由美国国立卫生研究院（1 K08 DK080221 - 01）和范德比尔特机构发展基金提供的资金。

第1部分：损伤修复结肠炎模型<ol><li>基线体重应获得每个鼠标之前开始直接资助的治疗。 </li><li>设为3％（W / V）葡聚糖在水硫酸钠盐溶液，并用0.45μm的醋酸纤维素过滤器的过滤器。 </li><li>四天的3％DSS解决方案，更换鼠笼的饮用水。这些老鼠不应该有任何其他来源的水（即排除放置在自动浇水系统的提示）。 </li><li>第四天，一个额外的三天更换水DSS解决方案，允许一些结肠上皮复苏。 4天小鼠应权衡利弊，以量化结肠炎的系统性后果。减肥是常见的严重伤害。 </li><li>第7天，权衡和牺牲的老鼠。小鼠可吸入过量的异氟醚，或其他制度上安乐死，IACUC批准的方法。 </li></ol>第2部分：剖检和科隆收获<ol><li>揭露鼠标和安全的腿腹端，腹部，以确保通畅的访问。完全用70％乙醇湿腹部。 </li><li>抓住组织钳腹部中线，从而延长向上露营的皮肤。使用细尖的剪刀切开腹部暴露腹腔内容。延长切口的xyphoid过程中提示在中线，然后沿伪劣方面的双边沿海的利润率延长。 </li><li>确定小肠，盲肠和结肠。仔细解剖/挑逗从周围的肠系膜结肠。断面结肠深藏在骨盆免费的远端结肠和直肠。在colonocecal距断面免费近端结肠的结肠。必须小心，在此过程中，不损害结肠清洗结肠，将是有问题的的，如果发生穿孔。 </li><li>使用20G喂养的针头和10 ml注射器，插管和冰冷PBS冲洗大肠，直到洗脱液是完全明确的大便。 </li><li>在这一点上，如果想要的宏观分析，在解剖显微镜，冒号，可以固定为“香肠”。如果病理分析只需要进行第4部分“急性结肠炎组织学分析制作的瑞士卷”。 </li></ol>第3部分：处理整个结肠的宏观分析“香肠” <ol><li>重要的是结肠保持正确的方向，因此，保持最接近运营商结肠远端。切两片非吸收缝合线（SP116 1.5公吨编织丝绸），一个约1英寸长，其他的2英寸。 </li><li>使用2英寸片缝合，以配合末端接近尽可能的保证金，同时仍保持良好的密封。 </li><li>放置一个20G的喂养针含5毫升10％福尔马林磷酸盐缓冲到近端的结肠。松散的领带喂养针灯泡立即近端缝合，其余部分。牢牢把握冒号在喂养针灯泡和注入福尔马林，直到结肠扩大。在缝合拧紧结，你退出喂养针，从而使作为“香肠”的注入，扩大结肠。 </li><li>填写一个15毫升的锥形管，用10％福尔马林磷酸盐，并将其放置在管在结肠。修正为24小时。 </li><li>倒入福尔马林和一个额外的24小时用70％乙醇代替。 （冒号可以存储在70％乙醇在室温下无限期。） </li><li>从锥形管中取出结肠和削减每年年底的字符串，用手术刀小心不要破坏结肠。请记住，末端的字符串最长的那块。削减纵向从远端到近端结肠，使之形成一个长表。此时，冒号可以被看作在解剖显微镜下。 </li></ol>第4部分：急性结肠炎的组织学分析的瑞士卷<ol><li>重要的是结肠保持正确的方向，因此，保持最接近运营商结肠远端。 </li><li>测量结肠长度。该指标损伤的严重程度的另一个指标。结肠炎增加水肿，并缩短整体结肠长度。 </li><li>用细尖的剪刀，切割纵向从远端到近端结肠。用细尖镊子把握要么切口的边缘和横向打开远端，近端自己的方式工作，从而为平板显示结肠。 </li><li>滚动结肠需要一个钳和一双双手技术。把握要么钳远端缘的边缘。顺序辊旋转并释放钳继续向近侧缘结肠。从而产生了第三个维度或“瑞士卷”的一个螺旋。要保持卷的形式，牢牢把握辊钳和断面与27G1 / 2针。安全针，弯针，因为它退出卷筒。 </li><li>放置在一个适当的标记组织的录音带和一罐10％的轧辊，缓冲福尔马林磷酸盐在室温为24小时，以确保组织固定。 </li><li>倒入福尔马林和一个额外的24小时用70％乙醇代替。 （冒号可以存储在70％乙醇在室温下无限期。） </li><li>一旦样品已被固定，石蜡包埋，切片和病理分析的幻灯片上。 </li></ol>第5部分：代表结果急性结肠炎的DSS模型允许研究者获取，修复，和分析一个冒号，急性结肠炎模型。瑞士卷被切断，安装时，应该形成一个代表整个结肠切片，如果推出正确（图1）。安装成卷，可与H＆E染色，以确定损害程度的结肠，从远端（内）结束的近端（外）结束（图2）。也可进行免疫组织化学瑞士卷，以确定和量化炎症浸润。如果香肠的方法已被正确地执行，将固定结肠扩张，整个粘膜表面，可以轻松地操纵下的解剖显微镜（图3）观察。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig1.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig1tmb.jpg" alt="图1" border="0" /></a> 图1，正确执行的“瑞士卷“。 （一）结肠推出从远端到近端，用针横断和弯针年底固定。它，然后放置在一个固定的组织卡带。 （二）H＆E染色5微米的鼠标与决策支持系统（D =远端结肠P =近端结肠）治疗结肠作出了瑞士卷部分。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig2.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig2tmb.jpg" alt="图2" border="0" /></a> 图2：决策支持系统治疗冒号显示急性结肠炎的迹象。炎症和隐窝损伤DSS治疗结肠水治疗控制比较明显。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig3.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig3tmb.jpg" alt="图3" border="0" /></a> 图3。“香肠”的一个例子。香肠用福尔马林注入完全展开。一个很小的角度，将目前中学的自然弧度的结肠。打开香肠应平放。

