加州大学旧金山分校糖尿病中心。美国国立卫生研究院加州大学旧金山分校DERC胰岛核心。 JDRF。 LIFESCAN公司强生公司。

胰岛移植（TX）的准备<ol><li>倒置显微镜下，亲自挑选使用P200的pipetman和直吸管尖在一个100mm板的培养胰岛的胰岛细胞。 </li><li>计数胰岛细胞的时间和传输到每个离心管（〜500胰岛细胞/管/鼠标）100。 </li><li>允许小岛定居离心管底部。 </li><li>绘制成P200 pipetman使用直薄壁吸管尖（130ul）胰岛沉淀。 </li><li>放置在注射器尖端的硅胶管适配器。硅适配器插入PE50管材的长度。 </li><li>杭pipetman的油烟机和磁带比在尖端的胰岛更高PE50管罩壁的一侧。这将允许只在吸管尖的小岛定居。 </li><li>慢慢拨号pipetman迁入PE50管材的胰岛，小心不要驱逐从最终的胰岛细胞，转移到PE50管材的小岛。 </li><li>请在PE50管斜面的扭结。在保持扭结，从pipetman断开的硅胶适配器管和安全与硅适配器扭结。 </li><li> PE50管材，扭结硅适配器管面朝下，将小岛，到15毫升锥形削减5毫升吸管和磁带超过5毫升吸管一边PE50管，以防止卷曲而离心PE50管材。 </li><li> 1000转离心PE50/15mL conicals和关闭离心机。 （切勿超过10个胰岛筹备工作准备一次）。 </li><li>将管放置在冰上。 </li></ol>供移植用小鼠制备<ol><li>麻醉小鼠isofluorane或氯胺酮/ Xylexene（见准备协议）。 </li><li>麻醉后已采取的影响，刮胡子鼠标左键侧面。 </li><li>擦拭皮肤，鼠标，中心，聚维酮碘拭子，然后与ETOH棉签擦拭过。 </li><li>找到左肾（正好脾）。做一个小切口，在皮肤暴露腹膜。 </li><li>做一个小切口暴露肾脏腹膜。保持切口小，将有助于保持肾脏的提出和暴露。 </li><li>切口的两侧施加轻微的压力，提高肾脏或鼠标弹出。 </li><li>保持肾湿润，申请用棉生理盐水棉签放倒。 </li><li>使用注射器23或25号针头，右侧肾脏上的一个小的便笺，创建一个缺口在肾囊;不能过深或过大。 </li></ol>移植胰岛注：当鼠标正在准备发射，第二人应该准备的汉密尔顿螺杆驱动胰岛移植注射器。 <ol><li>慢慢地将PE50管材的硅胶适配器管，同时保持在管扭结。 </li><li>放置到硅适配器油管和地点到枪头“螺杆驱动”玻璃汉密尔顿注射器的硅胶适配器管PE50管的另一端。慢慢松开PE50管扭结，确保小岛不漏。 </li><li>慢慢地促进胰岛提示PE50管使用的“螺丝钉”的机制，但保持在PE50管材的胰岛前一个小气泡。 </li><li>进入尼克在肾脏，小心地将包膜下PE50管材，使一个小口袋。要非常小心，不挖出胶囊通过肾脏或穿刺。 </li><li>它有助于保持与生理盐水庆大霉素浸泡棉花放倒棉签面积和胶囊湿润;干囊容易撕裂。 </li><li>轻轻移动在各个方向上的油管，建立一个“口袋”休息的胰岛移植。记住重新申请额外的生理盐水，以保持该地区的湿润。 </li><li>根据谁打开了鼠标划归补肾胶囊的PE50管材，第二的人，谁准备的鼠标和汉密尔顿移植注射器，人的方向会慢慢推进包膜下小岛，里面的“口袋”，背后PE50管材提供一个小的空气泡，直到所有的胰岛移植。 </li><li>慢慢地将PE50管材，干用干的棉签区域，并仔细烧灼低热量的尼克。 </li><li>放倒使用干燥的棉花拭子，确保所有的出血已经停止。一旦出血停止后，重新用无菌生理盐水湿润的肾脏，并轻轻地更换成腹膜前肾缝合和皮肤订书钉关闭鼠标。 </li></ol>关闭/鼠标复兴<ol><li>关闭正在运行的W / C - 619毫米针用5-0丝线缝合针腹膜。 </li><li>使用镊子一起绘制皮肤切口两侧。 </li><li>副食皮肤连同2个或3个订书​​钉。 </li><li>清洁皮肤的血液任何鼠标，使用棉花放倒拭子和盐度E. </li><li>鼠标立即与氟尼辛和丁丙诺啡皮下注射治疗。 </li><li>鼠标放置在一个笼子里，放在加热垫或低于取暖灯，直到鼠标是完全积极的。 </li><li>将在2个星期的皮肤订书钉。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tang, Q., Henriksen, K. J., Bi, M., Finger, E. B., Szot, G., Ye, J., Masteller, E. L., McDevitt, H., Bonyhadi, M., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro-expanded+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells+suppress+autoimmune+diabetes.">In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes.</a> J Exp Med. 199, 1455-1465 (2004).</li><li>Rulifson, I. C., Szot, G. L., Palmer, E., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inability+to+induce+tolerance+through+direct+antigen+presentation.">Inability to induce tolerance through direct antigen presentation.</a> Am J Transplant. 2, 510-519 (2002).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Hathcock, K. S., Zuckerman, L. A., Freeman, G., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Gray, G. S., Hodes, R. J., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+transplant+rejection+following+treatment+with+anti-B7-2+and+anti-B7-1+antibodies.+Transplantation.">Inhibition of transplant rejection following treatment with anti-B7-2 and anti-B7-1 antibodies. Transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 60, 1171-1178 (1995).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Montag, A., Brady, W., Gibson, M. G., Linsley, P. S., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+of+xenogeneic+pancreatic+islet+grafts+induced+by+CTLA4lg.">Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA4lg.</a> Science. 257, 789-792 (1992).</li></ol>

