我们要感谢Jyri奥亚拉先生为电影的生产技术，包括动画，图形设计，以及所有的技术编辑。我们也想感谢的父母是谁给的权限有自己的宝宝主演的这部影片，以及在筹备电影制作的帮助下，护士（尤其是亚尔莫希先生）。这项工作已经收到来自芬兰赫尔辛基大学医院，赫尔辛基应用科技大学（Metropolia），Juselius基金会，Erkko基金会，以及在儿科基金会（Lastentautientutkimussäätiö）和欧洲共同体的第七框架计划的欧洲实际和/或财政支持社区第七框架计划的人2009年法语国家国际组织，赠款协议ñ°254235。 密集阵适合记录早产儿的脑电图帽制造商联系信息BV蚂蚁，请访问<a href="http://www.ant-neuro.com">http://www.ant-neuro</a>。COM。值得注意的是，NicOne脑电放大器（CareFusion，麦迪逊，美国）在我们的视频是不是一个真正的直流耦合放大器。以下制造商，目前（2011年10月）提供直流耦合，临床合适的脑电放大器：CareFusion（其最新的放大器），蚂蚁神经（ <a href="http://www.ant-neuro.com">www.ant neuro.com</a> ），EGI（ <a href="http://www.egi.com">www.egi.com</a> ），BrainProducts（ <a href="http://www.BrainProducts.com">WWW 。BrainProducts.com</a> ），Neuroscan（ <a href="http://www.neuroscan.com">www.neuroscan.com</a> ），以及SACS（ <a href="http://www.sacs.se">www.sacs.se</a> ）。

