NIH (1 K08 DK080221-01) ve Vanderbilt kurumsal kalkınma fonları tarafından sağlanmaktadır Finansman.

Bölüm 1: Sakatlık-Onarım Kolit Modeli <ol><li> Temel ağırlık DSS tedavi başlamadan önce her fare için alınmalıdır. </li><li> % 3 (w / v) Dekstran Sülfat Sodyum Tuz su içinde çözüm ve 0.45 mikron selüloz asetat filtre filtre olun. </li><li> Dört gün için% 3 DSS çözümü ile fare kafes içme suyu değiştirin. Fareler, başka herhangi bir su kaynağı (otomatik sulama sistemleri üzerine yerleştirilen yani dışlama ipuçları) erişim olmamalıdır. </li><li> Günde dört, bazı kolon epitel kurtarma sağlayan, ek bir üç gün boyunca su ile DSS çözüm değiştirin. Fareler kolit sistemik sonuçları ölçmek için dört günde değerlendirilmelidir. Kilo kaybı, ağır yaralanma ile ortak. </li><li> 7 gün, tartmak ve farelerin kurban. Fare, izofluran, ya da kurumsal diğer inhalasyon doz aşımı ötenazi olabilir, IACUC onaylı yöntemlerle. </li></ol> Bölüm 2: Otopsi ve Colon Hasat <ol><li> Karın için engelsiz erişim sağlamak için, fare ve güvenli bacaklar ventral tarafta Açığa. Karın% 70 etanol ile tamamen ıslatın. </li><li> Doku forseps ile karın orta hat kavrayın ve çadır cildi yukarı doğru uzatmak. , Karın, böylece karın içeriğini teşhir kesilirken ince uçlu makas kullanın. Insizyon orta hatta xiphoid sürecinin ucu uzatın ve sonra bilateral kot marjlarının aşağı yönü boyunca uzanan. </li><li> Küçük bağırsak, çekum ve kolon tanımlayın. Dikkatlice disseke / çevreleyen mezenter kolon kızdırmak. Distal kolon ve rektum serbest kolon pelvis derin transect. Proksimal kolonda serbest colonocecal marjı kolon transect. Bakım, temizlik gibi perforasyon oluşursa kolon sorunlu olacaktır kolon zarar görmemesi için bu işlem sırasında alınmalıdır. </li><li> 20G besleme iğne ve 10 ml şırınga kullanarak, entübe ve buz gibi soğuk PBS ile kolon eluat dışkı tamamen temizlenene kadar yıkayın. </li><li> Bu noktada, bir diseksiyon mikroskobu ile makroskopik analiz isteniyorsa, iki nokta üst üste &quot;sucuk&quot; olarak sabit olabilir. Histolojik analiz sadece 4 &quot;Akut Kolit Histolojik Analizi İsviçre Rolls yapma&quot; Parça devam etmek isteniyorsa. </li></ol> Bölüm 3: Tüm Colon Makroskopik Analizi &quot;Sosis&quot; olarak İşleme <ol><li> Kolon doğru yönde korumak için önemlidir, bu nedenle, operatöre yakın kolon distal ucundan tutun. Emilmeyen dikiş iki adet (SP116 1.5 metrik örgülü ipek), uzunluğu yaklaşık 1 inç, diğer 2 inç kesin. </li><li> Hala iyi bir mühür korurken, mümkün olduğunca marjı yakın olarak distal ucu kapalı bağlamak için 2 inç dikiş parça kullanın. </li><li> 5 ml% 10 içeren bir 20G besleme iğne formalin fosfat tamponlu kolon proksimal ucunu yerleştirin. Gevşek beslenme iğne ampul hemen proksimal dikiş kalan parçasını bağlar. Kolon beslenme iğne ampul sıkıca kavrayın ve kolon genişletilmiş kadar formalin demlenmeye. Böylece bir &quot;sucuk&quot; olarak aşılanmış, genişletilmiş kolon bırakarak, besleme iğnesi geri dikiş düğüm sıkın. </li><li> % 10 formalin fosfat tamponlu ve tüp içinde kolon 15 ml konik tüp doldurun. 24 saat saptamak için. </li><li> Formalin dökün ve ek bir 24 saat için% 70 EtOH ile değiştirin. Kolon (oda sıcaklığında 70% EtOH süresiz olarak saklanabilir.) </li><li> Konik tüp kolon çıkarın ve iki nokta üst üste zarar vermemek için dikkatli olmak, bir bistüri ile her iki ucundaki dizeleri kesmek. Distal ucu dizenin en uzun parçası olduğunu unutmayın. Distal kolon proksimal sonuna kadar uzun bir sayfa oluşturur, böylece uzunlamasına kesilir. Bu noktada, iki nokta üst üste bir diseksiyon mikroskop altında görülebilir. </li></ol> Bölüm 4: Akut Kolit Histolojik Analizi İsviçre Rolls yapma <ol><li> Kolon doğru yönde korumak için önemlidir, bu nedenle, operatöre yakın kolon distal ucundan tutun. </li><li> Kolon uzunluğunu ölçün. Bu metrik yaralanma şiddeti bir başka göstergesidir. Kolit ödemi artırır ve genel kolon süresini kısaltır. </li><li> Ince uçlu makas kullanarak, distal kolon proksimal ucuna uzunlamasına insizyon. Ince uçlu forseps, böylece düz bir levha olarak kolon kesi ya da kenarını kavramak ve distalde-&gt; proksimalde şekilde çalışma yanlamasına açık kullanın. </li><li> Rolling kolon forseps bir çift ve iki el tekniği gerektirir. Forseps ile distal margin iki kenarına tutun. Sırayla proksimal marjı geçmeden forseps dönen ve serbest kolon rulo geçin. Bu nedenle, üçüncü bir boyut ya da &quot;İsviçre Roll&quot; ile bir sarmal oluşturuyor.Haddelenmiş formunu korumak için, forseps ile sıkıca rulo kavramak ve 27G1 / 2 iğne ile transect. Rulo çıkar iğne bükerek iğne sabitleyin. </li><li> % 10 bir kavanoza bir şekilde etiketlenmiş doku kaset ve yer rulo yerleştirin doku fiksasyonu sağlamak için oda sıcaklığında 24 saat formalin fosfat tamponlu. </li><li> Formalin dökün ve ek bir 24 saat için% 70 EtOH ile değiştirin. Kolon (oda sıcaklığında 70% EtOH süresiz olarak saklanabilir.) </li><li> Örnek sabit olmuştur sonra, parafine gömülü kesitli ve histolojik analiz için kızaklar üzerinde monte edilebilir. </li></ol> Bölüm 5: Temsilci Sonuçlar DSS akut kolit için modeli, araştırmacı, elde, düzeltmek ve bu modelleri akut kolit kolon analiz sağlar. (Şekil 1) düzgün İsviçre rulo rulo halinde kesilir ve monte edildiğinde, tüm kolon temsili bir dilim formu gerekir. Monte rulo distal (iç) ucundan proksimal (dış) uç (Şekil 2), kolon hasarın boyutunu belirlemek için H &amp; E ile boyanmış olabilir. İmmünohistokimya İsviçre roll inflamatuvar infiltrat belirlemek ve ölçmek için de yapılabilir. Sosis yöntemi doğru yapıldıysa, sabit kolon genişlemiş olacak ve tüm mukoza yüzeyi kolaylıkla diseksiyon mikroskobu altında (Şekil 3) manipüle ve izlenebilir. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig1.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig1tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" border="0" /></a> Şekil 1 düzgün bir şekilde yürütülen &quot;İsviçre roll&quot;. (A) kolon, distal proksimal sonuna kadar haddelenmiş bir iğne ile transeksiyon ve iğne sonuna bükme tarafından güvenli. Daha sonra, sabitlenmesi için bir doku kaset yerleştirilir. (B) H &amp; E DSS (d = distal kolon p = proksimal kolon) ile tedavi edilen bir fare kolon yapılan bir İsviçre rulo 5 mikron bölümünde boyandı. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig2.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig2tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" border="0" /></a> Şekil 2 DSS tedavi iki nokta üst üste, akut kolit belirtileri gösteriyor . Inflamasyon ve crypt zarar bir su tedavi kontrolü göre DSS ile tedavi edilen kolon açıktır. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig3.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1652/1652fig3tmb.jpg" alt="Şekil 3" border="0" /></a> Şekil 3 &quot;sucuk&quot; bir örnek. Sosis, formalin ile aşılanmış ve tamamen genişledi. Hafif bir açı kolon doğal eğrilik mevcut ikincil olacaktır. Ambalajı açılmış salam düz durmalıdır.

