박사 교육 부여 T90 DA 022,763 (MA), 저자는 국제 뇌 학술 진흥 재단 박사 과정 이수 원정대 (DC)에서 지원하고 NIH 그랜트 R01 - EY017699 및 NSF 그랜트 BCS - 0633281 (SK). 저자는 유용한 덧글에 대한 랜돌프 블레이 크에게 감사하고 있습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Blake, R., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+competition.">Visual competition.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 13-21 (2002).</li><li>Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroimaging+of+visual+awareness+in+patients+and+normal+subjects.">Neuroimaging of visual awareness in patients and normal subjects.</a> Curr. Op. Neurobiol. 11, 150-156 (2001).</li><li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unconscious+orientation+processing+depends+on+perceptual+load.">Unconscious orientation processing depends on perceptual load.</a> Journal of Vision. 8, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+attention+can+modulate+unconscious+orientation+processing.">Spatial attention can modulate unconscious orientation processing.</a> Perception. 37, 1520-1528 (2008).</li><li>Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Right+parietal+TMS+shortens+dominance+durations+in+binocular+rivalry.">Right parietal TMS shortens dominance durations in binocular rivalry.</a> Current Biology. , .</li><li>Schurger, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+very+inexpensive+MRI-compatible+method+for+dichoptic+visual+stimulation.">A very inexpensive MRI-compatible method for dichoptic visual stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 177, 199-202 (2009).</li><li>Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughn, J. T., Kanwisher, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry+and+visual+awareness+in+human+extrastriate+cortex.">Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex.</a> Neuron. 21, 753-759 (1998).</li><li>Kovacs, I., Papathomas, T. V., Ming, Y., Feher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+the+brain+changes+its+mind:+interocular+grouping+during+binocular+rivalry.">When the brain changes its mind: interocular grouping during binocular rivalry.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 15508-15511 (1996).</li><li>Blake, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+primer+on+binocular+rivalry,+including+current+controversies.">A primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies.</a> Brain and Mind. 2, 5-38 (2001).</li><li>Cowey, A., Stoerig, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobiology+of+blindsight.">The neurobiology of blindsight.</a> Trends Neurosci. 14, 140-145 (1991).</li><li>Nasrallah, M., Carmel, D., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murder+she+wrote:+enhanced+sensitivity+to+negative+word+valence.">Murder she wrote: enhanced sensitivity to negative word valence.</a> Emotion. 9, 609-618 (2009).</li><li>Persaud, N., McLeod, P., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-decision+wagering+objectively+measures+awareness.">Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness.</a> Nat Neurosci. 10, 257-261 (2007).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+flash+suppression+reduces+negative+afterimages.">Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1096-1101 (2005).</li><li>Bahrami, B., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Load+Modulates+Responses+of+Human+Primary+Visual+Cortex+to+Invisible+Stimuli.">Attentional Load Modulates Responses of Human Primary Visual Cortex to Invisible Stimuli.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 509-513 (2007).</li><li>Wilson, H. R., Blake, R., Lee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+travelling+waves+in+visual+perception.">Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception.</a> Nature. 412, 907-910 (2001).</li><li>Meng, M., Tong, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+attention+selectively+bias+bistable+perception?+Differences+between+binocular+rivalry+and+ambiguous+figures.">Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures.</a> Journal of Vision. 4, 539-551 (2004).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

우리는 그것을 만들기위한 양안 경쟁의 성격, 여러 가지 방법을 설명해야하고, 사용하면 어떻게 고려 고려해야합니다. 소개에 대한 자세한로서, 쌍안경 경쟁의 적절한 사용은 실험적으로 인식 로커스 (또는 loci), 지각 선택과 무의식적 처리에 관한 질문을 주소로 할 수 있습니다. 제대로 그러한 조사를 수행하기 위해, 그러나, 하나는 안정적인 vergence을 유지의 중요성과 같은 문제를 인식하고 있어야합니다, 그리고 무의식 가공, 완전한 억제를 얻을 가능성이 디스플레이를 사용의 필요성을 조사하십시오. 경쟁을 만들기 위해 사용하는 방법을 선택하면 계정으로 각 방법의 장점과 단점을하는 것이 중요합니다. 가 한 여러 색의 자극을 사용하여에 관심이있다면 아무 소용 빨간색 파란색 고글을 사용하여, 예를 들어 없으며하지만 반면에,이 방법은 아마도 MRI 스캐너의 사용하기 쉬운 것입니다. 마찬가지로 미러 입체경은 별도의 이미지가 해당 망막 위치에 가을 있도록 매우 안정적인 방법입니다,하지만, 각각의 관찰자와 MRI 스캐너에서 입체경 퍼팅에 관련된 기술적인 문제에 필요한 개별 조정 몇몇이 방법은 덜 매력 될 수도 연구. 마지막으로, 적절한 부양 조치를 고용하기 위해서는 쌍안경 경쟁의 경험의 특성을 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 연구 문제는 참가자가 억압 이미지의 실제로 알지 못하고 있다고 무의식 처리, 별도의 검증에 관한 때하는 것은 필수적입니다. 그것이 중요할 수도, 한 실험 조작은 지배와 억압 기간이 미치는 영향에 관심이 때, 그것은 오히려 같은 의미 또는 평균 단지 중심 경향의 측정보다 기간이의 (감마 모양의) 분포를 조사하기 위해 더 많은 조명 수 있습니다 관찰이 우세 날카로운 또는 점진적 (조금씩이나 웨이브 같은) 전환을 경험 여부를 확인할 수 있습니다. 우리는이 매혹적인 현상을 채용에 관심이 연구원이 소개가 도움이 되었습니까 바랍니다.

