UCSF Diabetes Center. NIH UCSF DERC Islet Core. JDRF. LifeScan Inc. Johnson Johnson &amp; Company.

Preparazione di isole per trapianto (Tx) <ol><li> Sotto un microscopio invertito, selezionare manualmente isolette con una Pipetman P200 e punta della pipetta direttamente dalla isole coltivate in un piatto di 100mm. </li><li> Conte isolotti 100 in una volta e trasferire in ogni provetta (~ 500 isolotti / tubo / mouse). </li><li> Lasciare isolotti di depositarsi sul fondo dei tubi microcentrifuga. </li><li> Disegna uno isolotto a pellet in un Pipetman P200 (fissata a 130ul) utilizzando una scala a parete sottile punta della pipetta. </li><li> Posizionare un adattatore tubo di silicone sopra la punta della siringa. Inserire una lunghezza di PE50 tubo nel adattatore silicone. </li><li> Appendere la Pipetman a lato del cofano e il nastro PE50 tubo alla parete cappa superiore alla isolotti nella punta. In questo modo il isolette di stabilirsi solo nella punta della pipetta. </li><li> Trasferire il isolotti nel tubo PE50 lentamente componendo il Pipetman e spostando gli isolotti nel tubo PE50, facendo attenzione a non espellere le isole dalla fine. </li><li> Fare un nodo alla fine smussata del tubo PE50. Pur mantenendo le piegare, staccare il tubo in silicone adattatore dal Pipetman e fissare la piega con l&#39;adattatore in silicone. </li><li> Posizionare le isole, nel tubo PE50, piegato lato tubi di silicone adattatore verso il basso, in un mL 15 conico con una pipetta 5 ml e taglio del nastro il tubo PE50 sul lato della pipetta 5 mL per evitare di curling del tubo PE50 mentre centrifugazione. </li><li> Centrifugare il conicals PE50/15mL a 1000 giri al minuto e spegnere centrifuga. (Non preparare più di 10 preparati isolotto in una sola volta). </li><li> Tubo posto sul ghiaccio. </li></ol> Preparazione del mouse per trapianti <ol><li> Anestetizzare i topi con isofluorane o con ketamina / Xylexene (vedi protocollo di preparazione). </li><li> Dopo che ha preso effetto anestetico, radere il fianco sinistro del mouse. </li><li> Tampone pelle di topo, centro-out, con tampone Iodio Povidone e poi pulire con un tampone imbevuto ETOH. </li><li> Individuare il rene sinistro (appena a destra della milza). Fai una piccola incisione nella pelle, esponendo il peritoneo. </li><li> Fai una piccola incisione nel peritoneo esporre il rene. Mantenere la piccola incisione aiuterà a mantenere il rene sollevato ed esposto. </li><li> Applicare una leggera pressione su entrambi i lati dell&#39;incisione, alzare o pop il rene fuori del mouse. </li><li> Mantenere umido il renali mediante l&#39;applicazione di soluzione fisiologica con un tampone di cotone con punta. </li><li> Utilizzando una siringa 23 o 25 gauge, fare un piccolo graffio sul fianco destro del rene, la creazione di un nick nella capsula del rene, non troppo profonda o troppo grande. </li></ol> Trapianto di isole Nota: Quando il mouse si sta preparando per Tx, la seconda persona deve preparare la vite-drive Hamilton siringa trapianto di isole. <ol><li> Rimuovere lentamente il tubo in silicone adattatore dal tubo PE50 mantenendo il nodo nel tubo. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;estremità opposta del tubo PE50 nel tubo in silicone adattatore e posizionare il tubo in silicone adattatore sulla punta della pipetta collegata al &quot;vite-drive&quot; siringa di vetro Hamilton. Rilasciare lentamente il nodo nel tubo PE50, assicurandosi che le isole non fuoriesca. </li><li> Anticipo le isolette lentamente fino alla punta del tubo PE50 utilizzando il meccanismo &quot;a vite&quot;, ma mantenere una piccola bolla d&#39;aria nella parte anteriore delle isole nel tubo PE50. </li><li> Nel nick fatto nel rene, far scorrere con attenzione la PE50 tubi sotto la capsula, facendo una piccola tasca. State molto attenti a non sgorbia o pungere il rene attraverso la capsula. </li><li> Aiuta a mantenere la zona umida e capsula con normale soluzione fisiologica Gentamicina tampone di cotone imbevuto di punta, una capsula secca si strappa facilmente. </li><li> Spostare delicatamente il tubo in tutte le direzioni, creando una &quot;tasca&quot; per le isole trapiantate per riposare. Ricordarsi di riapplicare ulteriore soluzione fisiologica per mantenere la zona umida. </li><li> Sotto la direzione della persona che ha aperto il mouse e che ha posto il PE50 tubi sotto la capsula renale, la seconda persona, che ha preparato il mouse e la siringa trapianto Hamilton, lentamente anticipo isole sotto la capsula, all&#39;interno della &quot;tasca&quot;, dietro una piccola bolla d&#39;aria formulato dal tubo PE50, fino a quando tutte le isole sono trapiantati. </li><li> Rimuovere lentamente il tubo PE50, asciugare la zona con un tampone asciutto e con attenzione cauterizzare il nick a basse temperature. </li><li> Utilizzando un tampone di cotone asciutto capovolto, assicurarsi che tutti sanguinamento si è fermato. Una volta emorragia si è fermata, ri-inumidire il rene con soluzione salina sterile, e gentilmente sostituire il rene nel peritoneo prima di chiudere il mouse con sutura e punti metallici pelle. </li></ol> Chiusura / Revival di mouse <ol><li> Chiudere il peritoneo con un punto in esecuzione utilizzando 5-0 suture di seta w / un ago C-6 19mm. </li><li> Forcipe utilizzando disegnare entrambi i lati della incisione cutanea insieme. </li><li> Il fiocco pelle con 2 o 3 punti. </li><li> Pulire la pelle del mouse di qualsiasi sangue, usando un tampone di cotone con punta e Saline. </li><li> Immediatamente trattare il mouse con una iniezione sottocutanea di Flunixin e buprenorfina. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse in una gabbia, che viene posizionato su una piastra elettrica o sotto una lampada riscaldante, fino a quando il mouse è pienamente attiva. </li><li> Rimuovere i punti della pelle in 2 settimane. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tang, Q., Henriksen, K. J., Bi, M., Finger, E. B., Szot, G., Ye, J., Masteller, E. L., McDevitt, H., Bonyhadi, M., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro-expanded+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells+suppress+autoimmune+diabetes.">In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes.</a> J Exp Med. 199, 1455-1465 (2004).</li><li>Rulifson, I. C., Szot, G. L., Palmer, E., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inability+to+induce+tolerance+through+direct+antigen+presentation.">Inability to induce tolerance through direct antigen presentation.</a> Am J Transplant. 2, 510-519 (2002).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Hathcock, K. S., Zuckerman, L. A., Freeman, G., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Gray, G. S., Hodes, R. J., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+transplant+rejection+following+treatment+with+anti-B7-2+and+anti-B7-1+antibodies.+Transplantation.">Inhibition of transplant rejection following treatment with anti-B7-2 and anti-B7-1 antibodies. Transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 60, 1171-1178 (1995).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Montag, A., Brady, W., Gibson, M. G., Linsley, P. S., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+of+xenogeneic+pancreatic+islet+grafts+induced+by+CTLA4lg.">Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA4lg.</a> Science. 257, 789-792 (1992).</li></ol>