<ol>
	<li>Okayasu, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+in+the+induction+of+reliable+experimental+acute+and+chronic+ulcerative+colitis+in+mice.">A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice.</a> Gastroenterology. 98 (3), 694-702 (1990).</li><li>Martinez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+Mtgr1+sensitizes+the+colonic+epithelium+to+dextran+sodium+sulfate-induced+colitis.">Deletion of Mtgr1 sensitizes the colonic epithelium to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.</a> Gastroenterology. 131 (2), 579-588 (2006).</li><li>Moolenbeek, C., Ruitenberg, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+"Swiss+roll":+a+simple+technique+for+histological+studies+of+the+rodent+intestine.">The "Swiss roll": a simple technique for histological studies of the rodent intestine.</a> Lab Anim. 15 (1), 57-59 (1981).</li><li>Mahler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibility+of+inbred+mouse+strains+to+dextran+sulfate+sodium-induced+colitis.">Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.</a> Am J Physiol. 274, G544-551 (1998).</li><li>Aharoni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomodulatory+therapeutic+effect+of+glatiramer+acetate+on+several+murine+models+of+inflammatory+bowel+disease.">Immunomodulatory therapeutic effect of glatiramer acetate on several murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 318 (1), 68-78 (2006).</li><li>Hahm, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+transforming+growth+factor+beta+signalling+in+the+intestine+contributes+to+tissue+injury+in+inflammatory+bowel+disease.">Loss of transforming growth factor beta signalling in the intestine contributes to tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease.</a> Gut. 49 (2), 190-198 (2001).</li><li>Green, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adrenergic+modulation+of+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7+adherence+to+the+colonic+mucosa.">Adrenergic modulation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to the colonic mucosa.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 287 (6), G1238-1246 (2004).</li><li>Dieleman, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+experimental+colitis+induced+by+dextran+sulphate+sodium+(DSS)+is+characterized+by+Th1+and+Th2+cytokines.">Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 114 (3), 385-391 (1998).</li></ol>

