This work was supported by OTKA (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund) D45933, T049621, T&Eacute;T (Hungarian Science and Technology Foundation) A4/04, Arg-17/2006 and SIN, Bolyai, &Ouml;veges Fellowships and T&Aacute;MOP 4.2.2-08/1/KMR-2008-0004 and 4.2.1/B 09/1/KMR-2010-0001. OTKA 83803. We would like to thank William Gesztes for providing the voice-over.

1. Preparing H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells
H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were obtained from ATCC (Wesel, Germany) and expanded in high glucose (4.5 g/L) DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 4 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 &mu;g/ml streptomycin. The H9c2 myoblast cell line is derived from embryonic rat heart, it is used as an in vitro model for both skeletal and cardiac muscle 8,9.
Prepare 12 well plate of H9c2 cells:
<ol>
	<li>Remove cu...

<ol>
	<li>Dimmeler, S., Burchfield, J., Zeiher, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-Based+Therapy+of+Myocardial+Infarction.">Cell-Based Therapy of Myocardial Infarction.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, (2008).</li><li>Kim, S. U., de Vellis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell-based+cell+therapy+in+neurological+diseases:+A+review.">Stem cell-based cell therapy in neurological diseases: A review.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 87, 2183-21 (2009).</li><li>Lee, K., Chan, C. K., Patil, N., Goodman, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+therapy+for+bone+regeneration-Bench+to+bedside.">Cell therapy for bone regeneration-Bench to bedside.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 89, 252-25 (2009).</li><li>Gaipa, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GMP-based+CD133++cells+isolation+maintains+progenitor+angiogenic+properties+and+enhances+standardization+in+cardiovascular+cell+therapy.">GMP-based CD133+ cells isolation maintains progenitor angiogenic properties and enhances standardization in cardiovascular cell therapy.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 14, 1619-1619 (2010).</li><li>Trounson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+perspectives+in+human+stem+cell+therapeutic+research.">New perspectives in human stem cell therapeutic research.</a> BMC medicine. 7, 29-29 (2009).</li><li>Mazhari, R., Hare, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+action+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+cardiac+repair:+potential+influences+on+the+cardiac+stem+cell+niche.">Mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac repair: potential influences on the cardiac stem cell niche.</a> Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 4, S21-S21 (2007).</li><li>Kimes, B. W., Brandt, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+a+clonal+muscle+cell+line+from+rat+heart.">Properties of a clonal muscle cell line from rat heart.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 98, 367-367 (1976).</li><li>Sardao, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vital+imaging+of+H9c2+myoblasts+exposed+to+tert-butylhydroperoxide--characterization+of+morphological+features+of+cell+death.">Vital imaging of H9c2 myoblasts exposed to tert-butylhydroperoxide--characterization of morphological features of cell death.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 8, 11-11 (2007).</li><li>Hescheler, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological,+biochemical,+and+electrophysiological+characterization+of+a+clonal+cell+(H9c2)+line+from+rat+heart.">Morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological characterization of a clonal cell (H9c2) line from rat heart.</a> Circulation research. 69, 1476-1476 (1991).</li><li>Cselenyak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+rescue+cardiomyoblasts+from+cell+death+in+an+in+vitro+ischemia+model+via+direct+cell-to-cell+connections.">Mesenchymal stem cells rescue cardiomyoblasts from cell death in an in vitro ischemia model via direct cell-to-cell connections.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 11, 29-29 (2010).</li><li>Sauvant, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implementation+of+an+in+vitro+model+system+for+investigation+of+reperfusion+damage+after+renal+ischemia.">Implementation of an in vitro model system for investigation of reperfusion damage after renal ischemia.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 24, 567-567 (2009).</li><li>Namas, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-Induced+Overexpression+of+BNIP3+is+Not+Dependent+on+Hypoxia-Inducible+Factor+1alpha+in+Mouse+Hepatocytes.">Hypoxia-Induced Overexpression of BNIP3 is Not Dependent on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1alpha in Mouse Hepatocytes.</a> Shock. 36, 196-196 (2011).</li><li>Cao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia/Reoxygenation+Up-Regulated+the+Expression+of+Death+Receptor+5+and+Enhanced+Apoptosis+in+Human+Hepatocyte+Line.">Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Up-Regulated the Expression of Death Receptor 5 and Enhanced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocyte Line.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 38, 2207-2207 (2006).</li><li>Meloni, B. P., Meade, A. J., Kitikomolsuk, D., Knuckey, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+neuronal+cell+death+in+acute+and+delayed+in+vitro+ischemia+(oxygen-glucose+deprivation)+models.">Characterisation of neuronal cell death in acute and delayed in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) models.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 195, 67-67 (2011).</li><li>Mimeault, M., Hauke, R., Batra, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells:+a+revolution+in+therapeutics--recent+advances+in+stem+cell+biology+and+their+therapeutic+applications+in+regenerative+medicine+and+cancer+therapies.">Stem cells: a revolution in therapeutics--recent advances in stem cell biology and their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies.</a> Clinical Pharmacology &#38; Therapeutics. 82, 252-252 (2007).</li><li>Angoulvant, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cell+conditioned+media+attenuates+in+vitro+and+ex+vivo+myocardial+reperfusion+injury.">Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned media attenuates in vitro and ex vivo myocardial reperfusion injury.</a> J Heart Lung Transplant. 30, 95-95 (2010).</li><li>Lim, Y. J., Zheng, S., Zuo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+Preconditions+Purkinje+Cells+against+Cell+Death+under+In+Vitro+Simulated+Ischemia/Reperfusion+Conditions.">Morphine Preconditions Purkinje Cells against Cell Death under In Vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Conditions.</a> Anesthesiology. 100, 562-562 (2004).</li><li>Guo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen-receptor-mediated+protection+of+cerebral+endothelial+cell+viability+and+mitochondrial+function+after+ischemic+insult+in+vitro.">Estrogen-receptor-mediated protection of cerebral endothelial cell viability and mitochondrial function after ischemic insult in vitro.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 30, 545-545 (2010).</li></ol>

