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Method Article
细菌分泌携带生物活性生物分子的纳米大小的细胞外囊泡(EV)。电动汽车研究的重点是了解它们的生物起源、在微生物-微生物和宿主-微生物相互作用和疾病中的作用,以及它们潜在的治疗应用。提出了一种从各种细菌中可扩展分离电动汽车的工作流程,以促进电动汽车研究的标准化。
多种细菌种类分泌~20-300nm细胞外囊泡(EV),由脂质,蛋白质,核酸,聚糖和来自亲本细胞的其他分子组成。电动汽车作为种内和种间交流载体,同时也有助于细菌和宿主生物在感染和定植背景下的相互作用。鉴于电动汽车在健康和疾病方面的众多功能,人们对分离电动汽车进行 体外 和 体内 研究的兴趣日益浓厚。据推测,基于物理性质(即大小)分离EV将有助于从不同的细菌培养物中分离囊泡。
分离工作流程包括离心、过滤、超滤和体积排阻色谱(SEC),用于从细菌培养物中分离EV。采用泵驱动的切向流过滤(TFF)步骤以增强可扩展性,从而能够从升起始细胞培养物中分离材料。大 肠杆菌 被用作表达EV相关纳米荧光素酶和非EV相关mCherry作为报告蛋白的模型系统。纳米荧光素酶通过将其N末端与溶细胞素A融合来靶向EV。含有20-100 nm EVs和相关溶细胞素A - nanoLuc的早期色谱级分与含有游离蛋白的后期馏分不同。EV相关纳米荧光素酶的存在通过免疫金标记和透射电子显微镜得到证实。此 EV 分离工作流程适用于其他人类肠道相关的革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌物种。总之,结合离心、过滤、超滤/TFF 和 SEC,可以从不同的细菌物种中扩展分离 EV。采用标准化的分离工作流程将有助于跨物种微生物电动汽车的比较研究。
细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是由原核细胞和真核细胞分泌的纳米级脂质体样结构,由脂质、蛋白质、聚糖和核酸组成1.自从早期研究可视化革兰氏阴性细菌2释放EV以来,归因于细菌EV(直径20-300nm)的生物学功能数量在过去几十年中一直在增长。它们的功能包括转移抗生素耐药性3、生物膜形成4、群体感应5 和毒素递送6。人们对使用细菌EV作为治疗方法的兴趣也越来越大,特别是在疫苗学7 和癌症治疗8中。
尽管人们对电动汽车研究的兴趣日益浓厚,但在隔离方法方面仍然存在技术挑战。具体而言,需要可重复、可扩展且与各种产生电动汽车的生物体兼容的分离方法。为了创建一套统一的原则来规划和报告EV分离和研究方法,国际细胞外囊泡学会发布并更新了MISEV立场文件9。此外,EV-TRACK联盟提供了一个开放平台,用于报告已发表稿件中使用的EV隔离的详细方法,以提高透明度10。
在该协议中,以前用于从哺乳动物细胞培养物中分离EV的方法被调整为11,12,以便 能够从细菌细胞培养物中分离EV。我们试图采用能够将EV从各种微生物中分离出来的方法,这些微生物是可扩展的,并平衡EV纯度和产量(如MISEV立场文件9中所讨论的)。通过离心和过滤去除细菌细胞和碎片后,通过离心装置超滤(体积高达~100 mL)或泵驱动的TFF(体积较大)浓缩培养基。然后,SEC使用针对小型EV纯化优化的色谱柱分离EV。
图 1:细菌 EV 分离工作流程示意图。 缩写:EV = 细胞外囊泡;TFF = 切向流过滤;SEC = 体积排阻色谱;MWCO = 分子量截止值。 请点击此处查看此图的大图。
将大 肠杆菌(即大肠杆菌 MP113)的小鼠共生菌株用作模式生物,并通过融合到溶细胞素A进行修饰以表达EV相关的纳米荧光素酶,如先前报道的那样14。这里使用的方法可以处理至少几升细菌培养物,并有效地将EV相关蛋白质与非EV相关蛋白质分离。最后,该方法也可用于其他革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌种类。报告实验的所有相关数据均提交给EV-TRACK知识库(EV-TRACK ID:EV210211)10。
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注意:确保所有涉及细菌和重组DNA的工作都遵循适合每种菌株生物安全危害水平的生物安全遏制最佳实践。工作应按照地方、国家和国际生物安全条例进行。
1. 细菌菌株和培养条件
注意:本研究中使用的细菌菌株是 大肠杆菌 MP113, 嗜粘杆菌, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, 短双歧杆菌和 齿状双歧杆菌。
2. 电动汽车隔离
3. EV制备质量控制
4. 电动汽车存储
5. 透射电子显微镜
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为了评估哪些SEC色谱级分富集用于EV,在SEC色谱柱中加载了2 mL大 肠杆菌 MP1条件培养基,该培养基已被TFF浓缩1,000倍,并收集顺序馏分。使用MRPS,发现馏分1-6包含的EV最多(图2A)。随后的馏分含有很少的EV,而不是不含EV的蛋白质(图2B)。EV的直径主要为<100纳米(图2C)。TEM证实了EV富集和大小,特别是在馏分2-6中(
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在上面的协议中,描述了一种可扩展的方法,该方法可靠地将EV与各种革兰氏阴性/阳性和需氧/厌氧细菌隔离开来。在整个过程中,它有几个潜在的停止点,尽管最好避免花费超过48小时的时间从条件细菌培养基中分离EV。
首先,它包括培养细菌以产生条件细菌培养基。结果发现,将培养时间延长至至少48小时并使用最佳生长培养基有助于最大限度地提高EV产量。每种细菌物种?...
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作者没有利益冲突需要声明。
上述研究得到了NIH TL1 TR002549-03培训补助金的支持。我们感谢John C. Tilton博士和Zachary Troyer博士(凯斯西储大学)为使用粒度分析仪仪器提供便利;Lew Brown(Spectradyne)在粒度分布数据分析方面提供技术援助;康奈尔大学的David Putnam博士提供pClyA-GFP质粒14;宾夕法尼亚大学的Mark Goulian博士为我们提供了 大肠杆菌 MP113。
