作者是国际脑研究基金会博士后奖学金（直流）;博士生培养授予T90的DA 022763（马）的支持;，国立卫生研究院授予R01 - EY017699和美国国家科学基金会资助BCS - 0633281（SK队）。作者感谢兰多夫布雷克有用的意见。

<ol><li>Blake, R., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visual+competition%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visual competition.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 13-21 (2002).</li>
<li>Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Neuroimaging+of+visual+awareness+in+patients+and+normal+subjects%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Op.+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Neuroimaging of visual awareness in patients and normal subjects.</a> Curr. Op. Neurobiol. 11, 150-156 (2001).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Unconscious+orientation+processing+depends+on+perceptual+load%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Vision%22%5BJournal%5D)">Unconscious orientation processing depends on perceptual load.</a> Journal of Vision. 8, 1-10 (2008).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Spatial+attention+can+modulate+unconscious+orientation+processing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Perception%22%5BJournal%5D)">Spatial attention can modulate unconscious orientation processing.</a> Perception. 37, 1520-1528 (2008).</li>
<li>Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Right+parietal+TMS+shortens+dominance+durations+in+binocular+rivalry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Right parietal TMS shortens dominance durations in binocular rivalry.</a> Current Biology. , Forthcoming Forthcoming.</li>
<li>Schurger, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+very+inexpensive+MRI-compatible+method+for+dichoptic+visual+stimulation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Neurosci.+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">A very inexpensive MRI-compatible method for dichoptic visual stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 177, 199-202 (2009).</li>
<li>Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughn, J. T., Kanwisher, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Binocular+rivalry+and+visual+awareness+in+human+extrastriate+cortex%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex.</a> Neuron. 21, 753-759 (1998).</li>
<li>Kovacs, I., Papathomas, T. V., Ming, Y., Feher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((When+the+brain+changes+its+mind%3A+interocular+grouping+during+binocular+rivalry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">When the brain changes its mind: interocular grouping during binocular rivalry.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 15508-15511 (1996).</li>
<li>Blake, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+primer+on+binocular+rivalry%2C+including+current+controversies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+and+Mind%22%5BJournal%5D)">A primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies.</a> Brain and Mind. 2, 5-38 (2001).</li>
<li>Cowey, A., Stoerig, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+neurobiology+of+blindsight%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">The neurobiology of blindsight.</a> Trends Neurosci. 14, 140-145 (1991).</li>
<li>Nasrallah, M., Carmel, D., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Murder+she+wrote%3A+enhanced+sensitivity+to+negative+word+valence%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emotion%22%5BJournal%5D)">Murder she wrote: enhanced sensitivity to negative word valence.</a> Emotion. 9, 609-618 (2009).</li>
<li>Persaud, N., McLeod, P., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Post-decision+wagering+objectively+measures+awareness%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness.</a> Nat Neurosci. 10, 257-261 (2007).</li>
<li>Tsuchiya, N., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Continuous+flash+suppression+reduces+negative+afterimages%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1096-1101 (2005).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Attentional+Load+Modulates+Responses+of+Human+Primary+Visual+Cortex+to+Invisible+Stimuli%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Attentional Load Modulates Responses of Human Primary Visual Cortex to Invisible Stimuli.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 509-513 (2007).</li>
<li>Wilson, H. R., Blake, R., Lee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dynamics+of+travelling+waves+in+visual+perception%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception.</a> Nature. 412, 907-910 (2001).</li>
<li>Meng, M., Tong, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Can+attention+selectively+bias+bistable+perception%3F+Differences+between+binocular+rivalry+and+ambiguous+figures%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Vision%22%5BJournal%5D)">Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures.</a> Journal of Vision. 4, 539-551 (2004).</li>
</ol>