Questo protocollo fornisce una soluzione pratica ed efficiente per fornire in modo pulito e facilmente le cellule o isolotti sotto la capsula renale di topi diabetici o normale. La tecnica di concentrazione e cubettatura le isolette o cellule nel tubo di consegna finale (PE50) utilizzato per il trapianto di cellule sotto la capsula renale offre un metodo semplice ed efficace di trapianto di cellule, riducendo qualsiasi sforzo eccessivo per le celle o per il mouse.

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<tr>
<td>Surgical gloves</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>11-394-95(sz)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Surgical scrub sponges</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore medical</td>
<td>42940AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>6-114 and 6-26</td>
<td>2 with teeth, 2 straight</td>
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<tr>
<td>Dissecting scissors n=2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>5-290</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oster razor (sz. 40 blade)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>01-305-10B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>4x4 Sterile gauze pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08252AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Povidone Iodine pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08486AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Alcohol pads</td>
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<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-819-2</td>
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<td>Heating pad</td>
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<td>Moore Medical</td>
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<td>23G or 25G needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1" long</td>
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<td>Cidex solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>07535AK</td>
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<td>PE50 polyethylene tubing</td>
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<td>BD</td>
<td>427411</td>
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<td>Cidex + 28 day soln</td>
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<td>Silicone tubing</td>
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<td>Instrument sterilizing container</td>
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<td>TipOne</td>
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<td>sterile</td>
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<td>1001</td>
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<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS230</td>
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<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>41-067</td>
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<td>5-0 silk</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Look</td>
<td>754B</td>
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<td>Cotton tipped swab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>9mm autoclip stapler</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7630</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staples</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7631</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staple remover</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7637</td>
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transplantation of pancreatic islets into the kidney capsule of diabetic mice

