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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

A method is described herein for the determination of inter-Kingdom association and competition (bacterial and fungal) for adherence to virus-infected HeLa cell monolayers. This protocol can be extended to multiple combinations of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

摘要

整个分类王国,包括真菌,细菌,病毒等多种微生物相互作用的研究没有先前关于审查的微生物病毒的成员是如何影响这些病毒感染的宿主细胞随后微生物相互作用。与细菌和真菌病毒的同居主要是存在于口腔和生殖道的粘膜表面上。粘膜细胞,尤其是那些具有持久的慢性或持续性潜病毒感染,可以有一个显著对微生物的成员通过病毒改变数量和表达的受体的影响的类型。变形例在宿主细胞膜结构会导致正常菌群和机会致病菌的后续成员的以引发在生物膜的形成, ,粘附在第一步骤改变的能力。这项研究描述了BIOFIL的启动为HSV的效果定量和视觉检查方法S. m的形成(粘附) 金黄色葡萄球菌C.白色念珠菌

引言

人类微生物包括来自身体共享地理区域的多个分类王国不同的生物体。附着到细胞表面是在生物膜的形成,这是微生物定植过程的一部分重要的第一步。包括在微生物可以是引起慢性和持续感染病毒。慢性细胞感染这些病毒可以在推定受体可用性引起的改变。1,2-此外,通过细胞内病原体进入细胞也可能影响宿主细胞膜的流动性/疏水性这反过来又可以改变其他微生物部件的附着,包括细菌和真菌。为了理解可在这些多种病原体在人类宿主的同一地理区域该共定位之间发生的相互作用,我们必须能够学习的表示存在于粘膜表面生物分类王国的频谱病原体的相互作用。

t"的>的疱疹病毒是存在于人类的微生物的永久成员100%的微生物的一个家族3,4-。此外,它们也可以持续在症状的存在和缺乏棚两者。具体地说,单纯疱疹病毒-1和单纯疱疹病毒-2(HSV-1和HSV-2,分别)是在oronasopharynx和生殖道的微生物的永久成员。在免疫能力的个体,无论是HSV-1和HSV-2引起龈,以及生殖器疱疹5-8。在这些站点,单纯疱疹病毒引起潜伏感染为特征的慢性持续性无症状病毒脱落的HSV 9。加入到在改变细胞的结果在nectins,硫酸乙酰肝素,脂筏和疱疹病毒条目介体的表面表达/肿瘤坏死因子受体(HVEM / TNFR)10-25。这些潜在代表共享受体某些细菌和真菌, 如金黄色葡萄球菌白色念珠菌,这同时致病菌,也可以驻留作为oronasopharynx 26,27的粘膜微生物的成员。内oronasopharynx S.金黄色葡萄球菌C.白色念珠菌定植占据两个不同的地点。与天然齿的主机,口腔粘膜用HSV-1和C共享白色念珠菌,而前鼻鼻孔都是由S.占用金黄色葡萄球菌 28。然而,尽管体外研究结果,即S。金黄色葡萄球菌坚持口上皮细胞,29,30 S.当正常组织存在金黄色葡萄球菌 29,30不经常口腔标本中分离。鲜为人知的是关于超越的临床研究结果,即生殖道共定植龛称为S.金黄色葡萄球菌与有氧阴道炎,其特点是生殖器炎症,分泌物和性交痛,而C.白色念珠菌产生粘膜病变类似于在口腔中31-35观察。因此,虽然口腔和生殖器microbi的这些部件青梅交叉分类王国小关于它们的相互作用是已知的,因为它影响其通过加入引发生物膜形成与宿主细胞表面5的能力。该协议得到了有效的应用,以确定共同定植/感染的功能性后果。

研究方案

1,HSV毒株和处理

注:重组非扩频HSV-1(KOS)gL86和HSV-2(KOS)333gJ -与所使用的五Twiari 36,37分别提供β-半乳糖苷报告基因活性。

  1. 从单一的很多并储存在-80℃,使用的病毒以1:Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(DMEM),用20%胎牛血清(FBS)的比例为1和脱脂牛奶直到使用。病毒大量的存储之前,由 -硝基苯基β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(ONPG)和5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚基β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(X-GAL)测定确定病毒浓度。
  2. 确定通过X- gal染色病毒活力和感染复数(MOI)的多重性,使用报告病毒条目测定每个实验测定来说,如先前所描述( 1)14。
  3. 稀释病毒(选件-MEM)到所需的MOI。修复单层(多聚甲醛0.5毫升/)染色前。放置病毒活力控制在一个单独的田鼠之三板与多种微生物检测板平行。