1。准备宝宝的婴儿床/孵化脑电图研究<ol><li>安排脑电图的研究，以便它不会合作的前前后后与新生儿重症监护室的其他程序，如采血或超声检查，脑电设备和婴儿的警觉状态，因为它们可能会干扰。 </li><li>喂奶后立即开始录制，这样的婴儿是最有可能下降，在进入睡眠脑电图记录。它可能是实际应用之前的所有记录电极喂养和/或其他护理程序，使脑电图可以开始紧随其后。 </li><li>确保有没有不必要的电气设备连接到宝宝。 </li><li>将所有电线有关的脑电图记录在婴儿床的其他电线尽可能相距甚远。关闭床加热，如果可能的治疗明智的。 </li><li>在电子干扰的情况下，你可以尝试将它们关闭（有时甚至是从电源拔下一个在识别干扰设备时间可能会有所帮助）。 </li><li>确保宝宝的头不接触或潮湿的纺织品，这可能会增加外部噪声源的干扰耦合给宝宝。 </li></ol> 2。密集阵脑电图帽中的应用<ol><li>除去用稀释的酒精或婴儿洗发水浸湿的布刷卡干预蜡和油从宝宝的头皮。视觉评估的婴儿的头部大小来选择最优规模，以确保瓶盖牢牢地坐在顶点，脑电图帽颞电极位于耳垂以上的适当水平（五这些不同大小上限可适应从非常年轻的早产足月新生儿）。 </li><li>如果可能的话，两个人应共同努力，将脑电图帽，帽的照顾，和另外一个抱着婴儿的头部和可能插管或经鼻CPAP管。如果病人有呼吸机，删除为10-20秒，它需要把牛逼他脑电图帽。鼻CPAP控股肩带裹在脑电图帽。 </li><li> （可选）如果婴儿在头四线，你会需要断开，并通过它在帽（在本研究中所使用的上限）的出口。否则，你将需要使用网和单电极头的位置，这是网站上的NEMO的研究证明（见<a href="http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php">http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php</a> ）。 </li><li>按住，让他/她的脸对你的宝宝。 ，用你的手指，把双手盖内盖中间推出，所以，中央（Cz和Pz电极）将第一次接触头皮。 </li><li>轻轻翻转头帽使帽坐在几乎在其最终位置。最后，调整上限在左，右和前后方向对称。检查，确保THA对称T的锆电极是在中间（左，右）线，连接两个耳朵。当拉过额头帽，它是实际的地方按拇指对他/她的眼睛以上的额头，保持婴儿的头部。 </li><li>扣紧下巴的表带到胸闷保持帽子的地方，还可以不受限制地呼吸。现在还检查盖大小，是最佳的。在这部影片中的上限可能会显得有点松。然而，它延伸在前额和枕区，但它是不够好，在与头皮centroparietal地区接触。这些帽子的五个大小不同可适应从非常年轻的早产足月新生儿，在这部影片中的上限，将适合几个星期，从现在起这个孩子。 </li><li>申请通过电极孔厚钝胶针（“小费”）连接到注射器电极凝胶。一个弯曲的尖可能是有用的，以达到接触，很难直接访问。填充的元素ctrode杯无凝胶将泄漏，因为它可能会形成与相邻电极的桥梁，甚至打湿了枕头，可能会导致人工制品。更粘稠的凝胶配方可能在这方面的实际，允许前帽的位置，甚至胶凝（参见文献1）。 </li><li>检查阻抗和脑电图的信号质量，并准备通过柔和的机械摩擦或通过所谓的SurePrep方法需要2,3（头皮<a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/">http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/</a> ） 。同时观察皮肤接触的质量，从脑电软件的阻抗值，或寻找在脑电跟踪质量。开始从参考和地面，然后准备在一次半球，以尽量减少移动的婴儿。 </li><li>开始时的阻抗水平是可以接受的脑电图记录通常低于15kohms，或当信号不看未经过滤不够干净。请注意，阻抗经常展示次数奥雅纳随着时间的推移，所以放弃了几分钟时间安顿下来的阻抗。 </li></ol> 3。印刷传感器中的应用<ol><li>重视下颏肌电电极记录肌肉（肌电图，肌电图）。轻轻的皮肤电极应用前准备。 </li><li>通过在胸部或肩膀上的两个心电图电极记录心脏的跳动。肩附件是有用的，如果有需要，以确定潜在的癫痫身体动作。轻轻的皮肤电极应用前准备。 </li><li>记录眼球运动（动图，眼电图），无论是正面的脑电图电极（当时没有额外的电极），或与独立的眼电图电极附在眼睛外侧角附近。然而，在最年轻premies，可有时需要使用附在眼皮的压电传感器（在这部影片中没有显示），因为他们的视网膜可能没有足够的极化，导致检测电场。准备的SK在申请前电极轻轻。 </li><li>监测呼吸动作舒展敏感的传感器，腰带，裹腹部或胸部以上的树干周围。确保传感器是不够紧，在录音显示呼吸运动，但宽松，足以允许无限制的呼吸。在自主呼吸的婴儿，需要特殊照顾，不抑制呼吸运动（也<a href="http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php">http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php</a> ）。 </li><li>如果临床需要，添加任何身体的一部分，预计将出现不寻常波动也是一个运动敏感的压电传感器。 </li><li>脑电同步摄像机，使整个婴儿在图片中看到的位置。在脑电图研究的特定部分，可以选择把重点放在选定的身体部位，如手或脚在他们的触觉刺激。 </li></ol> 4。录音<ol><li>整个录音过程中，保持眼睛上的信号质量，并改正，如果没有信号的恶化。以及按照宝宝，添加在后来我的脑电图解释，可能感兴趣的任何事件（如临床标志，运动，药物管理局）的注释。 </li><li>文物应该出现在录制过程中，排除他们和立即更正录音。许多文物，可能会永久损害脑电信号以后使用。 </li><li>单独调整录音的长度，使脑电图的研究，包括至少有一个划时代的警觉状态：清醒，活跃的睡眠和安静的睡眠。在大多数情况下，这将需要40至90分钟。 </li><li>执行的感官刺激（见下文第5节）当婴儿是睡着了。最好是等到安静的睡眠时间。 </li><li>在脑电图记录会议结束时，取下帽子和其他传感器，用湿抹布擦干净多余的凝胶从宝宝的头皮。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>第一机械清洁脑电图帽和其他配件，然后消毒根据医院的指示。 </li></ol> 5。感官刺激<ol><li>请注意，所有年轻的早产儿的感官反应有一个不应期长（几秒钟），反应迅速下降与短期刺激间的时间间隔或在其他正在进行中的感觉皮层脑电活动存在。因此，提供感官刺激时的脑电图一直相对无言的时刻，至少有几秒钟，这是最容易做的过程中表现出一丝停止活动 4-6安静睡眠。如果可能的话，使用自动生成的脑电图跟踪标记（触发）的刺激设备。首先进行的触觉刺激，视觉刺激，并在去年的听觉刺激，这可能​​会唤醒宝宝。 </li><li>研究视觉诱发反应，脑电系统集成到一个设备的单一闪烁。你在一起阿伊也表明如移动火炬光束在脸上，任何瞬态光。即使距离很容易产生一个响应，如通过孵化器的透明墙。观察与第二时间至少在几个枕叶及顶叶电极的响应。 </li><li>研究体感诱发电位的反应，适用于温柔的触觉刺激宝宝的手掌或鞋底。它是有帮助的使用设备，自动生成的脑电图跟踪标记（触发）。观察对侧CENTRO时空（C和T）后，一方面刺激电极的响应，并在中线（CZ）电极刺激后足部。协助日后分析，手动添加注释脑电记录任何时候，当你看到一个自发的肢体运动，因为它会产生刺激的反应类似。 </li><li>研究听觉反应，你可能会使用强度相对较低，如婴儿的头部附近的手拍手，几乎任何声音。避免使用传统的号角刺激，因为它的高声音强度会导致听觉激活和睡眠觉醒，往往随之而来的运动文物。 </li></ol> 6。分析<ol><li>已经开始在脑电图记录的初步分析。从脑电信号（如护理程序，不寻常的动作或给药）不属于明显的临床事件添加注释。记脑电图文物（如吸吮，摇摆或攻丝），这是很难确定之后也。最后，添加您的初步考虑，因为他们在网上出现，因为他们往往​​可能涉及的见解，是以后难以察觉。请确保您已录得主动和安静的睡眠，和感官刺激的数量和质量是足够的。 </li><li>新生儿脑电图的实际，彻底检讨做脑电图结果进行处理，并在更详细地描述在一个工作站脱机。 </li></ol> 7。代表结果&lt;/ P&gt; <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3774/3774fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1常规脑电图（左）和过滤的，全频段的脑电记录的比较。（FbEEG;右）。注意：在突出的FbEEG信号缓慢波动[也见文献7-9]，这是在常规脑电图缺席。有关详情，请参阅讨论。 <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3774/3774fig2_lg.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/3774/3774fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /></a> 图2。比较中的信息通过增加电极数量得到增加。一个高密度的脑电图（右），使得它可以分析和/或后续皮质区分开。这个空间信息是在传统的8通道（中）记录可以忽略不计，完全失去了在一个共同的通道脑电监测（左）。 <span类“pdflinebreak”&gt; <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3774/3774fig3_lg.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/3774/3774fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /></a> 图3：从审单反应手的触觉的感官刺激，原始的脑电图跟踪显示了一个例子。右：早产儿和足月的躯体反应（包括推导C4-FZ）的比较表明早产皮质反应的幅度。早产的反应显示，从审单跟踪，而平均产生的足月响应，因为它不会在审单级区分。箭头在足月跟踪，描绘传统代表性的措施，为临床诊断N1的响应。欲知详情，请参阅文献4,6,10,11。