The demonstrated protocol is an in vitro approach to the much more complex issue of stem cell therapy in myocardial infarct, with all the advantages and disadvantages of such a model. Obviously it cannot reflect the complex (e.g. immunological) events taking place during and after myocardial infarct but can focus on the direct effects of the added cells on the postischemic cells. The effects of simulated ischemia on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts highly depend on the time of OGD, on the passage number of the used cells an...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcein-AM</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>L3224, C3099</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.invitrogen.com">http://www.invitrogen.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethidium homodimer-2</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>L3224, E3599</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.invitrogen.com">http://www.invitrogen.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vybrant DiD</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>V22887</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.invitrogen.com">http://www.invitrogen.com</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Reagents.
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PeCon cell incubation system for Zeiss microscopes</td>
			<td>PeCon GmbH</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.pecon.biz/">www.pecon.biz/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2. Equipment.

stem cell transplantation in an in vitro simulated ischemia/reperfusion model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and finding new sources for implantable cells are the focus of recent research4,5. Investigating the effectiveness of cell therapies is not an easy task and new tools are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the treatment process6. We designed an experimental protocol of ischemia/reperfusion in order to allow the observation of cellular connections and even subcellular mechanisms during ischemia/reperfusion injury and after stem cell transplantation and to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were placed onto cell culture plates7,8. Ischemia was simulated with 150 minutes in a glucose free medium with oxygen level below 0.5%. Then, normal media and oxygen levels were reintroduced to simulate reperfusion. After oxygen glucose deprivation, the damaged cells were treated with transplantation of labeled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by adding them to the culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred in clinical trials because they are easily accessible with minimal invasive surgery, easily expandable and autologous. After 24 hours of co-cultivation, cells were stained with calcein and ethidium-homodimer to differentiate between live and dead cells. This setup allowed us to investigate the intercellular connections using confocal fluorescent microscopy and to quantify the survival rate of postischemic cells by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy showed the interactions of the two cell populations such as cell fusion and formation of intercellular nanotubes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3 clusters of damaged cells which can be plotted on a graph and analyzed statistically. These populations can be investigated separately and conclusions can be drawn on these data on the effectiveness of the simulated therapeutical approach.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model at JoVE.com

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

We demonstrate how to set up an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model and how to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on postischemic cardiac cells.

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

stem-cell-transplantation-an-vitro-simulated-ischemiareperfusion

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.0K 次观看.  Semmelweis University. 我们演示了如何建立一个在体外缺血/再灌注模型，以及如何评价干细胞治疗缺血心肌细胞的影响。