<ol>
	<li>Okayasu, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+in+the+induction+of+reliable+experimental+acute+and+chronic+ulcerative+colitis+in+mice.">A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice.</a> Gastroenterology. 98 (3), 694-702 (1990).</li><li>Martinez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+Mtgr1+sensitizes+the+colonic+epithelium+to+dextran+sodium+sulfate-induced+colitis.">Deletion of Mtgr1 sensitizes the colonic epithelium to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.</a> Gastroenterology. 131 (2), 579-588 (2006).</li><li>Moolenbeek, C., Ruitenberg, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+"Swiss+roll":+a+simple+technique+for+histological+studies+of+the+rodent+intestine.">The "Swiss roll": a simple technique for histological studies of the rodent intestine.</a> Lab Anim. 15 (1), 57-59 (1981).</li><li>Mahler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibility+of+inbred+mouse+strains+to+dextran+sulfate+sodium-induced+colitis.">Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.</a> Am J Physiol. 274, G544-551 (1998).</li><li>Aharoni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomodulatory+therapeutic+effect+of+glatiramer+acetate+on+several+murine+models+of+inflammatory+bowel+disease.">Immunomodulatory therapeutic effect of glatiramer acetate on several murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 318 (1), 68-78 (2006).</li><li>Hahm, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+transforming+growth+factor+beta+signalling+in+the+intestine+contributes+to+tissue+injury+in+inflammatory+bowel+disease.">Loss of transforming growth factor beta signalling in the intestine contributes to tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease.</a> Gut. 49 (2), 190-198 (2001).</li><li>Green, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adrenergic+modulation+of+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7+adherence+to+the+colonic+mucosa.">Adrenergic modulation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to the colonic mucosa.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 287 (6), G1238-1246 (2004).</li><li>Dieleman, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+experimental+colitis+induced+by+dextran+sulphate+sodium+(DSS)+is+characterized+by+Th1+and+Th2+cytokines.">Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 114 (3), 385-391 (1998).</li></ol>