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Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
0.5 mL flat cap, thin-walled PCR tubes | Thermo Scientific | 3430 | it is important to use thin-walled PCR tubes to obtain accurate readings with Qubit |
16% Paraformaldehyde (formaldehyde) aqueous solution | Electron microscopy sciences | 15700 | |
250 mL Fiberlite polypropylene centrifuge bottles | ThermoFisher | 010-1495 | |
500 mL Fiberlite polypropylene centrifuge bottles | ThermoFisher | 010-1493 | |
65 mm Polypropylene Round-Bottom/Conical Bottle Adapter | Beckman Coulter | 392077 | Allows Vivacell to fit in rotor |
Akkermansia mucinophila | ATCC | BAA-835 | |
Amicon-15 (100 kDa MWCO) | MilliporeSigma | UFC910024 | |
Avanti J-20 XPI centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | No longer sold by Beckman. Avanti J-26XP is closest contemporary model. | |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI 5482 | ATCC | 29148 | |
Bifidobacterium breve | NCIMB | B8807 | |
Bifidobacterium dentium | ATCC | 27678 | |
Brain Heart infusion (BHI) broth | Himedia | M2101 | After autoclaving, Both BHI broth and agar were introduced into the anaerobic chamber, supplemented with Menadione (1 µg/L), hematin (1.2 µg/L), and L-Cysteine Hydrochloride (0.05%). They were then incubated for at least 24 h under anaerobic conditions before inoculation with the anaerobic bacterial strains. |
C-300 microfluidics cartridge | Spectradyne | ||
Chloramphenicol | MP Biomedicals | ICN19032105 | |
Electron microscope | FEI company | Tecnai G2 SpiritBT | |
Escherichia coli HST08 (Steller competent cells) | Takara | 636763 | |
Escherichia coli MP1 | Dr. Mark Goulian (gift) | commensal bacteria derived from mouse gut | |
Fiberlite 500 mL to 250 mL adapter | ThermoFisher | 010-0151-05 | used with Fiberlite rotor to enable 250 mL bottles to be used for smaller size of starting bacterial culture |
Fiberlite fixed-angle centrifuge rotor | ThermoFisher | F12-6x500-LEX | fits 6 x 500 mL bottles |
Formvar Carbon Film 400 Mesh, Copper | Electron microscopy sciences | FCF-400-CU | |
Glutaraldehyde (EM-grade, 10% aqeous solution) | Electron microscopy sciences | 16100 | |
Hematin | ChemCruz | 207729B | Stock solution was made in 0.2 M L-histidine solution as 1.2 mg/mL |
Infinite M Nano+ Microplate reader | Tecan | This equibment was used to measure the mCherry fluorescence | |
In-Fusion HD Cloning Plus | Takara | 638909 | For cloning of the PCR fragements into the PCR-lineraized vectors |
JS-5.3 AllSpin Swinging-Bucket Rotor | Beckman Coulter | 368690 | |
Lauria Bertani (LB) broth, Miller | Difco | 244620 | |
L-Cysteine Hydrochloride | J.T. Baker | 2071-05 | It should be weighed and added directly to the autoclaved BHI media inside the anaerobic chamber |
