TRIDENT POLISH CLOTH 8" PSA | Buehler | 407518 | Polish cloth for 3 μm suspension |
METADI SUPREME POLY SUSP,3MIC | Buehler | 406631 | Polish suspension (3 μm) |
MICROCLOTH FOR 8 IN WHEEL PSA | Buehler | 407218 | Polish cloth for 50 nm suspension |
MASTERPREP SUSPENSION, 6 OZ | Buehler | 636377006 | Polish suspension (50 nm) |
Skyscan 1076 micro-CT Scanner | Bruker | Micro-CT scanner equipment | |
Amira software | FEI Visualization Sciences Group | Software for 3D manipulation of Micro-CT scans | |
FEI Philips XL30 | FEI Philips | ESEM equipment for characterization of polished tooth cross-sections | |
SolidWorks Design software | Dassault Systems | Design software for CAD drawing bioinspired device | |
SolidWorks Simulation software | Dassault Systems | Simulation software for stress test of CAD drawing bioinspired device | |
Dimension 1200es | Stratasys | 3D printer for fabrication of bioinspired device from CAD drawing | |
ABSplus | Stratasys | 3D printer plastic |
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