博士課程の訓練助成金T90 DA 022763（MA）;とNIHグラントR01 - EY017699とNSFの助成BCS - 0633281（SK）の著者は、国際脳研究財団特別研究員（DC）でサポートされています。著者は、有益なコメントをランドルフブレイクに感謝しています。

<ol><li>Blake, R., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visual+competition%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visual competition.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 13-21 (2002).</li>
<li>Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Neuroimaging+of+visual+awareness+in+patients+and+normal+subjects%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Op.+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Neuroimaging of visual awareness in patients and normal subjects.</a> Curr. Op. Neurobiol. 11, 150-156 (2001).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Unconscious+orientation+processing+depends+on+perceptual+load%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Vision%22%5BJournal%5D)">Unconscious orientation processing depends on perceptual load.</a> Journal of Vision. 8, 1-10 (2008).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Rees, G., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Spatial+attention+can+modulate+unconscious+orientation+processing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Perception%22%5BJournal%5D)">Spatial attention can modulate unconscious orientation processing.</a> Perception. 37, 1520-1528 (2008).</li>
<li>Carmel, D., Walsh, V., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Right+parietal+TMS+shortens+dominance+durations+in+binocular+rivalry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Right parietal TMS shortens dominance durations in binocular rivalry.</a> Current Biology. , Forthcoming Forthcoming.</li>
<li>Schurger, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+very+inexpensive+MRI-compatible+method+for+dichoptic+visual+stimulation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Neurosci.+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">A very inexpensive MRI-compatible method for dichoptic visual stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 177, 199-202 (2009).</li>
<li>Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughn, J. T., Kanwisher, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Binocular+rivalry+and+visual+awareness+in+human+extrastriate+cortex%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex.</a> Neuron. 21, 753-759 (1998).</li>
<li>Kovacs, I., Papathomas, T. V., Ming, Y., Feher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((When+the+brain+changes+its+mind%3A+interocular+grouping+during+binocular+rivalry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">When the brain changes its mind: interocular grouping during binocular rivalry.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 15508-15511 (1996).</li>
<li>Blake, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+primer+on+binocular+rivalry%2C+including+current+controversies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+and+Mind%22%5BJournal%5D)">A primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies.</a> Brain and Mind. 2, 5-38 (2001).</li>
<li>Cowey, A., Stoerig, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+neurobiology+of+blindsight%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">The neurobiology of blindsight.</a> Trends Neurosci. 14, 140-145 (1991).</li>
<li>Nasrallah, M., Carmel, D., Lavie, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Murder+she+wrote%3A+enhanced+sensitivity+to+negative+word+valence%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emotion%22%5BJournal%5D)">Murder she wrote: enhanced sensitivity to negative word valence.</a> Emotion. 9, 609-618 (2009).</li>
<li>Persaud, N., McLeod, P., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Post-decision+wagering+objectively+measures+awareness%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness.</a> Nat Neurosci. 10, 257-261 (2007).</li>
<li>Tsuchiya, N., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Continuous+flash+suppression+reduces+negative+afterimages%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1096-1101 (2005).</li>
<li>Bahrami, B., Lavie, N., Rees, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Attentional+Load+Modulates+Responses+of+Human+Primary+Visual+Cortex+to+Invisible+Stimuli%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Attentional Load Modulates Responses of Human Primary Visual Cortex to Invisible Stimuli.</a> Curr. Biol. 17, 509-513 (2007).</li>
<li>Wilson, H. R., Blake, R., Lee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dynamics+of+travelling+waves+in+visual+perception%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception.</a> Nature. 412, 907-910 (2001).</li>
<li>Meng, M., Tong, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Can+attention+selectively+bias+bistable+perception%3F+Differences+between+binocular+rivalry+and+ambiguous+figures%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Vision%22%5BJournal%5D)">Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures.</a> Journal of Vision. 4, 539-551 (2004).</li>
</ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

