preparing a cell suspension from the adherent skin cell cultures

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>高效的 3D 皮肤模型，用于灵活的研究应用

The skin is a continuous structure with multicell interactions revealing the proper functioning and homeostasis of this complex organ. It is built from morphologically different layers: the inner layer - dermis, and the outer layer - the epidermis. On top of the epidermis, we additionally distinguish the stratum corneum&#160;(consisting of flattened dead cells - corneocytes), which provides the greatest protection against the external environment. Some of the most important passive and active functions of the skin are body protection against external factors, participation in the immunological processes, secretion, resorption, thermoregulation, and sensing1,2,3. Because it is considered one of the largest organs in the body, it is impossible to avoid contact with various pathogens, allergens, chemicals, as well as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Thus, it is structured with many types of cells with specific functions. The main types of cells present in the epidermis are keratinocytes (almost 90% of all cells, with structural and immunological functions in the deeper parts of the epidermis, but which later undergo the keratinization process to turn to corneocytes in the top layer of the epidermis), melanocytes (only 3%-7% of the epidermal cell population, which produce the UV protective pigment melanin) and the Langerhans cells (from the immune system). In the case of the dermis, the main cells are fibroblasts (producing growth factors and proteins), dendritic cells, and mast cells (both cell types of the immune system)4,5,6. Moreover, the skin is equipped with several extracellular proteins (such as collagen type I and IV, fibronectin, and laminin; Figure 1) and protein fibers (collagen and elastin), which ensure the specific structure of the skin but also encourage cell binding, cell adhesion, and other interactions7.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65773/65773fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic showing the skin structure. The skin structure marked four basic cell types occurring in its individual layers and distinguished proteins of the extracellular matrix. This figure was created with MS PowerPoint. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65773/65773fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
The safety of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products is a very important issue, and protecting the health of consumers and patients is a priority8. Until recently, it was supposed to be guaranteed by numerous tests, including studies conducted on animals. Unfortunately, these often required the use of drastic methods, causing pain and suffering in animals used for research purposes (frequently mice, rats, and pigs). In 1959, the Principles of the Humane Experimental Technique (the 3Rs principle) were introduced: (1 - Replacement) replacing animals in research with in vitro, in sillico, or ex vivo models, (2 - Reduction) reducing the number of animals used for research, and (3 - Refinement) improving the well-being of the animals which are still needed for research and at the same time improving the developed alternative methods9. Furthermore, in the European Union (EU), cosmetic testing on animals is regulated by law. From September 11, 2004 the ban on animal-tested cosmetic products came into force. On March 11, 2009, the EU banned animal testing of cosmetic ingredients. The sale of cosmetic products made of newly animal-tested ingredients was not allowed; however, testing the products on animals for complex human health issues such as repeat dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and toxicokinetics was still acceptable. Starting from March 11, 2013, in the EU, it is illegal to sell cosmetics where the finished product or its ingredients have been tested on animals10. Therefore, currently, in cosmetology, research is carried out at three levels: in vitro (cells), ex vivo (real tissues), and in vivo (volunteers)11. In the case of pharmaceuticals, the need for animal testing remains; however, it is significantly reduced and strictly controlled12.
As alternative methods to animal testing and for the initial assessment of the effectiveness of a novel active ingredient, the in vitro skin cell cultures are used. Isolation of different types of skin cells and their cultivation in sterile laboratory conditions allows one to assess the safety and toxicity of active substances. Skin cell lines are also widely recognized models for research as the cells are sold by certified companies and the results can be comparable in different laboratories. These tests are usually performed on simple 2D models of the human skin cell monocultures. Some of the more advanced models are their co-cultures (such as keratinocytes with fibroblasts and keratinocytes with melanocytes), as well as the three-dimensional models, including scaffold-free cultures (spheres) and scaffold-based skin equivalents of the epidermis, dermis or even the full-thickness substitutes of the skin13. It is worth mentioning that apart from the last type (skin equivalents), the rest are not commercially available, and if needed, a scientist must prepare them on his/her own.
Even though plenty of these models have been maintained and are routinely sold nowadays (Table 1), additional models are constantly needed to validate most of the results. Thus, the newly engineered models ought to recreate better the real interactions taking place in the human body. When a mixture of cells of different types is used to form such models, the reproduction of the multicellular aspect of tissue in vivo can be achieved. As a result, an organotypic culture is developed (Figure 2).
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">Name</td>
			<td colspan="4">Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="6">Normal skin</td>
			<td colspan="2">EpiSkin</td>
			<td colspan="4">Reconstructed Human Epidermis - Keratinocytes on a collagen membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">SkinEthic RHE</td>
			<td colspan="4">Reconstructed Human Epidermis - Keratinocytes on a polycarbonate membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">SkinEthic RHE-LC</td>
			<td colspan="4">Human Epidermal Model Langerhans Cells - Keratinocytes and Langerhans cells on a polycarbonate membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">SkinEthic RHPE</td>
			<td colspan="4">Reconstructed Human Pigmented Epidermis - Keratinocytes and Melanocytes on a polycarbonate membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">T-Skin</td>
			<td colspan="4">Reconstructed Human Full Thickness Skin Model - Keratinocytes on a layer of Fibroblasts, which were grown on a polycarbonate membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Phenion FT Skin model</td>
			<td colspan="4">Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in hydrogel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Skin with a disease</td>
			<td colspan="2">Melanoma FT Skin Model</td>
			<td colspan="4">Normal human-derived Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts with human Malignant Melanoma cell line A375</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Psoriasis Tissue Model</td>
			<td colspan="4">Normal human Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: The most popular commercial skin equivalents for various studies.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65773/65773fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Complexity of different in vitro models. The relation between the complexity of different in vitro models to recreate an organism and the real interactions occurring directly in the human body. The figure has been modified from the set &#34;Microbiology and cell culture&#34; from Servier Medical Art by Servier (https://smart.servier.com/).&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65773/65773fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
One of the most important limitations of the commercial equivalents is the availability of only very general research models with a few types of cells (typically 1-2, seldom 3). Yet, there are many more cells present in the skin, and their interaction with each other can ensure better or worse tolerance of various ingredients14. The lack of some immune components can decrease its value in several kinds of research, including immunotherapy. This is a serious issue as melanoma is a life-threatening skin cancer due to the early onset of metastasis and frequent resistance to the applied treatment15. To improve the artificial skin model, researchers try to establish a co-culture of immune cells with cell lines and organoids16&#160;and this is considered a big improvement of the studied models. For example, mast cells take part in many physiological (wound healing, tissue remodeling) and pathological (inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor progression) processes in the skin17. Thus, their occurrence in the model can significantly change the model&#39;s response to the studied compound. Finally, a lot of skin-related information is still missing, which can only be discovered by performing basic research. This is why creating and refining different artificial skin models (Table 2) is such an important endeavor. This article presents several procedures to create advanced skin models, including spheres and skin equivalents.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>In vitro skin model</td>
			<td>Attempt to recreate interactions occurring in the tissue</td>
			<td>Examples of the used cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="12">2D or 3D cell culture</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Epidermis</td>
			<td>Keratinocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Melanocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocytes + Melanocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Dermis</td>
			<td>Fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibroblasts + Mast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="6">Skin</td>
			<td>Keratinocytes + Fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocytes + Mast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Melanocytes + Fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Melanocytes + Mast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocytes + Fibroblasts + Melanocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocytes + Fibroblasts + Mast cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2: Examples of cell type mixture to recreate skin tissue in 2D and 3D culture.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：使用经济高效的 3D 细胞模型增强皮肤模型的多样性