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没有利益冲突的声明。

在新生儿脑电图记录这里显示的是安全的，因此宝宝从任何可行的，在任何情况下，允许处理日常护理程序1。重症监护病房，是一个具有挑战性的环境敏感的脑电图设备。技术上良好的品质录音的关键是运作良好的密集阵脑电图帽，如在这部影片中的正确使用。新生儿重症监护室的环境是独特的，研究对象是危重的，脆弱的婴儿，经过苛刻的护理和诊断程序。为了确保病人不仅安全，而且未来在你的新生儿重症监护病房的脑电图研究，有必要与所有参与病人护理的新生儿重症监护室的工作人员有一个关键的新生儿重症监护病房接触的密切合作，以及高度信任。 在人类婴儿5-7,10与幼鼠的动物模型13-15最近的工作强调infraslow FREQUENC的优势IES在脑电图。虽然他们很容易与FbEEG技术（见图1和参8,9），它们将被忽略，或在常规脑电图（使用AC耦合放大器），永久削减在信号采集的时间，他们扭曲，因为AC耦合放大器作为高通（低切）滤波器。一个需要直流稳定的录音设置，直流耦合放大器组成（见鸣谢），Ag / AgCl电极，氯（详见含有凝胶16，以及上皮潜力的充分消除这些infraslow活动的忠实记录参2,3,8，以及<a href="http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php">http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools.php</a> - &gt;设置脑电图硬件- &gt;皮肤跃跃欲试）。它是著名的在临床方面，在我们的演示中使用的上限FbEEG录音完全兼容，而许多其他临床脑电图帽是不合适的，因为他们不适当的电极垫erials（如锡）16和/或机械稳定性差，由于切割和电极支架设计（详见也参1,8）。 必须充分评估或监测早期的早产儿脑的未成熟的大脑活动本身（见上文）的性质和具体特点的透彻理解的基础上。这种方法主要是缺乏在目前的临床实践和文学。为了满足这一需要，早产婴儿的神经电生理评估多式联运的协议是在我们的实验室。本文件的桥梁一起发育神经生物学的最新知识，有关的神经电生理技术进步，以及新的临床研究的迫切需要。我们的的工作hences打开的​​窗口在一个双向的方式（从替补到床边和背部）的转化研究。此外，该协议清楚地表明了旨在开放场地较大SCALE收集临床相关的数据集，包括研究，以确定正常难以捉摸的标准。 我们在赫尔辛基大学医院的临床经验已经证明我）这种多式联运的研究已迅速成为一个不可分割的一部分，临床常规II），他们已经显着增加了新生儿脑电图研究的兴趣，及iii）在录制的发展这里显示技术，如未能达到任何限制，常规脑电图记录的性能。最重要的，了解发育中的大脑的结构和功能之间的关系，使得有可能评估一次当婴儿大脑的成熟尚无法沟通与外部世界的17。更好地在发展的初期阶段，脑保健是可能导致永久性增加一个早产婴儿的生命健康和整体素质。