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<td>Mirror stereoscope</td>
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<td>Red-blue or red-green cellophane goggles</td>
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<td>Computer monitor (optional)</td>
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how to create and use binocular rivalry

우리의 눈이 각각 정상적으로 우리 주변의 세계의 약간 다른 이미지를 본다. 두뇌는 하나의 일관된 표현으로이 두 가지 이미지를 조합하여 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나 눈은 서로 충분히 다른 이미지를 표시하는 경우, 재미있는 일이 일어난다 : 오히려 결합된 의식 percept에 융합 두 이미지보다, 어떻게되거나하면 하나의 이미지가 의식을 지배 지각 alternations의 패턴입니다 다른 동안 억압이며 두 이미지, 일반적으로 몇 초마다 사이의 지배력의 보충. 이것은 지각 현상 쌍안경 라이벌로 알려져 있습니다. 각각의 눈에 변함없는 영상 입력 시각 인식과 지각에 alternations에 이르게하기 때문에 쌍안경 경쟁은 지각 선택 및 인간과 동물 모두 모델에 대한 인식을 공부하는 데 유용 간주됩니다. 쌍안경 경쟁의 자극을 만들려면 필요한 모든 같은 인식 위치에서 다른 이미지로 각각의 시선을 제시하는 것입니다. 거기에 이렇게 몇 가지 방법이 있지만, 현장에 신규 이민자들은 종종 가장 자신의 특정 요구에 맞게 것이 어떤 방법을 알 수 있습니다. 이 문서의 목적은 양안 경쟁 관계를 만들고 사용하는 방법을 저렴하고 간단 여러 가지 방법을 설명하는 것입니다. 우리는 세부 값비싼 특수 장비가 필요하고 각 방법의 장점과 단점을 설명하지 방법을. 설명한 방법은 빨간색 파란색 고글, 미러 stereoscopes와 프리즘 고글의 사용을 포함합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry at JoVE.com

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

눈을가 같은 장소에서 서로 다른 이미지를 표시하는 경우 쌍안경 라이벌이 발생합니다 : 하나의 이미지가 다른가 은폐하는 동안 장악하고, 정기적으로 지배력의 보충. 라이벌은 지각 선택과 시각적 인지도를 조사하는 데 유용합니다. 여기 쌍안경 라이벌 의식 자극을 만들고 사용하는 몇 가지 쉬운 방법을 설명합니다.

어떻게 쌍안경 경쟁 관계를 만들고 사용하는 방법

Each of our eyes normally sees a slightly different image of the world around us. The brain can combine these two images into a single coherent ...

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Neuroscience

75.0K 조회수.  New York University. 눈을가 같은 장소에서 서로 다른 이미지를 표시하는 경우 쌍안경 라이벌이 발생합니다 : 하나의 이미지가 다른가 은폐하는 동안 장악하고, 정기적으로 지배력의 보충. 라이벌은 지각 선택과 시각적 인지도를 조사하는 데 유용합니다. 여기 쌍안경 라이벌 의식 자극을 만들고 사용하는 몇 가지 쉬운 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) System to Monitor Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow. The technique analyzes fluctuations in a dynamic speckle pattern to detect the movement of particles similar to how laser Doppler analyzes frequency shifts to determine particle speed. Because it can be used to monitor the movement of red blood cells, LSCI has become a popular tool for measuring blood flow in tissues such as the retina, skin, and brain. It has become especially useful in neuroscience where blood flow changes during physiological events like functional activation, stroke, and spreading depolarization can be quantified. LSCI is also attractive because it provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution while using inexpensive instrumentation that can easily be combined with other imaging modalities. Here we show how to build a LSCI setup and demonstrate its ability to monitor blood flow changes in the brain during an animal experiment.

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging LSCI System to Monitor Blood Flow

This video demonstrates how to build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) system that can easily be used to monitor blood flow.