我们已经描述了创建它的双眼竞争的性质，几种方法，什么考虑时，必须考虑它是用来。如在介绍详细，适当利用双眼竞争使人们有可能通过实验解决问题的轨迹（或位点）的认识，感性选择和无意识加工。要正确地进行这种调查，但是，必须注意保持稳定辐辏的重要性等问题，而且，如果调查无意识的处理，必须使用有可能产生完全抑制的显示。 当选择使用哪种方法，为了创造竞争，重要的是要考虑到每个方法的优点和缺点。是毫无意义的，例如，在使用红蓝色的护目镜，如果有兴趣在使用多种颜色的刺激，但另一方面，这种方法可能是最容易使用的核磁共振成像扫描仪。同样，一个立体镜是一个非常可靠的方法，确保单独的图像上相应的视网膜位置，但每个观察员和核磁共振成像扫描仪把一个立体的涉及的技术困难所需的个别调整，这种方法可能使一些有吸引力的研究。 最后，重要的是要知道的双眼竞争的经验的特点，以聘用适当的依赖措施。当所研究的问题涉及无意识加工，独立核查，参加者确实不知道的抑制图像是至关重要的。当一个人在实验操作如何影响的主导地位和抑制持续时间有兴趣，也可能是更多的启发研究，而不仅仅是一个集中趋势，如均值或中位数衡量的持续时间（γ-形）分布;可能是重要是否经验丰富的观察家尖锐或渐进（头痛医头，脚痛医脚或波浪状）的主导地位过渡。 我们希望在采用这种迷人的现象感兴趣的研究人员将找到这个介绍。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirror stereoscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prism goggles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red-blue or red-green cellophane goggles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer monitor (optional)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create and use binocular rivalry

通常我们的眼睛都看到了我们周围世界的的形象略有不同。大脑可以合并成一个单一连贯的代表性，这两个图像。但是，当眼睛有足够的彼此不同的图像，一个有趣的事情发生，而不是两个图像融合成一个结合的意识的知觉，蒸发的是一个形象的主导意识的感性交替格局，而其他被抑制;两个图像，通常每隔几秒钟的优势之间的交替。这感性的现象被称为双眼竞争。双眼竞争被认为是在人类和动物模型研究知觉选择和意识非常有用，因为不变的每只眼睛的视觉输入信息，以在视觉上的认识和感知的交替。为了创建一个双眼竞争的刺激，一切必要的是提出一个不同的图像，每只眼睛在同一位置感知。这样做有几种方式，但初来乍到外地往往不能确定哪种方法最适合他们的特定需求。本文的目的是描述了廉价和简单的方法来创建和使用双眼竞争的数量。我们详细的方法，不需要昂贵的专用设备，并描述每一种方法的优点和缺点。所描述的方法包括使用红蓝色的眼罩，镜像stereoscopes和棱镜眼罩。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry at JoVE.com

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

双眼竞争发生时，眼睛都在同一地点与不同的图像：一个图像占主导地位，而其他被抑制，和支配周期性交替。竞争是感性选择和视觉意识调查是有​​用的。在这里，我们介绍几种简单的方法，用于创建和使用双眼竞争的刺激。

如何创建和使用双眼竞争

Each of our eyes normally sees a slightly different image of the world around us. The brain can combine these two images into a single coherent ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

75.3K 次观看.  New York University. 双眼竞争发生时，眼睛都在同一地点与不同的图像：一个图像占主导地位，而其他被抑制，和支配周期性交替。竞争是感性选择和视觉意识调查是有​​用的。在这里，我们介绍几种简单的方法，用于创建和使用双眼竞争的刺激。

视频: How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) System to Monitor Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow. The technique analyzes fluctuations in a dynamic speckle pattern to detect the movement of particles similar to how laser Doppler analyzes frequency shifts to determine particle speed. Because it can be used to monitor the movement of red blood cells, LSCI has become a popular tool for measuring blood flow in tissues such as the retina, skin, and brain. It has become especially useful in neuroscience where blood flow changes during physiological events like functional activation, stroke, and spreading depolarization can be quantified. LSCI is also attractive because it provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution while using inexpensive instrumentation that can easily be combined with other imaging modalities. Here we show how to build a LSCI setup and demonstrate its ability to monitor blood flow changes in the brain during an animal experiment.

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging LSCI System to Monitor Blood Flow

This video demonstrates how to build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) system that can easily be used to monitor blood flow.