为SurePrep方法的相关链接 <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/SurePrep_for_SP_paper.mov">http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/SurePrep_for_SP_paper.mov</a> <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/SurePrep_for_NEMO.wmv">http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/SurePrep_for_NEMO.wmv</a> 额外的示威游行，对新生儿的脑电图记录在线视频链接 <a href="http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools-for-clinicians-and-health-care-professionals.php">http://www.nemo-europe.com/en/educational-tools-for-clinicians-and-health-care-professionals.php</a> 头皮准备的理论和实践的在线视频链接 <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/Nemo_hardware_Scalp_prepping.f4v">http://www.helsi</a>nki.fi/science/eeg/videos/sureprep/Nemo_hardware_Scalp_prepping.f4v

preterm eeg: a multimodal neurophysiological protocol

脑电图（EEG）在50年代初推出以来，已广泛应用在新生儿重症监护病房（重症监护）的评估和监测在早产儿和足月婴儿的大脑功能。最常见的适应症是诊断癫痫发作，脑成熟的评估，并从缺氧缺血性事件的恢复。脑电图记录技术和新生儿的脑电信号的理解已经大大改善，但这些进展一直缓慢穿透临床传统。本演示的目的是把先进的脑电图记录新生儿单位的理论和实践。 在理论部分，我们将介绍动画说明早产儿大脑如何产生自发的和诱发的脑电活动，这两者是独一无二的这一发展阶段，以及关键的一个适当的大脑成熟。最近的动物的工作表明，脑部结构development清楚地反映在早期脑电活动。在这方面最重要的结构是日益增长的远距离连接和短暂的皮质结构，底板。在早产儿的感官刺激会产生反应，在一个单一的审判水平，和他们有在底板皮质相互作用的基础。这使新生儿容易成为一个多式联运的研究，其中脑电图不仅记录皮质功能脑电图，但它也测试底板的功能，通过不同的感觉方式。最后，引入临床合适的密集阵脑电图帽，以及能记录低频率的放大器，披露了许多尚未被忽视的大脑活动。 在这部影片的实际，我们表明多式联运，密集阵脑电图研究如何从孵化器中的早产婴儿在新生儿重症监护病房。视频演示的婴儿和孵化器，应用程序的编制脑电图帽，和感官刺激的表现。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol at JoVE.com

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

此视频说明新生儿脑电活动的背景，理论和感官的反应，在新生儿重症监护病房的现场演示了他们的录音。

早产儿的脑电图：多式联运神经生理学议定书

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and ...

preterm-eeg-a-multimodal-neurophysiological-protocol

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

28.4K 次观看.  University of Helsinki. 此视频说明新生儿脑电活动的背景，理论和感官的反应，在新生儿重症监护病房的现场演示了他们的录音。