어떻게 레이저를 작성하는 것은 혈액 흐름을 모니터링하는 콘트라스트 이미징 (LSCI) 시스템 스페클

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow.  The technique analyzes ...

연구

신경과학

Isolation of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Rodent Embryos for use with Dissected Cerebral Cortical Explants

The CSF is a complex fluid with a dynamically varying proteome throughout development and in adulthood. During embryonic development, the nascent CSF differentiates from the amniotic fluid upon closure of the anterior neural tube. CSF volume then increases over subsequent days as the neuroepithelial progenitor cells lining the ventricles and the choroid plexus generate CSF. The embryonic CSF contacts the apical, ventricular surface of the neural stem cells of the developing brain and spinal cord. CSF provides crucial fluid pressure for the expansion of the developing brain and distributes important growth promoting factors to neural progenitor cells in a temporally-specific manner. To investigate the function of the CSF, it is important to isolate pure samples of embryonic CSF without contamination from blood or the developing telencephalic tissue. Here, we describe a technique to isolate relatively pure samples of ventricular embryonic CSF that can be used for a wide range of experimental assays including mass spectrometry, protein electrophoresis, and cell and primary explant culture. We demonstrate how to dissect and culture cortical explants on porous polycarbonate membranes in order to grow developing cortical tissue with reduced volumes of media or CSF. With this method, experiments can be performed using CSF from varying ages or conditions to investigate the biological activity of the CSF proteome on target cells.

The ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathes the neuroepithelial and cerebral cortical progenitor cells during early brain development in the embryo. Here we describe the method developed to isolate ventricular CSF from rodent embryos of different ages in order to investigate its biological function. In addition, we demonstrate our cerebral cortical explant dissection and culture technique that allows for explant growth with minimal volumes of culture medium or CSF.

해부하는 뇌 두피 Explants와 함께 사용하기위한 쥐 태아의 뇌척수의 절연

The CSF is a complex fluid with a dynamically varying proteome throughout development and in adulthood. During embryonic development, the nascent CSF ...

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

During development, axon guidance receptors play a crucial role in regulating axons sensitivity to both attractive and repulsive cues. Indeed, activation of the guidance receptors is the first step of the signaling mechanisms allowing axon tips, the growth cones, to respond to the ligands. As such, the modulation of their availability at the cell surface is one of the mechanisms that participate in setting the growth cone sensitivity. We describe here a method to precisely visualize the spatio-temporal cell surface dynamics of an axon guidance receptor both in vitro and in vivo in the developing chick spinal cord. We took advantage of the pH-dependent fluorescence property of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant to specifically detect the fraction of the axon guidance receptor that is addressed to the plasma membrane. We first describe the in vitro validation of such pH-dependent constructs and we further detail their use in vivo, in the chick spinal chord, to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of the axon guidance receptor of interest.

We describe here the use of a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein variant, pHluorin, to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of axon guidance receptors trafficking at the cell surface.&#160;The pHluorin-tagged receptor is expressed both in cell culture and in vivo, using electroporation of the chick embryo.

세포 배양과 병아리 배아에서 축슨 유도 수용체의 역학을 평가하기 위해 pHluorin의 사용

During development, axon guidance receptors play a crucial role in regulating axons sensitivity to both attractive and repulsive cues. Indeed, activation ...

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and decreases waste in costs and reagents. Here we describe optimization of a multiplex assay to assess apoptosis following a palmitic acid (PA) challenge in an in vitro hypothalamic model, using both fluorescent and luminescent based assays to measure viable cell counts and caspase-3/7 activity in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Following PA challenge, viable cells were determined by a resazurin-based fluorescent assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was then determined using a luminogenic substrate, DEVD, and normalized to cell number. This multiplexing assay is a useful technique for determining change in caspase activity following an apoptotic stimulus, such as saturated fatty acid challenge. The saturated fatty acid PA can increase hypothalamic oxidative stress and apoptosis, indicating the potential importance of assays such as that described here in studying the relationship between saturated fatty acids and neuronal function.

Multiplex assays can provide beneficial information for basic cellular mechanisms&#160;and eliminate waste of reagents and unnecessary repetitive experiments. We describe here a multiplex caspase-3/7 activity assay, using fluorescent- and luminescent-based methods, to determine cell viability in an in vitro hypothalamic model following oxidative challenge with palmitic acid.