该协议提供了一个干净，方便地提供糖尿病患者或正常小鼠肾被膜下胰岛细胞或细胞的实际和有效的选择。集中和造粒最终交付油管，用于移植的肾囊下细胞（PE50）的胰岛细胞或细胞的技术，提供了一个移植的细胞，而减少任何不必要的压力细胞或鼠标简单而有效的方法。

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Surgical gloves</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>11-394-95(sz)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Surgical scrub sponges</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore medical</td>
<td>42940AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>6-114 and 6-26</td>
<td>2 with teeth, 2 straight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting scissors n=2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>5-290</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oster razor (sz. 40 blade)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>01-305-10B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>4x4 Sterile gauze pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08252AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Povidone Iodine pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08486AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Alcohol pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-819-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heating pad</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>42508AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>23G or 25G needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1" long</td>
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<tr>
<td>Cidex solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>07535AK</td>
<td>for cleaning/santizing instruments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PE50 polyethylene tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>427411</td>
<td>PE50, 0.965mm O.D. x 0.58mm I.D.</td>
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<tr>
<td>Cidex + 28 day soln</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore</td>
<td>35625AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Silicone tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Spectrum Chromat.</td>
<td>123732</td>
<td>5/32&#x201D;OD x 1/32&#x201D; ID</td>
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<td>Instrument sterilizing container</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>39074AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Straight Pipet Tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TipOne</td>
<td>1111-0810</td>
<td>sterile</td>
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<tr>
<td>Glass syringe w/screw-drive</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hamilton</td>
<td>1001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cauterizing tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS230</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needle Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>41-067</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5-0 silk</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Look</td>
<td>754B</td>
<td>for suture (6-C) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cotton tipped swab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm autoclip stapler</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7630</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staples</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7631</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staple remover</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7637</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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transplantation of pancreatic islets into the kidney capsule of diabetic mice

我们的协议是干净，便捷地提供胰岛细胞或细胞，糖尿病患者或正常小鼠肾囊下。我们发现，这是更容易集中到最终交付油管，用于移植的肾囊下细胞（PE50）颗粒的胰岛细胞或细胞。这种技术提供的速度和易用性，同时减少任何不必要的压力细胞或鼠标。 载入：落户，手工采摘，胰岛细胞或颗粒细胞仔细吸气使用P200 pipetteman和一条直线，薄壁枪头的1.5 ml离心管底部。 PE50管材的长度是使用一个小的硅胶适配器管连接到枪头。细胞是可以解决，在一角，然后慢慢拨号pipetteman PE50管材。一旦细胞附近PE50管材年底，扭结和硅胶适配器管放置在扭结。 PE50管材被转移到一个15毫升锥形含有削减5毫升吸管，PE50管材超过5毫升吸管一边录音，以防止在离心冰壶。细胞可以达到1000转和停止。 移植受体小鼠麻醉，剃光，并清理。一个小切口鼠标左翼和肾脏暴露出来。肾，脂肪和组织保持与生理盐水棉签湿润。使用硅适配器管，是连接到远端的PE50汉密尔顿螺杆驱动注射器，包含一个枪头，。一个小缺口是对肾脏的右侧边，不是太大，也不太深。 PE50管材的斜面结束，最近的细胞，是经过精心包膜下，油管是移动轻轻地擦拭时生理盐水以腾出空间;干胶囊可以容易撕裂。一个小气泡慢慢拨号注射器螺杆驱动包膜下交付。胰岛细胞，然后慢慢地交付背后的气泡。一旦胰岛已交付的肾动态平衡是维持和装饰品是低热量烧灼。肾脏是放回腔和腹膜和皮肤缝合装订。老鼠立即治疗氟尼辛和丁丙诺啡平方米，并放置在笼子里加热垫。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