范德比尔特IACUC规定的准则和法规的规定进行了动物实验。

这个协议可以进行修改，以急性损伤，损伤修复，或慢性结肠损伤过程模型。 急性损伤的修改： 决策支持系统治疗4-6天，立即牺牲即兴损伤修复的修改： 伤4-6天3-4天，和牺牲的恢复期间（如在上述协议中所述）的DSS的治疗。 慢性结肠炎的修改： 小鼠被放置在三个为期五天的3?...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>USB Corp</td>
<td>9011-18-1</td>
<td>mol wt 40,000-50,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% Buffered Formalin Phosphate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>SF100-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Phoenix Pharmaceuticals</td>
<td>NDC 57319-474-06</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TISSUE PATH Macrosette Cassettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
<td>15182706</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD 10 ml Syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>B-D</td>
<td>309604</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethyl Alcohol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pharmco-Aaper</td>
<td>E190</td>
<td>Dilute to 70% with distilled water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20G Straight Feeding Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>20068-612</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27G1/2 PrecisionGlide Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>B-D</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scissors Sharp/Blunt Tip</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>82027-588</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Waugh Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>82027-428</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-absorbable Suture </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>LOOK Surgical Specialties</td>
<td>SP116</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Whatman Blotting Paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>28298-020</td>
<td>Cut as needed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nalgene Surfactant-Free Cellulose Acetate (SFCA) Filter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
<td>EW-06731-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Carbon fiber composites digital caliper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>15-007-958</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

murine colitis modeling using dextran sulfate sodium (dss)

结肠炎可发生病毒或细菌感染，缺血性侮辱，或自身免疫性疾病，最显着的溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的结肠变种 - 克罗恩结肠炎。急性结肠炎患者可出现腹痛，腹胀，吸收不良，腹泻，便血和大便粘液。我们开始认识到环境，遗传学，和上皮屏障功能障碍在炎性肠病结肠炎动物模型已在推进我们对本病的认识至关重要之间复杂的相互作用。一种流行的模式涉及与低分子右旋糖酐硫酸钠（DSS）的补充对小鼠的饮用水，从而导致在结肠上皮损伤和一个强大的炎症反应，持续数天<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;这种方法的变化可用于模型急性损伤，急性损伤所修复，和决策支持系统的建模与恢复的慢性炎症性疾病反复穿插周期<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。 3％DSS的饮用水中单一的为期四天的治疗后，小鼠急性结肠炎的迹象，包括体重减轻，便血，腹泻。小鼠在疗程结束时被实施安乐死，并在尸检解剖冒号处理，可&#39;瑞士推出“<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;，让整个结肠的微观分析，或注入福尔马林“香肠”，让宏观的分析。组织，然后嵌入石蜡，切片，染色病理审查。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS at JoVE.com

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS），在饮用水管理是一个既定的小鼠急性结肠炎的炎症损伤模型。该协议列出了DSS的治疗方法和组织编制。

小鼠结肠炎模型使用葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）

Colitis can occur from viral or bacterial infections, ischemic insult, or autoimmune disorders; most notably Ulcerative Colitis and the colonic variant of ...

murine-colitis-modeling-using-dextran-sulfate-sodium-dss

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

49.7K 次观看.  Vanderbilt University. 葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS），在饮用水管理是一个既定的小鼠急性结肠炎的炎症损伤模型。该协议列出了DSS的治疗方法和组织编制。

视频: Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

Predicting the Effectiveness of Population Replacement Strategy Using Mathematical Modeling

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies.  The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy. Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

利用数学建模预测的人口更替策略的有效性

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  ...

科研

生物学

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take &lt;10 min to perform.

Allogeneic skin transplantation is a standard model to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. This video-article provides a visual tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&gt;C57BL/6 skin transplant.

小鼠皮肤移植

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell's fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be "uncaged" (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.

This protocol delineates a way to label and trace the fate of small groups of cells zebrafish embryos using UV-uncaging of caged fluorescein, followed by whole mount immunolabeling to amplify the signal from the uncaged fluorescein.

天堂斑马鱼的细胞标记与激光Uncagable荧光葡聚糖

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated ...