시상 하부 세포 모델에서 세포 사멸을 결정하는 카스파 다중 분석의 사용

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

태아 알코올 스펙트럼 장애의 쥐 모델에서 Hippocampal 기능 장애를 평가 하기 위해 추적 Eyeblink 클래식 컨디셔닝의 사용

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

찾을 효과의 자극에 대 한 처리 이벤트 관련 뇌 전위의 가까운 다른 사람을 어떻게 때 Hyperscanning 파트너

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

시 냅 스 아연 Histochemistry 다른 지역과 개발 및 성인 두뇌에서 하기의 사용

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Use of In Vivo Single-fiber Recording and Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion with Attached Sciatic Nerve to Examine the Mechanism of Conduction Failure

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This method is particularly applicable to dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which are primary sensory neurons that exhibit a pseudo-unipolar structure of nervous processes. The patterns and features of the action potentials passed along axons are recordable in these neurons. The present study uses in vivo single-fiber recordings to observe the conduction failure of sciatic nerves in complete Freund&#8217;s adjuvant (CFA)-treated rats. As the underlying mechanism cannot be studied using in vivo single-fiber recordings, patch-clamp-recordings of DRG neurons are performed on preparations of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve. These recordings reveal a positive correlation between conduction failure and the rising slope of the after-hyperpolarization potential (AHP) of DRG neurons in CFA-treated animals. The protocol for in vivo single fiber-recordings allows the classification of nerve fibers via the measurement of conduction velocity and monitoring of abnormal conditions in nerve fibers in certain diseases. Intact DRG with attached peripheral nerve allows observation of the activity of DRG neurons in most physiological conditions. Conclusively, single-fiber recording combined with electrophysiological recording of intact DRGs is an effective method to examine the role of conduction failure during the analgesic process.

Single-fiber recording is an effective electrophysiological technique that is applicable to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Along with the preparation of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve, the mechanism of conduction failure is examined. Both protocols improve the understanding of the peripheral nervous system&#39;s relationship with pain.

전도 실패의 메커니즘을 검사하기 위해 연결된 Sciatic 신경을 가진 생체 내 단일 섬유 기록 및 손상되지 않은 등철 루트 신경절의 사용

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for ...

Generation of Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils from Monomers and Use In Vivo

Use of the in vivo alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (&#945;-syn PFF) model of synucleinopathy is gaining popularity among researchers aiming to model Parkinson&#39;s disease synucleinopathy and nigrostriatal degeneration. The standardization of &#945;-syn PFF generation and in vivo application is critical in order to ensure consistent, robust &#945;-syn pathology. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the generation of fibrils from monomeric &#945;-syn, post-fibrilization quality control steps, and suggested parameters for successful neurosurgical injection of &#945;-syn PFFs into rats or mice. Starting with monomeric &#945;-syn, fibrilization occurs over a 7-day incubation period while shaking at optimal buffer conditions, concentration, and temperature. Post-fibrilization quality control is assessed by the presence of pelletable fibrils via sedimentation assay, the formation of amyloid conformation in the fibrils with a thioflavin T assay, and electron microscopic visualization of the fibrils. Whereas successful validation using these assays is necessary for success, they are not sufficient to guarantee PFFs will seed &#945;-syn inclusions in neurons, as such aggregation activity of each PFF batch should be tested in cell culture or in pilot animal cohorts. Prior to use, PFFs must be sonicated under precisely standardized conditions, followed by examination using electron microscopy or dynamic light scattering to confirm fibril lengths are within optimal size range, with an average length of 50 nm. PFFs can then be added to cell culture media or used in animals. Pathology detectable by immunostaining for phosphorylated &#945;-syn (psyn; serine 129) is apparent days or weeks later in cell culture and rodent models, respectively.&#160;

The goal of this article is to outline the steps required for the generation of fibrils from monomeric alpha-synuclein, subsequent quality control, and use of the preformed fibrils in vivo.

모노 머 로부터 미리 형성 된 섬유 소의 알파-시 뉴 클레 인 생성 및 생체 내 사용

Use of the in vivo alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (&#945;-syn PFF) model of synucleinopathy is gaining popularity among researchers aiming to model ...

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable measurements in newborns. Obtaining high-quality, reliable VEPs is crucial for the early detection of abnormal development of the central nervous system in at-risk newborns, and for implementing successful early interventions. Recommendations are based on a previous study which showed that when post-conceptional age, polysomnography-identified sleep stages, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) googles as the luminous source are controlled, no more than 4 repetitions of VEP averages are required to obtain replicable recordings, variability decreases, and reliable VEPs can be obtained. By controlling for these sources of variability and using statistical analyses, we were able to clearly and reliably identify the amplitude and latency of three main components (NII, PII and NIII) present in 100% of newborns (n = 20) during active sleep. Recording VEPs during awake states, quiet sleep and transitional sleep is not recommended because VEP morphology may differ significantly from one average to the next, leading to the risk of misleading clinical prognoses. Moreover, it is easier to obtain VEPs during active sleep because this state can be clearly and reliably identified at this stage of development, sleep cycles are short enough to allow measurements to be taken in a reasonable time, and the method does not require new o expensive equipment.

Several important points for obtaining high-quality reliable visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in newborns while minimizing variability and the risk of misleading prognoses are presented.