我们的协议是干净，便捷地提供胰岛细胞或细胞小鼠肾囊下。集中使用，用于移植的肾囊下细胞最终油管颗粒细胞。这项技术的易用性，减少压力的细胞和鼠标。

补肾胶囊对糖尿病小鼠的胰岛移植

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of diabetic or normal mice.  We found that it was easier ...

transplantation-pancreatic-islets-into-kidney-capsule-diabetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.1K 次观看.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. 我们的协议是干净，便捷地提供胰岛细胞或细胞小鼠肾囊下。集中使用，用于移植的肾囊下细胞最终油管颗粒细胞。这项技术的易用性，减少压力的细胞和鼠标。

视频: Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

在成年斑马鱼的全肾骨髓移植

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

科研

生物学

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

小鼠异位心脏移植

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

小鼠小肠移植

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

小鼠肾移植程序

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients 1, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristics, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome 2. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient 3. The program started in January 2004 and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) 4-7 to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al 8. As described in Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue, human pancreas was trimmed, cannulated, perfused, and digested. After collection and at least 30 minutes of incubation in UW solution, the tissue was loaded in the cell separator (COBE 2991, Cobe, Lakewood, CO) for purification 3. Following purification, islet yield (expressed as islet equivalents, IEQ), tissue volume, and purity was determined according to standard methods 9. Isolated islets were cultured in CMRL-1066 media (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), supplemented with 1.5% human albumin, 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 1 ml of Ciprofloxacin, 5 ml o f 1M HEPES, and 14.5 ml of 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate in T175 flasks at 37&deg;C overnight culture before islets were transplanted or used for research.

Achieving high quality and appropriate quantity of human islets is one of the prominent prerequisites for successful islet transplantation. In this video, we describe step by step the procedures for human pancreatic islet isolation (part II: purification and culture of human islets) using a modified automated method.

人类胰岛的分离：第二部分：人类胰岛的分离纯化及文化

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of ...

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and islet growth is particularly challenging. We have developed a method to capture the distribution of beta-cells in the intact pancreas of transgenic mice with fluorescence-tagged beta-cells with a macro written for ImageJ (rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Following pancreatic dissection and tissue clearing, the entire pancreas is captured as a virtual slice, after which the GFP-tagged beta-cells are examined. The analysis includes the quantification of total beta-cell area, islet number and size distribution with reference to specific parameters and locations for each islet and for small clusters of beta-cells. The entire distribution of islets can be plotted in three dimensions, and the information from the distribution on the size and shape of each islet allows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of changes in overall beta-cell area at a glance.

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

The following protocol outlines the process of pancreatic dissection for virtual slice imaging, and the subsequent quantification of all GFP-tagged beta-cells in the entire pancreas.

在小鼠胰腺β-细胞团的原位定量

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

计算机辅助大型胰岛质量，粒度分布和结构的可视化和量化

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic diseases1. However, most organs are not easily accessible, necessitating the need to develop surgical methods to gain access to these structures. In this video article, we describe a method for transplanting cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish, a popular model to study regeneration and disease2. Recipient fish are pre-conditioned by irradiation to suppress the immune rejection of the injected cells3. We demonstrate how the head kidney can be exposed by a lateral incision in the flank of the fish, followed by the injection of cells directly in to the organ. Using fluorescently labeled whole kidney marrow cells comprising a mixed population of renal and hematopoietic precursors, we show that nephron progenitors can engraft and differentiate into new renal tissue - the gold standard of any cell-based regenerative therapy. This technique can be adapted to deliver purified stem or progenitor cells and/or small molecules to the kidney as well as other internal organs and further enhances the zebrafish as a versatile model to study regenerative medicine.

Cell transplantation is an essential technique for studying tissue regeneration and for developing cell-based therapies of disease. We demonstrate here a microsurgical technique that permits the transplantation of genetically labeled cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish fish.

直接进入成年斑马鱼的肾细胞移植

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

成年斑马鱼肾脏的解剖

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

生殖细胞的移植和睾丸组织在小鼠异种移植

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...