如何建立一个激光散斑对比度成像（LSCI）系统，以监测血流

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow.  The technique analyzes ...

科研

神经科学

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

医学

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. There is a growing literature on the unique experimental value of pupillary and oculomotor measures, especially for research on interocular suppression. Although obtaining eye-tracking measures would thus benefit studies that use dichoptic presentation, the hardware essential for dichoptic presentation (e.g. mirrors) often interferes with high-quality eye tracking, especially when using a video-based eye tracker. We recently described an experimental setup that combines a standard dichoptic presentation system with an infrared eye tracker by using infrared-transparent mirrors1. The setup is compatible with standard monitors and eye trackers, easy to implement, and affordable (on the order of US$1,000). Relative to existing methods it has the benefits of not requiring special equipment and posing few limits on the nature and quality of the visual stimulus. Here we provide a visual guide to the construction and use of our setup.

We recently proposed a method that allows dichoptic visual stimulus presentation and binocular eye tracking simultaneously1. The key is the combination of an infrared eye tracker and the corresponding infrared-transparent mirrors. This manuscript provides an in depth protocol for initial setup and everyday operation.

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

行为学

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the cortex to the contralateral eye to a stimulus is much stronger than the response of the ipsilateral eye in the binocular segment of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). During the mammalian critical period, suturing the contralateral eye will result in a rapid loss of responsiveness of V1 cells to contralateral eye stimulation. With the continuing development of transgenic technologies, more and more studies are using transgenic mice as experimental models to examine the effects of specific genes on ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. In this study, we introduce detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and calculate the change in OD plasticity in mouse V1. After monocular deprivation (MD) for 4 days during the critical period, the orientation tuning curves of each neuron are measured, and the tuning curves of layer four neurons in V1 are compared between stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The contralateral bias index (CBI) can be calculated using each cell&#39;s ocular OD score to indicate the degree of OD plasticity. This experimental technique is important for studying the neural mechanisms of OD plasticity during the critical period and for surveying the roles of specific genes in neural development. The major limitation is that the acute study cannot investigate the change in neural plasticity of the same mouse at a different time.

Here, we present detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and ocular dominance plasticity analysis, which are important methods for studying the neural mechanisms of visual plasticity during the critical period and the effects of specific genes on visual development.

小鼠主视觉皮质中的单眼视觉剥夺和眼部优势可塑性测量

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the ...

发育生物学

评估小鼠的视动反射反应：一种新的高精度方案

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

作者聚焦：一种研究小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的准确定量方法 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body> 评估单侧弱视的立体视觉：一项比较研究

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used clinical tests. Thirty-four individuals with previously untreated unilateral amblyopia, aged 8.4 &#177; 2.7 years, were included in the study. Monocular (best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] at distance) and binocular (including Titmus, Random-dot, and Frisby stereopsis) visual functions were measured at baseline and 2-month and 6-month visits after synthetical treatment.
We found that Titmus stereopsis was always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). Frisby stereopsis was also always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between Titmus stereopsis and Frisby stereopsis (p = 0.562). However, interestingly, there was no significant difference in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 2-month visit, F = 1.158, p = 0.318.
Similarly, a significant difference was also lacking in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 6-month visit, F = 0.302, p = 0.740. We conclude that there will be different results obtained from different stereopsis measuring methods used to measure amblyopia in patients. We recommend performing at least two types of stereoscopic measurements to evaluate each case of amblyopia. However, for observing therapeutic effects, each measurement method has the same performance for clinical results during amblyopic treatment.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>单侧弱视治疗期间测量双眼视觉功能的三种临床立体方法的比较

Here, we present three common stereopsis measurement methods to measure patients with amblyopia and the comparison of the efficacy of different methods.

单侧弱视治疗期间测量双眼视觉功能的三种临床立体方法的比较

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used ...

如何创建和使用双眼竞争

摘要

探索更多视频

如何建立一个激光散斑对比度成像（LSCI）系统，以监测血流

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

测量和制止在弱视治疗

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

小鼠主视觉皮质中的单眼视觉剥夺和眼部优势可塑性测量

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

单侧弱视治疗期间测量双眼视觉功能的三种临床立体方法的比较