Vanderbilt IACUC tarafından belirlenen kurallara ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak hayvanlar üzerinde deneyler yapıldı.

Bu protokol, akut yaralanma, yaralanma-onarım veya kronik kolon yaralanma süreçlerini modellemek için modifiye edilebilir. Akut Sakatlık Modifikasyonu: DSS tedavi reklam lib hemen kurban takiben 4-6 gün boyunca Sakatlık-Onarım Modifikasyon: 4-6 gün, iyileşme süresi 3-4 gün ve fedakarlık (, yukarıda protokol açıklandığı gibi) DSS tedavi ile yaralanmalara neden olabilir. <p class="jove_step"...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>USB Corp</td>
<td>9011-18-1</td>
<td>mol wt 40,000-50,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% Buffered Formalin Phosphate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>SF100-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Phoenix Pharmaceuticals</td>
<td>NDC 57319-474-06</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TISSUE PATH Macrosette Cassettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
<td>15182706</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD 10 ml Syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>B-D</td>
<td>309604</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethyl Alcohol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pharmco-Aaper</td>
<td>E190</td>
<td>Dilute to 70% with distilled water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20G Straight Feeding Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>20068-612</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27G1/2 PrecisionGlide Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>B-D</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scissors Sharp/Blunt Tip</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>82027-588</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Waugh Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>82027-428</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-absorbable Suture </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>LOOK Surgical Specialties</td>
<td>SP116</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Whatman Blotting Paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>28298-020</td>
<td>Cut as needed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nalgene Surfactant-Free Cellulose Acetate (SFCA) Filter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
<td>EW-06731-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Carbon fiber composites digital caliper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>15-007-958</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

murine colitis modeling using dextran sulfate sodium (dss)

- Crohn Kolit en önemlisi Ülseratif Kolit ve Crohn Hastalığı kolon varyantı; Kolit, viral ya da bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar, iskemik hakaret veya otoimmün hastalıklar ortaya çıkabilir. Akut kolit, karın ağrısı ve şişme, malabsorpsiyon, ishal, hematokezya ve dışkıda mukus ile ortaya çıkabilir. Biz çevre, genetik, ve epitelyal bariyer disfonksiyonu kolit İnflamatuar Barsak Hastalıkları ve hayvan modellerinde, bu hastalık anlayışımızı ilerleyen temel olmuştur arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimleri anlamaya başlıyor. Bir popüler model, birkaç gün süren epitelyal hasar ve kolon sağlam bir inflamatuar yanıt ile sonuçlanan farelerin içme suyu, düşük molekül ağırlıklı Dextran&#39;ın Sodyum Sülfat (DSS) ile tamamlayan<sup&gt; 1</supBu yaklaşımın&gt; Çeşitlemeler akut yaralanma, akut yaralanma, tamir ve kurtarma modelleme kronik iltihabi hastalıklar ile serpiştirilmiş DSS tekrarlayan döngüleri modeli için kullanılabilir<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;. Içme suyu% 3 DSS tek bir dört günlük tedaviden sonra, fare, kilo kaybı, kanlı dışkı ve ishal de dahil olmak üzere akut kolit belirtileri gösteriyor. Fareler, tedavi dersin bitiminde ötenazi nekropsi disseke iki nokta üst üste işlenir ve &quot;İsviçre&quot; yuvarlandı.<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt; Tüm kolon mikroskopik analizi izin vermek veya makroskopik analiz izin &quot;sucuk&quot; olarak formalin ile aşılanmış. Doku sonra kesitli parafin, gömülü ve histolojik inceleme için boyanmış.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS at JoVE.com