为众多应用构建皮肤模型 - 从二维 （2D） 单一培养到三维 （3D） 多培养

Our challenge is to test ingredients'cytotoxicity prior to cosmetic or medical use. The commercial 3-D skin models limited to around three cell types don't reflect real skin complexity. And skin has diverse cell types with essential functions, posing a challenge in accurately assessing ingredient impact.Our findings indicate that the limiting cell adhesion method produced more well-shaped spheres compared to the commonly-used methods. Additionally, it demands less manipulation, ensuring greater sphere stability. In our skin equivalent, we use up to four types of skin cells, unlike the commercial models that typically incorporate a maximum of three cell types.Common to these cell models lack accuracy in representing real interaction. While commercial 3-D skin equivalents offer better tissue representation, their cost limits widespread use. Consequently, our self-established models allow for initial cost-effective experiments on a more realistic platform.Our protocols outline affordable, straightforward ways to create customized 3-D skin models, encompassing spheres and equivalents. In contrast to commercial options, our models offer adjustable appearance and composition tailored to the study's requirements. The method is accessible, not demanding specialized skills or equipment, making them replicable even by novice researchers.Our aim is to highlight the simplicity of creating various 3-D cellular models, while emphasizing the value of certified commercial models in research. We stress the significance of using realistic models, such as spheres and equivalents. Showcasing how the cells make models, can aid in pre-selecting the testing conditions before employing certified models.

从贴壁皮肤细胞培养物制备细胞悬液

preparing-a-cell-suspension-from-the-adherent-skin-cell-cultures

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Preparing a Cell Suspension from the Adherent Skin Cell Cultures

296 次观看. 首先，从含有角质形成细胞、成纤维细胞和黑色素细胞的培养瓶中取出相应的培养基。用 5 至 10 毫升 PBS 轻轻洗涤细胞。现在向培养瓶中加入 0.5 至 2 mL 胰蛋白酶-EDTA 溶液，具体取决于其大小。在 37 摄氏度下孵育培养瓶。使用显微镜控制细胞从表面分离。将分离的细胞悬浮在双倍体积的胰蛋白酶中和剂中，以灭活胰蛋白酶。然后将悬浮液?...