我々はそれを作成するための視野闘争の性質、いくつかの方法を記載している、そしてそれが使用されている場合どのような考慮事項が考慮する必要があります。はじめにで説明するように、視野闘争の適切な使用は、実験的に意識の軌跡（または遺伝子座）、知覚的選択と無意識の処理についての質問に対処することが可能になります。適切にこのような調査を実施するため、しかし、人はそのような安定した収束、と、無意識の処理を調査する場合、完全な抑制をもたらす可能性のあるディスプレイを使用しての必要性を維持することの重要性などの問題を認識する必要があります。 ライバルを作成するためにどの方法を使用するかを選択するときに、それは考慮に入れ、各方法の長所と短所を取ることが重要です。そこにはポイントは1つが、多色刺激を使うことに興味を持っている場合、赤青メガネを使用して、例えば、ではない、しかし一方で、このメソッドはおそらくMRIスキャナで使用するのが最も簡単です。同様に、ミラーステレオスコープは、別々の画像が対応する網膜の場所に落ちることを保証するのは非常に信頼性の高い方法です。しかし、各観察者に必要な個々の調整やMRIスキャナでステレオスコープを入れるに関わる技術的な問題はいくつかのためのこの方法はあまり魅力的にするかもしれないの研究。 最後に、適切な依存措置を採用するために、視野闘争の経験の特性を認識することが重要です。研究の質問は、無意識の処理に関係するときに、参加者が抑制画像の実際に気づかずに、独立した検証が不可欠です。いずれかの実験的操作が支配と抑圧の期間をどのように影響するかに興味を持っているときは、そのような平均値や中央値などの期間だけではなく、中心傾向の測度の（γ-形）の分布を調べるために多くの照明かもしれない、そしてそれが重要になることがありますオブザーバーは、支配の鋭いまたは徐々に（断片的または波のような）の遷移を経験したかどうかを確認する。 我々は、この魅惑的な現象を採用するに興味がある研究者は、この導入が役に立つことを願っています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirror stereoscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prism goggles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red-blue or red-green cellophane goggles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer monitor (optional)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create and use binocular rivalry

私たちの目のそれぞれは、通常、私たちの周りの世界のわずかに異なる画像を見ている。脳は、単一の一貫した表現に、これら二つの画像を組み合わせることができます。しかし、目が互いに十分に異なる画像が表示されるとき、面白いことが起きます。むしろ複合意識知覚に融合する二つの画像よりも、何transpiresは、1つのイメージが意識を支配する知覚交替のパターンです、もう一方抑制され、二つの画像、通常は数秒ごとに間の支配交互に。この知覚現象は、視野闘争として知られています。それぞれの目には不変の視覚入力が視覚意識と知覚の交替につながるため、視野闘争が、知覚的選択と人間と動物の両方のモデルで意識を研究するために有用と考えられている。視野闘争刺激を作成するには、必要なことは、同じ知覚の場所で別のイメージでそれぞれの目を提示することである。これをするいくつかの方法がありますが、フィールドへの新規参入者は、最善の、特定のニーズに合うどの方法がよくわからない。この記事の目的は、視野闘争を作成し、使用する安価で簡単ないくつかの方法を説明することです。我々は詳細高価な特殊機器を必要とし、各方法の長所と短所を記述しないメソッドを。記載されている方法は、赤青メガネ、ミラーステレオスコープとプリズムのゴーグルの使用を含む。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry at JoVE.com

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

定期的に他のが抑制され、一方のイメージが支配し、優位性の交互：目が同じ位置に異なる画像が表示されているときに視野闘争が発生します。ライバルは、知覚的選択と視覚的な認知度を調査するのに便利です。ここでは、視野闘争刺激を作成して使用するためのいくつかの簡単な方法を説明します。

どのように視野闘争を作成および使用方法

Each of our eyes normally sees a slightly different image of the world around us. The brain can combine these two images into a single coherent ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

75.3K ビュー.  New York University. 定期的に他のが抑制され、一方のイメージが支配し、優位性の交互：目が同じ位置に異なる画像が表示されているときに視野闘争が発生します。ライバルは、知覚的選択と視覚的な認知度を調査するのに便利です。ここでは、視野闘争刺激を作成して使用するためのいくつかの簡単な方法を説明します。

ビデオ: How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) System to Monitor Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow. The technique analyzes fluctuations in a dynamic speckle pattern to detect the movement of particles similar to how laser Doppler analyzes frequency shifts to determine particle speed. Because it can be used to monitor the movement of red blood cells, LSCI has become a popular tool for measuring blood flow in tissues such as the retina, skin, and brain. It has become especially useful in neuroscience where blood flow changes during physiological events like functional activation, stroke, and spreading depolarization can be quantified. LSCI is also attractive because it provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution while using inexpensive instrumentation that can easily be combined with other imaging modalities. Here we show how to build a LSCI setup and demonstrate its ability to monitor blood flow changes in the brain during an animal experiment.

How to Build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging LSCI System to Monitor Blood Flow

This video demonstrates how to build a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) system that can easily be used to monitor blood flow.