Investigating Intestinal Inflammation in DSS-induced Model of IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Both UC and CD, when present in the colon, generate a similar symptom profile which can include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and weight loss.1 Although the pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, it is described as a multifactorial disease that involves both genetic and environmental components.2
There are numerous and variable animal models of colonic inflammation that resemble several features of IBD. Animal models of colitis range from those arising spontaneously in susceptible strains of certain species to those requiring administration of specific concentrations of colitis-inducing chemicals, such as dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Chemical-induced models of gut inflammation are the most commonly used and best described models of IBD. Administration of DSS in drinking water produces acute or chronic colitis depending on the administration protocol.3 Animals given DSS exhibit weight loss and signs of loose stool or diarrhea, sometimes with evidence of rectal bleeding.4,5 Here, we describe the methods by which colitis development and the resulting inflammatory response can be characterized following administration of DSS. These methods include histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained colon sections, measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which can be used as a surrogate marker of inflammation.6
The extent of the inflammatory response in disease state can be assessed by the presence of clinical symptoms or by alteration in histology in mucosal tissue. Colonic histological damage is assessed by using a scoring system that considers loss of crypt architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle thickening, goblet cell depletion, and crypt abscess.7 Quantitatively, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with acute inflammatory properties, such as interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha;,can be determined using conventional ELISA methods. In addition, MPO activity can be measured using a colorimetric assay and used as an index of inflammation.8
In experimental colitis, disease severity is often correlated with an increase in MPO activity and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Colitis severity and inflammation-associated damage can be assessed by examining stool consistency and bleeding, in addition to assessing the histopathological state of the intestine using hematoxylin/eosin stained colonic tissue sections. Colonic tissue fragments can be used to determine MPO activity and cytokine production. Taken together, these measures can be used to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response in animal models of experimental colitis.

Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease have allowed us to examine the complex innate and adaptive immune responses associated with pathogenesis. Using histological scoring, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity, one can begin to assess these responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

调查在DSS诱导的鸡传染性法氏囊病模型的肠道炎症

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.1-5 Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of:
<ol>
	<li>stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation6-8</li>
	<li>antigen-driven membrane transfer9 and/or precursor cell proliferation3,4,10-18 and</li>
	<li>immune regulatory and effector cell function1,18-21.</li>
</ol>
Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes1,2,11. "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins4,16,18. Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class2-4,16,18,24.
The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are:
<ol>
	<li>Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies.</li>
	<li>Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 102 - 103 times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used.</li>
	<li>Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile.</li>
</ol>
Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.

Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.

优化细胞分裂监测细胞示踪染料的染色和扩散建模方法

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography

Pressure myograph systems are exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized to a suitable transmural pressure. The near physiological condition achieved in pressure myography permits in-depth characterization of intrinsic responses to pharmacological and physiological stimuli, which can be extrapolated to the in vivo behavior of the vascular bed. Pressure myograph has several advantages over conventional wire myographs. For example, smaller resistance vessels can be studied at tightly controlled and physiologically relevant intraluminal pressures. Here, we study the ability of 3rd order mesenteric arteries (3-4 mm long), preconstricted with phenylephrine, to vaso-relax in response to acetylcholine. Mesenteric arteries are mounted on two cannulas connected to a pressurized and sealed system that is maintained at constant pressure of 60 mmHg. The lumen and outer diameter of the vessel are continuously recorded using a video camera, allowing real time quantification of the vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation in response to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, respectively.
	To demonstrate the applicability of pressure myography to study the etiology of cardiovascular disease, we assessed endothelium-dependent vascular function in a murine model of systemic hypertension. Mice deficient in the &alpha;1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC&alpha;1-/-) are hypertensive when on a 129S6 (S6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-S6) but not when on a C57BL/6 (B6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-B6). Using pressure myography, we demonstrate that sGC&alpha;1-deficiency results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice, likely contributing to the higher blood pressure in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice. 
	Pressure myography is a relatively simple, but sensitive and mechanistically useful technique that can be used to assess the effect of various stimuli on vascular contraction and relaxation, thereby augmenting our insight into the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease.

In pressure myography, an intact small segment of a vessel is mounted onto two small cannulas and pressurized to a suitable luminal pressure. Here, we describe the method to measure vasorelaxation response of the mouse 3rd order mesenteric arteries in c57 and sGC&alpha;1-/- mice using pressure myography.

评估抗小鼠动脉功能使用压力Myography

Pressure myograph systems are  exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized  to a suitable transmural pressure. The  ...