2.海拉细胞299处理

  1. 在37℃,5%CO 2在DMEM生长用4.5克/升葡萄糖,10%热灭活的胎牛血清(FBS),庆大霉素(50微克/ ml)和L-谷氨酰胺。传代细胞在含有胰蛋白酶溶液80%汇合(乙二胺四乙酸,0.53摩尔EDTA; 0.05%胰蛋白酶5毫升/瓶)。

3. C.白色念珠菌处理

:C.从临床实验室来源获得白色念珠菌被储存在-80℃下在Remmel脱脂奶2倍介质。

  1. 培养冷冻库存到沙氏葡萄糖培养基(37℃)。 24小时后亚文化的C.白色念珠菌到Fungisel介质(37℃; 48小时),进行使用。
  2. 产生芽管(GT)的形式(挑代表殖民地;3毫升FBS; 3小时; 37℃,绝对600,0.3)。孵育后,洗GT(HBSS; 2倍; 4000 XG)。洗GT加入回暖HBSS(37#176;℃; 0.32绝对600)。 GT形式应是由血球计数来确定观察到的细胞的99%。
  3. 通过选取有代表性Fungisel殖民地使酵母形式(YF)股票悬浮液(HBSS 3毫升,0.32绝对600)。算的YF形成数/ ml的显微镜使用血细胞计数器。 YF形式应是由血球计数来确定观察到的细胞的99%。
  4. 让工作真菌的股票(250微升GT或YF股票在25毫升HBSS; 37℃; 10 5 CFU /毫升)

4. S.金黄色葡萄球菌处理

  1. 商店S.金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC 25923(-80℃; Remmel脱脂牛奶2倍)。文化上羊血琼脂(5%; 37℃; 24小时)。挑选有代表性的殖民地和转移到2天内中等甘露醇盐的股票(37℃; 18小时)。
  2. S.金黄色葡萄球菌股票停牌(3毫升HBSS; 1.32阿布斯600 10 8 CFU /毫升)
    1. 让工作S.金黄色葡萄球菌的股票(100微升在25毫升HBSS股票; 10 5 CFU / ml)中。

5. 念珠菌S.金黄色葡萄球菌悬浮液

  1. 使混合C.白色念珠菌S.金黄色葡萄球菌悬液(250微升YF或GT的股票和25毫升HBSS 100微升金黄色葡萄球菌股票)。

6.多种微生物生物膜分析

  1. 种子的96孔板用200μl的2×10 5个 HeLa细胞/毫升(85%汇合的水平)。岩石板(30 - 45分钟; 37℃)温育前(37℃; 5%CO 2培养箱18小时)。洗涤单层(1X;选件-MEM),然后用HSV种子(HSV-1(KOS)gL86或HSV-2(KOS)33 GJ - 100微升选项-MEM; MOI 50和10)。孵育板(3小时; 37℃; 5%CO 2)。使用每天只有一个病毒株。
  2. 洗感染单层(1×磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)配的Mg +2和Ca +2; 100微升)。用温HBSS更换PBS留下25µ升的每个孔中。
    1. 添加YF,GT和/或S.金黄色葡萄球菌的工作悬浮液(100微升;靶细胞比= 5:1; N = 16)。如表1所示孵育板(静电; 30分钟; 37℃; 5%CO 2)。
  3. 温育后,在时间抽吸一列立即用300μl的PBS再填充用Mg +2和Ca +2。重复此步骤两次,然后添加无线免疫沉淀裂解液(RIPA;过滤消毒; 200微升1:50稀释)。
  4. 迅速磨碎的HeLa细胞裂解物再放置50微升到甘露醇盐(MS)和/或Fungisel(F)的培养基( 图2)。传播用玻璃棒弯曲溶解物以90°角。孵育所述板(在37℃下18小时)。手动计数每个平板菌落数。控制包括S金黄色葡萄球菌和/或C.白色念珠菌坚持HSV未感染的HeLa细胞。