どのようにレーザーを構築するためには、血流を監視するためにコントラストイメージング（LSCI）システムのスペック

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a simple yet powerful technique that is used for full-field imaging of blood flow.  The technique analyzes ...

神経科学

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

弱視における抑制の測定と治療

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

医学

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. There is a growing literature on the unique experimental value of pupillary and oculomotor measures, especially for research on interocular suppression. Although obtaining eye-tracking measures would thus benefit studies that use dichoptic presentation, the hardware essential for dichoptic presentation (e.g. mirrors) often interferes with high-quality eye tracking, especially when using a video-based eye tracker. We recently described an experimental setup that combines a standard dichoptic presentation system with an infrared eye tracker by using infrared-transparent mirrors1. The setup is compatible with standard monitors and eye trackers, easy to implement, and affordable (on the order of US$1,000). Relative to existing methods it has the benefits of not requiring special equipment and posing few limits on the nature and quality of the visual stimulus. Here we provide a visual guide to the construction and use of our setup.

We recently proposed a method that allows dichoptic visual stimulus presentation and binocular eye tracking simultaneously1. The key is the combination of an infrared eye tracker and the corresponding infrared-transparent mirrors. This manuscript provides an in depth protocol for initial setup and everyday operation.

アイト ラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーション システムを構築する方法

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

行動学

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

ジコプティック視視条件における双眼中央視野と双眼運動の評価

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the cortex to the contralateral eye to a stimulus is much stronger than the response of the ipsilateral eye in the binocular segment of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). During the mammalian critical period, suturing the contralateral eye will result in a rapid loss of responsiveness of V1 cells to contralateral eye stimulation. With the continuing development of transgenic technologies, more and more studies are using transgenic mice as experimental models to examine the effects of specific genes on ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. In this study, we introduce detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and calculate the change in OD plasticity in mouse V1. After monocular deprivation (MD) for 4 days during the critical period, the orientation tuning curves of each neuron are measured, and the tuning curves of layer four neurons in V1 are compared between stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The contralateral bias index (CBI) can be calculated using each cell&#39;s ocular OD score to indicate the degree of OD plasticity. This experimental technique is important for studying the neural mechanisms of OD plasticity during the critical period and for surveying the roles of specific genes in neural development. The major limitation is that the acute study cannot investigate the change in neural plasticity of the same mouse at a different time.

Here, we present detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and ocular dominance plasticity analysis, which are important methods for studying the neural mechanisms of visual plasticity during the critical period and the effects of specific genes on visual development.

マウス初等視覚皮質における単眼視外剥離と眼優位可塑性測定

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the ...

発生生物学

マウスの視運動反射反応の評価:新しい高精度プロトコル

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

著者スポットライト:マウスの視運動反射の視覚特徴選択性を研究するための正確で定量的なアプローチ 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body> 片側弱視における立体視の評価:比較研究

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used clinical tests. Thirty-four individuals with previously untreated unilateral amblyopia, aged 8.4 &#177; 2.7 years, were included in the study. Monocular (best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] at distance) and binocular (including Titmus, Random-dot, and Frisby stereopsis) visual functions were measured at baseline and 2-month and 6-month visits after synthetical treatment.
We found that Titmus stereopsis was always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). Frisby stereopsis was also always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between Titmus stereopsis and Frisby stereopsis (p = 0.562). However, interestingly, there was no significant difference in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 2-month visit, F = 1.158, p = 0.318.
Similarly, a significant difference was also lacking in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 6-month visit, F = 0.302, p = 0.740. We conclude that there will be different results obtained from different stereopsis measuring methods used to measure amblyopia in patients. We recommend performing at least two types of stereoscopic measurements to evaluate each case of amblyopia. However, for observing therapeutic effects, each measurement method has the same performance for clinical results during amblyopic treatment.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>片側弱視の弱視治療中の両眼視機能を測定するための3つの臨床的立体視法の比較

Here, we present three common stereopsis measurement methods to measure patients with amblyopia and the comparison of the efficacy of different methods.

片側弱視の弱視治療中の両眼視機能を測定するための3つの臨床的立体視法の比較

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used ...

どのように視野闘争を作成および使用方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

どのようにレーザーを構築するためには、血流を監視するためにコントラストイメージング（LSCI）システムのスペック

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

弱視における抑制の測定と治療

アイトラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーションシステムを構築する方法

ジコプティック視視条件における双眼中央視野と双眼運動の評価

マウス初等視覚皮質における単眼視外剥離と眼優位可塑性測定

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