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.

在体内病态的人类基因组建模使用斑马鱼

Here,  we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically  significant nonsynonymous changes using in  vivo complementation ...

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis

Regulated exocytosis is a process by which cargo, which is stored in secretory granules (SGs), is released in response to a secretory trigger. Regulated exocytosis is fundamental for intercellular communication and is a key mechanism for the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and other compounds, by a variety of cells. At least three distinct mechanisms are known for regulated exocytosis: full exocytosis, where a single SG fully fuses with the plasma membrane, kiss-and-run exocytosis, where a single SG transiently fuses with the plasma membrane, and compound exocytosis, where several SGs fuse with each other, prior to or after SG fusion with the plasma membrane. The type of regulated exocytosis undertaken by a cell is often dictated by the type of secretory trigger. However, in many cells, a single secretory trigger can activate multiple modes of regulated exocytosis simultaneously. Despite their abundance and importance across cell types and species, the mechanisms that determine the different modes of secretion are largely unresolved. One of the main challenges in investigating the different modes of regulated exocytosis, is the difficulty in distinguishing between them as well as exploring them separately. Here we describe the use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as an exocytosis reporter, and live cell imaging, to differentiate between the different pathways of regulated exocytosis, focusing on compound exocytosis, based on the robustness and duration of the exocytic events.

Here we detail a method for live cell imaging of regulated exocytosis. This method utilizes FITC-dextran, which accumulates in lysosome-related organelles, as a reporter. This simple method also allows distinguishing between different modes of regulated exocytosis in cells that are difficult to manipulate genetically.

成像 FITC-葡聚糖作为胞吐作用调节的记者

Regulated exocytosis is a process by which cargo, which is stored in secretory granules (SGs), is released in response to a secretory trigger. Regulated ...

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their detrimental effects on the human life quality and the healthcare system, the majority of human neurodegenerative disorders still remain incurable and non-preventable. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic interventions against such maladies is becoming a pressing urgency. Age-associated deterioration of neuronal circuits and function is evolutionarily conserved in organisms as diverse as the lowly worm Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, signifying similarities in the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. C. elegans is a highly malleable genetic model, which offers a well-characterized nervous system, body transparency and a diverse repertoire of genetic and imaging techniques to assess neuronal activity and quality control during ageing. Here, we introduce and describe methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis (e.g., deg-3(d) and mec-4(d)) and protein aggregate (e.g., &#945;-syunclein and poly-glutamate)-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-related neuronal breakdown. A combination of these animal neurodegeneration models, together with genetic and pharmacological screens for cell death modulators will lead to an unprecedented understanding of age-related breakdown of neuronal function and will provide critical insights with broad relevance to human health and quality of life.

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we introduce and describe widely accessible methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis and protein aggregate-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

建模年龄相关的神经退行性疾病在 卡诺哈布迪蒂斯埃利根

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their ...

In Situ Exploration of Murine Megakaryopoiesis using Transmission Electron Microscopy

Differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes occur in close association with the cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow. These processes are characterized by the gradual appearance of essential structures in the megakaryocyte cytoplasm such as a polyploid and polylobulated nucleus, an internal membrane network called demarcation membrane system (DMS) and the dense and alpha granules that will be found in circulating platelets. In this article, we describe a standardized protocol for the in situ ultrastructural study of murine megakaryocytes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), allowing for the identification of key characteristics defining their maturation stage and cellular density in the bone marrow. Bone marrows are flushed, fixed, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in plastic resin, and mounted for generating cross-sections. Semi-thin and thin sections are prepared for histological and TEM observations, respectively. This method can be used for any bone marrow cell, in any EM facility and has the advantage of using small sample sizes allowing for the combination of several imaging approaches on the same mouse.

In Situ Exploration of Murine Megakaryopoiesis using Transmission Electron Microscopy

Here, we present a protocol to analyze ultrastructure of the megakaryocytes in situ using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Murine bone marrows are collected, fixed, embedded in epoxy resin and cut in ultrathin sections. After contrast staining, the bone marrow is observed under a TEM microscope at 120 kV.

原位 使用透射电子显微镜探索小鼠巨核细胞生成

Differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes occur in close association with the cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow. These ...