7.影像学研究

  1. 洗每轮玻璃盖玻片(12毫米; 50ml丙酮在100毫升烧杯)。干燥和消毒盖玻片(的Kimwipes;玻璃培养皿)。放置干燥无菌盖玻片与醇火焰灭菌钳无菌24孔板的孔中。
  2. HeLa细胞(1毫升,用于96孔板5倍体积)加入含有洗过的无菌圆形玻璃盖玻片24孔板的孔中。根据在5倍用于96孔板的体积模板(表2)中添加的病毒,细菌和真菌,如在步骤6.2.1上述6.4中所述然后孵育和过程。
  3. 最后一次洗涤后,通过将大量用甲醇滑动并使其蒸发定为显微镜的细胞。存储在RT板直至染色。
  4. 对于亮视野显微镜(1000倍最终原放大)填充包含用去离子水甲醇固定盖玻片的井。立即吸水。盖上克结晶紫每个盖玻片。洗盖玻片免费的非绑定染色(去离子水)的。 原位干盖玻片,然后用硬组安装平台到一个标记滑动(图3)附着它们。
  5. 对于荧光显微镜(100倍的目标;最后1000倍放大倍率原创)按步骤7.4中所述洗盖玻片免费甲醇基本上。干孔中的盖玻片。
    1. 干燥后,取出盖玻片,并把它们标记为幻灯片。然后加入1:20稀释的异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)共轭型单纯疱疹病毒的足够量的1 + 2的gD抗体以覆盖盖玻片(1 - 5微升)。
    2. 孵育在湿气室中的载玻片在37℃下30分钟。温育后,洗涤盖玻片在PBS中4变化。
    3. 最后一次洗涤后,返回盖玻片标记的幻灯片。用4',6-二脒基-2-苯基(;湿气室; 37℃30分钟的DAPI)染色。孵育后洗盖玻片4瓒PBS的水电站,再贴上与硬组的安装介质中的标记幻灯片。
    4. 允许安装介质以固化在室温在黑暗中24小时。检查既上一个明亮的视野显微镜或FITC和DAPI截止滤光片荧光显微镜下油浸物镜的盖玻片。检查至少50场(每生物体至少100个细胞)为共定位( 图4)的照片。

结果

从这份报告中所描述的系统获得数据的稳健性的级别如图2所示AF 38。通过使用这种系统的与病毒感染的细胞和它们彼此的粘附效果葡萄球菌和真菌相互作用的调制可以划定。这些类型的研究需要的相互作用的显微镜检查中,以确定多种微生物相互作用是否在相同的细胞产生的示于图34 38。在这项研究中?...

讨论

目前暂无信息可到跨越多个域分类, 原核,真核和病毒宿主微生物的半常任理事国,常任之间复杂的相互作用。因此,我们开发了一种新的体外模型系统来研究由S.生物膜启动金黄色葡萄球菌C.白色念珠菌对HSV-1和HSV-2感染的HeLa 229(HeLa细胞)细胞38。 HeLa细胞模型系统呈现出独特的优势。这是由于它们缺乏表面纤连蛋白表达的,作为两个S的受体...

披露声明

The authors have nothing to disclose.

致谢

This project was supported by Midwestern University, IL Office of Research and Sponsored Programs (ORSP) and Midwestern University College of Dental Medicine-Illinois (CDMI).

材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
C.albicans
BBL Sabouraud DextroseBD211584
Fungisel AgarDot Scientific7205A
S.aureus
Mannitol Salt AgarTroy Biologicals7143B
Sheep blood agarTroy Biologicals221239
Hela cells
1xDMEM (Dubelcco's Modified Eagle Medium, with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine, without sodium pyruvateCorning10-017-CM
Gentamicin 50mg/mlSigma139750µg/ml final concentration in the complete DMEM
Trypsin EDTA (0.05% Trypsin, 0.53M EDTA)Solution 1XCorning25-052-CI
Fetal Bovine SerumAtlanta BiologicalsS1115010% final concentration in the complete DMEM
Other medium and reagents
ONPGThermo Scientific34055
Ultra-Pure X galInvitrogen15520-018
1x HBSS (Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution)Corning20-021-CV
1XPBSDot Scientific30042-500
RIPA LysisLife Technologies89901
Staining
MethanolFisher ScientificA433P-4
HSV 1&2, specific for gDViroStat196
DAPISIGMAD8417-5MG
Gram Crystal VioletTroy Biologicals212527
Supplies
Petri dish 100X15Dot Scientific229693 
Petri dish 150X15Kord Valmark2902
96-Well platesEvergreen Scientific222-8030-01F
24-well platesEvergreen Scientific222-8044-01F
Culture tubes 100x13Thomas Scientific9187L61
Cover slip circles, 12mmDeckglaserCB00120RA1

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