视频: Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

同时脑磁图和脑电图的功能映射

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

科研

神经科学

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as epilepsies. This powerful technique does not only provide valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, i.e., the etiopathogenesis of CNS related diseases, it also facilitates the development of new translational, i.e., therapeutic approaches. Whereas competing techniques that make use of recorder systems used in jackets or tethered systems suffer from their unphysiological restraining to semi-restraining character, radiotelemetric EEG recordings overcome these disadvantages. Technically, implantable EEG radiotelemetry allows for precise and highly sensitive measurement of epidural and deep, intracerebral EEGs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. First, we present a detailed protocol of a straight forward, successful, quick and efficient technique for epidural (surface) EEG recordings resulting in high-quality electrocorticograms. Second, we demonstrate how to implant deep, intracerebral EEG electrodes, e.g., in the hippocampus (electrohippocampogram). For both approaches, a computerized 3D stereotaxic electrode implantation system is used. The radiofrequency transmitter itself is implanted into a subcutaneous pouch in both mice and rats. Special attention also has to be paid to pre-, peri- and postoperative treatment of the experimental animals. Preoperative preparation of mice and rats, suitable anesthesia as well as postoperative treatment and pain management are described in detail.

Non-restraining EEG radiotelemetry is a valuable methodological approach to record in vivo long-term electroencephalograms from freely moving rodents. This detailed protocol describes stereotaxic epidural and deep intracerebral electrode placement in different brain regions in order to obtain reliable recordings of CNS rhythmicity and CNS related behavioral stages.

非约束脑电遥测：硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

使用新颖的方法在自由移动的新生大鼠中记录脑电图

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

自由移动仔猪的无创脑电图记录

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments

Closed-loop neurophysiological systems use patterns of neuronal activity to trigger stimuli, which in turn affect brain activity. Such closed-loop systems are already found in clinical applications, and are important tools for basic brain research. A particularly interesting recent development is the integration of closed-loop approaches with optogenetics, such that specific patterns of neuronal activity can trigger optical stimulation of selected neuronal groups. However, setting up an electrophysiological system for closed-loop experiments can be difficult. Here, a ready-to-apply Matlab code is provided for triggering stimuli based on the activity of single or multiple neurons. This sample code can be easily modified based on individual needs. For instance, it shows how to trigger sound stimuli and how to change it to trigger an external device connected to a PC serial port. The presented protocol is designed to work with a popular neuronal recording system for animal studies (Neuralynx). The implementation of closed-loop stimulation is demonstrated in an awake rat.

This protocol demonstrates how to use an electrophysiological system for closed-loop stimulation triggered by neuronal activity patterns. Sample Matlab code that can be easily modified for different stimulation devices is also provided.

在神经生理学实验中利用神经元刺激活性触发闭环刺激

Closed-loop neurophysiological systems use patterns of neuronal activity to trigger stimuli, which in turn affect brain activity. Such closed-loop systems ...

A Ferret Model of Inflammation-sensitized Late Preterm Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury

There is an ongoing need for clinically relevant models of perinatal infection and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in which to test therapeutic interventions for infants with the neurological sequela of prematurity. Ferrets are ideal candidates for modeling the preterm human brain, as they are born lissencephalic and develop gyrencephalic brains postnatally. At birth, ferret brain development is similar to a 13 week human fetus, with postnatal-day (P) 17 kits considered to be equivalent to an infant at 32&#8211;36 weeks&#39; gestation. We describe an injury model in the P17 ferret, where lipopolysaccharide administration is followed by bilateral cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia. This simulates the complex interaction of prolonged inflammation, ischemia, hypoxia, and oxidative stress experienced in a number of neonates who develop brain injury. Injured animals display a range of gross injury severity, with morphological changes in the brain including narrowing of multiple cortical gyri and associated sulci. Injured animals also show slowed reflex development, slower and more variable speed of locomotion in an automated catwalk, and decreased exploration in an open field. This model provides a platform in which to test putative therapies for infants with neonatal encephalopathy associated with inflammation and HI, study mechanisms of injury that affect cortical development, and investigate pathways that provide resilience in unaffected animals.

The method describes inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic and hyperoxic brain injury in the P17 ferret to model the complex interaction between prolonged inflammation and oxidative brain injury experienced in a number of late preterm infants.

炎症敏感晚期缺氧缺血性脑损伤的Ferret模型

There is an ongoing need for clinically relevant models of perinatal infection and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in which to test therapeutic interventions for ...

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has examined the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory. Here we present a protocol that combines mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to examine how mindfulness meditation changes behavioral performance and the neural correlates of episodic memory. Subjects in a mindfulness meditation experimental group were compared to a waitlist control group. Subjects in the mindfulness meditation experimental group spent four weeks training and practicing mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness was measured before and after training using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Episodic memory was measured before and after training using a source recognition task. During the retrieval phase of the source recognition task, EEG was recorded. The results showed that mindfulness, source recognition behavioral performance, and EEG theta power in right frontal and left parietal channels increased following mindfulness meditation training. In addition, increases in mindfulness correlated with increases in theta power in right frontal channels. Therefore, results obtained from combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG reveal the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

Here we present a protocol for combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to understand the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

结合行为和脑电图研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...