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

Içme suyu uygulanan dekstran sülfat sodyum (DSS), akut kolit kurulmuş bir fare inflamatuar yaralanma modeli. Bu protokol, DSS tedavi ve dokuların hazırlanması için yöntemi özetlemektedir.

Dekstran Sülfat Sodyum (DSS) kullanarak murin Kolit Modelleme

Colitis can occur from viral or bacterial infections, ischemic insult, or autoimmune disorders; most notably Ulcerative Colitis and the colonic variant of ...

murine-colitis-modeling-using-dextran-sulfate-sodium-dss

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

49.7K Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University. Içme suyu uygulanan dekstran sülfat sodyum (DSS), akut kolit kurulmuş bir fare inflamatuar yaralanma modeli. Bu protokol, DSS tedavi ve dokuların hazırlanması için yöntemi özetlemektedir.

Video: Murine Colitis Modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

Predicting the Effectiveness of Population Replacement Strategy Using Mathematical Modeling

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies.  The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy. Insight is given into how computational models can provide information on the population dynamics of mosquitoes and the spread of transposable elements through A. gambiae subspecies. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild are discussed.

Matematiksel Modelleme Nüfus Yedek Strateji Etkinliği tahmin

Charles Taylor and John Marshall explain the utility of mathematical modeling for evaluating the effectiveness of population replacement strategy.  ...

Biyoloji

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take &lt;10 min to perform.

Allogeneic skin transplantation is a standard model to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. This video-article provides a visual tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&gt;C57BL/6 skin transplant.

Murin Deri nakli

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated precursors. Researchers have employed various methods of lineage labeling, such as DiI labeling1 and pressure injection of traceable enzymes2 to ascertain cell fate at later stages of development in model systems. The first fate maps in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assembled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, into single cells in discrete regions of the embryo and tracing the labeled cell's fate over time3-5. While effective, these methods are technically demanding and require specialized equipment not commonly found in zebrafish labs. Recently, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins, such as Eos and Kaede, which irreversibly switch from green to red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, are seeing increased use in zebrafish6-8. The optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo and the relative ease of transgenesis have made these particularily attractive tools for lineage labeling and to observe the migration of cells in vivo7. Despite their utility, these proteins have some disadvantages compared to dye-mediated lineage labeling methods. The most crucial is the difficulty we have found in obtaining high 3-D resolution during photoconversion of these proteins. In this light, perhaps the best combination of resolution and ease of use for lineage labeling in zebrafish makes use of caged fluorescein dextran, a fluorescent dye that is bound to a quenching group that masks its fluorescence9. The dye can then be "uncaged" (released from the quenching group) within a specific cell using UV light from a laser or mercury lamp, allowing visualization of its fluorescence or immunodetection. Unlike iontophoretic methods, caged fluorescein can be injected with standard injection apparatuses and uncaged with an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a pinhole10. In addition, antibodies against fluorescein detect only the uncaged form, and the epitope survives fixation well11. Finally, caged fluorescein can be activated with very high 3-D resolution, especially if two-photon microscopy is employed 12,13. This protocol describes a method of lineage labeling by caged fluorescein and laser uncaging. Subsequenctly, uncaged fluorescein is detected simultaneously with other epitopes such as GFP by labeling with antibodies.

This protocol delineates a way to label and trace the fate of small groups of cells zebrafish embryos using UV-uncaging of caged fluorescein, followed by whole mount immunolabeling to amplify the signal from the uncaged fluorescein.

Lazer Uncagable Floresein Dextran&#39;ın Zebra balığı Hücre Lineage Etiketleme

A central problem in developmental biology is to deduce the origin of the myriad cell types present in vertebrates as they arise from undifferentiated ...