Masterflex Fitting, Polypropylene, Straight, Female Luer to Hose Barb Adapter, 1/8" ID; 25/PK | cole-parmer - special | HV-30800-08 | connection adapters for filtration tubing circuit |
Masterflex Fitting, Polypropylene, Straight, Male Luer to Hose Barb Adapter, 1/8" ID; 25/PK | cole-parmer - special | HV-30800-24 | connection adapters for filtration tubing circuit |
Masterflex L/S Analog Variable-Speed Console Drive, 20 to 600 rpm | Masterflex | HV-07555-00 | |
Masterflex L/S Easy-Load Head for Precision Tubing, 4-Roller, PARA Housing, SS Rotor | Masterflex | EW-07514-10 | |
Masterflex L/S Precision Pump Tubing, PharmaPure, L/S 16; 25 ft | Cole Palmer | EW-06435-16 | low-binding/low-leaching tubing |
Menadione (Vitamin K3) | MP | 102259 | Stock solution was made in ethanol as 1 mg/mL |
MIDIKROS 41.5CM 100K MPES 0.5MM FLL X FLL 1/PK | Repligen | D04-E100-05-N | TFF device we have used to filter up to 2 L of E. coli culture supernatant |
Nano-Glo Luciferase Assay System | Promega | N1110 | This assay kit was used to measure the luminescence of the nluc reporter protein |
NanoLuc (Nluc) Luciferase Antibody, clone 965808 | R&D Systems | MAB10026 | |
nCS1 microfluidics resistive pulse sensing instrument | Spectradyne | ||
nCS1 Viewer | Spectradyne | Analysis software for particle size distribution | |
OneTaq 2x Master Mix with Standard Buffer | NEB | M0482 | DNA polymerase master mix used to perform the routine PCR reactions for colony checking |
Protein LoBind, 2.0 mL, PCR clean tubes | Eppendorf | 30108450 | |
Q5 High-Fidelity 2x Master Mix | NEB | M0492 | DNA polymerase master mix used to perform the PCR reactions needed for cloning |
qEV original, 35 nm | Izon | maximal loading volume of 0.5 mL | |
qEV rack | Izon | for use with the qEV-original SEC columns | |
qEV-2, 35 nm | Izon | maximal loading volume of 2 mL | |
Qubit fluorometer | ThermoFisher | Item no longer available. Closest available product is Qubit 4.0 Fluorometer (cat. No. Q33238) | |
Qubit protein assay kit | ThermoFisher | Q33211 | Store kit at room temperature. Standards are stored at 4 °C. |
Sorvall Lynx 4000 centrifuge | ThermoFisher | 75006580 | |
SpectraMax i3x Microplate reader | Molecular Devices | This equipment was used to measure the nanoluciferase bioluminescence | |
Stericup Quick-release-GP Sterile Vacuum Filtration system (150, 250, or 500 mL) | MilliporeSigma | S2GPU01RE S2GPU02RE S2GPU05RE | One or multiple filters can be used to accommodate working volumes. In our experience, you can filter twice the volume listed on the product size. |
Uranyl acetate | Electron microscopy sciences | 22400 | |
Vinyl anaerobic chamber | Coy Lab | ||
Vivacell 100, 100,000 MWCO PES | Sartorius | VC1042 | |
Whatman Anotop 10 Plus syringe filters (0.02 micron) | MilliporeSigma | WHA68093002 | to filter MRPS diluent |
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