Modulation of the Neurophysiological Response to Fearful and Stressful Stimuli Through Repetitive Religious Chanting

In neuropsychological experiments, the late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential (ERP) component that reflects the level of one's emotional arousal. This study investigates whether repetitive religious chanting modulates the emotional response to fear- and stress-provoking stimuli, thus leading to a less responsive LPP. Twenty-one participants with at least one year of experience in the repetitive religious chanting of "Amitabha Buddha" were recruited. A 128-channel electroencephalography (EEG) system was used to collect EEG data. The participants were instructed to view negative or neutral pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) under three conditions: repetitive religious chanting, repetitive nonreligious chanting, and no chanting. The results demonstrated that viewing the negative fear- and stress-provoking pictures induced larger LPPs in the participants than viewing neutral pictures under the no-chanting and nonreligious chanting conditions. However, this increased LPP largely disappeared under repetitive religious chanting conditions. The findings indicate that repetitive religious chanting may effectively alleviate the neurophysiological response to fearful or stressful situations for practitioners.

The present event-related potential (ERP) study provides a unique protocol for investigating how religious chanting can modulate negative emotions. The results demonstrate that the late positive potential (LPP) is a robust neurophysiological response to negative emotional stimuli and can be effectively modulated by repetitive religious chanting.

通过重复的宗教吟唱调节对恐惧和压力刺激的神经生理反应

In neuropsychological experiments, the late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential (ERP) component that reflects the level of one's ...

用于 AMD 研究的基于 OCT 的人类供体眼多模态成像

Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A progression sequence for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) learned from optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based multimodal (MMI) clinical imaging could add prognostic value to laboratory findings. In this work, ex vivo OCT and MMI were applied to human donor eyes prior to retinal tissue sectioning. The eyes were recovered from non-diabetic white donors aged &#8805;80 years old, with a death-to-preservation time (DtoP) of &#8804;6 h. The globes were recovered on-site, scored with an 18 mm trephine to facilitate cornea removal, and immersed in buffered 4% paraformaldehyde. Color fundus images were acquired after anterior segment removal with a dissecting scope and an SLR camera using trans-, epi-, and flash illumination at three magnifications. The globes were placed in a buffer within a custom-designed chamber with a 60 diopter lens. They were imaged with spectral domain OCT (30&#176; macula cube, 30 &#181;m spacing, averaging = 25), near-infrared reflectance, 488 nm autofluorescence, and 787 nm autofluorescence. The AMD eyes showed a change in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with drusen or subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), with or without neovascularization, and without evidence of other causes. Between June 2016 and September 2017, 94 right eyes and 90 left eyes were recovered (DtoP: 3.9 &plusmn; 1.0 h). Of the 184 eyes, 40.2% had AMD, including early intermediate (22.8%), atrophic (7.6%), and neovascular (9.8%) AMD, and 39.7% had unremarkable maculas. Drusen, SDDs, hyper-reflective foci, atrophy, and fibrovascular scars were identified using OCT. Artifacts included tissue opacification, detachments (bacillary, retinal, RPE, choroidal), foveal cystic change, an undulating RPE, and mechanical damage. To guide the cryo-sectioning, OCT volumes were used to find the fovea and optic nerve head landmarks and specific pathologies. The ex vivo volumes were registered with the in vivo volumes by selecting the reference function for eye tracking. The ex vivo visibility of the pathology seen in vivo depends on the preservation quality. Within 16 months, 75 rapid DtoP donor eyes at all stages of AMD were recovered and staged using clinical MMI methods.

作者聚焦：基于离体 OCT 的人类供体眼多模态成像，用于年龄相关性黄斑变性的研究  

Laboratory assays can leverage prognostic value from the longitudinal optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based multimodal imaging of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human donor eyes with and without AMD are imaged using OCT, color, near-infrared reflectance scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence at two excitation wavelengths prior to tissue sectioning.

离体 基于OCT的人供体眼睛多模态成像用于研究年龄相关性黄斑变性

A progression sequence for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) learned from optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based multimodal (MMI) clinical imaging ...