Investigating Intestinal Inflammation in DSS-induced Model of IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Both UC and CD, when present in the colon, generate a similar symptom profile which can include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and weight loss.1 Although the pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, it is described as a multifactorial disease that involves both genetic and environmental components.2
There are numerous and variable animal models of colonic inflammation that resemble several features of IBD. Animal models of colitis range from those arising spontaneously in susceptible strains of certain species to those requiring administration of specific concentrations of colitis-inducing chemicals, such as dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Chemical-induced models of gut inflammation are the most commonly used and best described models of IBD. Administration of DSS in drinking water produces acute or chronic colitis depending on the administration protocol.3 Animals given DSS exhibit weight loss and signs of loose stool or diarrhea, sometimes with evidence of rectal bleeding.4,5 Here, we describe the methods by which colitis development and the resulting inflammatory response can be characterized following administration of DSS. These methods include histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained colon sections, measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which can be used as a surrogate marker of inflammation.6
The extent of the inflammatory response in disease state can be assessed by the presence of clinical symptoms or by alteration in histology in mucosal tissue. Colonic histological damage is assessed by using a scoring system that considers loss of crypt architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle thickening, goblet cell depletion, and crypt abscess.7 Quantitatively, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines with acute inflammatory properties, such as interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-&alpha;,can be determined using conventional ELISA methods. In addition, MPO activity can be measured using a colorimetric assay and used as an index of inflammation.8
In experimental colitis, disease severity is often correlated with an increase in MPO activity and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Colitis severity and inflammation-associated damage can be assessed by examining stool consistency and bleeding, in addition to assessing the histopathological state of the intestine using hematoxylin/eosin stained colonic tissue sections. Colonic tissue fragments can be used to determine MPO activity and cytokine production. Taken together, these measures can be used to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response in animal models of experimental colitis.

Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease have allowed us to examine the complex innate and adaptive immune responses associated with pathogenesis. Using histological scoring, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity, one can begin to assess these responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

İBH DSS-kaynaklı Modeli Bağırsak Enflamasyon incelenmesi

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a range of intestinal pathologies, the most common of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.1-5 Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of:
<ol>
	<li>stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation6-8</li>
	<li>antigen-driven membrane transfer9 and/or precursor cell proliferation3,4,10-18 and</li>
	<li>immune regulatory and effector cell function1,18-21.</li>
</ol>
Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes1,2,11. "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins4,16,18. Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class2-4,16,18,24.
The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are:
<ol>
	<li>Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies.</li>
	<li>Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 102 - 103 times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used.</li>
	<li>Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile.</li>
</ol>
Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.

Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.

Cep Takip Boyalar kullanarak Hücre Bölünmesi İzleme için optimize Boyama ve Çoğalma Modelleme Yöntemleri

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography

Pressure myograph systems are exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized to a suitable transmural pressure. The near physiological condition achieved in pressure myography permits in-depth characterization of intrinsic responses to pharmacological and physiological stimuli, which can be extrapolated to the in vivo behavior of the vascular bed. Pressure myograph has several advantages over conventional wire myographs. For example, smaller resistance vessels can be studied at tightly controlled and physiologically relevant intraluminal pressures. Here, we study the ability of 3rd order mesenteric arteries (3-4 mm long), preconstricted with phenylephrine, to vaso-relax in response to acetylcholine. Mesenteric arteries are mounted on two cannulas connected to a pressurized and sealed system that is maintained at constant pressure of 60 mmHg. The lumen and outer diameter of the vessel are continuously recorded using a video camera, allowing real time quantification of the vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation in response to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, respectively.
	To demonstrate the applicability of pressure myography to study the etiology of cardiovascular disease, we assessed endothelium-dependent vascular function in a murine model of systemic hypertension. Mice deficient in the &alpha;1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC&alpha;1-/-) are hypertensive when on a 129S6 (S6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-S6) but not when on a C57BL/6 (B6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-B6). Using pressure myography, we demonstrate that sGC&alpha;1-deficiency results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice, likely contributing to the higher blood pressure in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice. 
	Pressure myography is a relatively simple, but sensitive and mechanistically useful technique that can be used to assess the effect of various stimuli on vascular contraction and relaxation, thereby augmenting our insight into the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease.

In pressure myography, an intact small segment of a vessel is mounted onto two small cannulas and pressurized to a suitable luminal pressure. Here, we describe the method to measure vasorelaxation response of the mouse 3rd order mesenteric arteries in c57 and sGC&alpha;1-/- mice using pressure myography.

Basınç kasılmaların kâğıda çizilmesi kullanarak Murine Direnç Arter Fonksiyon değerlendirilmesi

Pressure myograph systems are  exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized  to a suitable transmural pressure. The  ...

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.

Br.rerio kullanarak Morbid İnsan Genomu İn Vivo Modelleme

Here,  we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically  significant nonsynonymous changes using in  vivo complementation ...

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis

Regulated exocytosis is a process by which cargo, which is stored in secretory granules (SGs), is released in response to a secretory trigger. Regulated exocytosis is fundamental for intercellular communication and is a key mechanism for the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and other compounds, by a variety of cells. At least three distinct mechanisms are known for regulated exocytosis: full exocytosis, where a single SG fully fuses with the plasma membrane, kiss-and-run exocytosis, where a single SG transiently fuses with the plasma membrane, and compound exocytosis, where several SGs fuse with each other, prior to or after SG fusion with the plasma membrane. The type of regulated exocytosis undertaken by a cell is often dictated by the type of secretory trigger. However, in many cells, a single secretory trigger can activate multiple modes of regulated exocytosis simultaneously. Despite their abundance and importance across cell types and species, the mechanisms that determine the different modes of secretion are largely unresolved. One of the main challenges in investigating the different modes of regulated exocytosis, is the difficulty in distinguishing between them as well as exploring them separately. Here we describe the use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as an exocytosis reporter, and live cell imaging, to differentiate between the different pathways of regulated exocytosis, focusing on compound exocytosis, based on the robustness and duration of the exocytic events.

Here we detail a method for live cell imaging of regulated exocytosis. This method utilizes FITC-dextran, which accumulates in lysosome-related organelles, as a reporter. This simple method also allows distinguishing between different modes of regulated exocytosis in cells that are difficult to manipulate genetically.

Düzenlenmiş ekzositozu için muhabir olarak FITC dextran görüntüleme

Regulated exocytosis is a process by which cargo, which is stored in secretory granules (SGs), is released in response to a secretory trigger. Regulated ...

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their detrimental effects on the human life quality and the healthcare system, the majority of human neurodegenerative disorders still remain incurable and non-preventable. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic interventions against such maladies is becoming a pressing urgency. Age-associated deterioration of neuronal circuits and function is evolutionarily conserved in organisms as diverse as the lowly worm Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, signifying similarities in the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. C. elegans is a highly malleable genetic model, which offers a well-characterized nervous system, body transparency and a diverse repertoire of genetic and imaging techniques to assess neuronal activity and quality control during ageing. Here, we introduce and describe methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis (e.g., deg-3(d) and mec-4(d)) and protein aggregate (e.g., &#945;-syunclein and poly-glutamate)-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-related neuronal breakdown. A combination of these animal neurodegeneration models, together with genetic and pharmacological screens for cell death modulators will lead to an unprecedented understanding of age-related breakdown of neuronal function and will provide critical insights with broad relevance to human health and quality of life.

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we introduce and describe widely accessible methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis and protein aggregate-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Caenorhabditis elegans Yaş İlişkili Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların Modellendirilmesi

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their ...

In Situ Exploration of Murine Megakaryopoiesis using Transmission Electron Microscopy

Differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes occur in close association with the cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow. These processes are characterized by the gradual appearance of essential structures in the megakaryocyte cytoplasm such as a polyploid and polylobulated nucleus, an internal membrane network called demarcation membrane system (DMS) and the dense and alpha granules that will be found in circulating platelets. In this article, we describe a standardized protocol for the in situ ultrastructural study of murine megakaryocytes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), allowing for the identification of key characteristics defining their maturation stage and cellular density in the bone marrow. Bone marrows are flushed, fixed, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in plastic resin, and mounted for generating cross-sections. Semi-thin and thin sections are prepared for histological and TEM observations, respectively. This method can be used for any bone marrow cell, in any EM facility and has the advantage of using small sample sizes allowing for the combination of several imaging approaches on the same mouse.

In Situ Exploration of Murine Megakaryopoiesis using Transmission Electron Microscopy

Here, we present a protocol to analyze ultrastructure of the megakaryocytes in situ using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Murine bone marrows are collected, fixed, embedded in epoxy resin and cut in ultrathin sections. After contrast staining, the bone marrow is observed under a TEM microscope at 120 kV.

In Situ İletim Elektron Mikroskopisi Kullanılarak Murine Megakaryopoez Keşfi

Differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes occur in close association with the cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow. These ...