Il nostro protocollo è stato sviluppato per fornire in modo pulito e facilmente le cellule o isolotti sotto la capsula renale di topi diabetici o normale. Abbiamo scoperto che era più facile concentrare le isolette o cellule in pellet nel tubo di consegna finale (PE50) utilizzato per il trapianto di cellule sotto la capsula renale. Questa tecnica fornisce velocità e facilità, riducendo qualsiasi sforzo eccessivo per le celle o per il mouse. Caricamento in corso: Fondata, raccolte a mano, isolotti o cellule pellet sono accuratamente aspirato dal fondo di una provetta 1,5 ml con un pipetteman P200 e un rettilineo, a parete sottile punta della pipetta. Una lunghezza di PE50 tubo è attaccato alla punta della pipetta con un piccolo tubo di silicone adattatore. Le cellule sono permesso di stabilirsi, in punta, e poi vengono trasferiti al tubo PE50 lentamente componendo il pipetteman. Una volta che le cellule sono quasi alla fine del tubo PE50, un punto di discontinuità è fatto e il tubo in silicone adattatore è posizionato sopra il nodo. La PE50 tubo è trasferito ad un 15 ml conica contenente una riduzione del 5 pipetta ml, e il tubo PE50 è registrato sul lato della pipetta 5 mL per evitare il curling durante la centrifugazione. Le cellule sono permesso di raggiungere 1.000 giri al minuto e si fermò. Trapianto: topi destinatari sono anestetizzati, rasato e pulito. Una piccola incisione viene fatta sul fianco sinistro del mouse e il rene è esposto. L&#39;, rene grasso e il tessuto sono mantenute umide con normale soluzione salina tampone. L&#39;estremità distale del PE50 è attaccato ad una siringa Hamilton azionamento della vite, contenente un puntale, utilizzando il tubo adattatore silicone. Un piccolo nick è fatto sul lato fianco destro del rene, non troppo grande né troppo profondo. L&#39;estremità smussata del tubo PE50, più vicino alle celle, è accuratamente posizionato sotto la capsula, il tubo viene spostato delicatamente per fare spazio, mentre tampone soluzione fisiologica; una capsula secca può strappare facilmente. Una piccola bolla d&#39;aria è fornito sotto la capsula lentamente componendo il disco vite siringa. Isolotti sono poi lentamente consegnati dietro la bolla d&#39;aria. Omeostasi renale una volta le isole sono state consegnate viene mantenuta e la knick è cauterizzato a basse temperature. Il rene è posto nuovamente dentro la cavità ed il peritoneo e la pelle sono suturate e pinzati. I topi sono immediatamente trattati con Buprenorfina e Flunixin mq e posto in una gabbia su una piastra elettrica.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Il nostro protocollo è stato sviluppato per fornire in modo pulito e facilmente le cellule o isolotti sotto la capsula renale di topi. Le cellule sono concentrate in pellet nel tubo finale utilizzato per il trapianto delle cellule sotto la capsula renale. La facilità di questa tecnica riduce lo stress per le cellule e il mouse.

Il trapianto di isole pancreatiche nella capsula renale di topi diabetici

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of diabetic or normal mice.  We found that it was easier ...

transplantation-pancreatic-islets-into-kidney-capsule-diabetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.1K Views.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. Il nostro protocollo è stato sviluppato per fornire in modo pulito e facilmente le cellule o isolotti sotto la capsula renale di topi. Le cellule sono concentrate in pellet nel tubo finale utilizzato per il trapianto delle cellule sotto la capsula renale. La facilità di questa tecnica riduce lo stress per le cellule e il mouse.

Video: Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

Il trapianto di midollo renale intero in Zebrafish adulti

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Il trapianto cardiaco eterotopico nel Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Trapianto di intestino piccolo Nei topi

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murino procedura trapianto renale

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients 1, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristics, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome 2. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient 3. The program started in January 2004 and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) 4-7 to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al 8. As described in Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue, human pancreas was trimmed, cannulated, perfused, and digested. After collection and at least 30 minutes of incubation in UW solution, the tissue was loaded in the cell separator (COBE 2991, Cobe, Lakewood, CO) for purification 3. Following purification, islet yield (expressed as islet equivalents, IEQ), tissue volume, and purity was determined according to standard methods 9. Isolated islets were cultured in CMRL-1066 media (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), supplemented with 1.5% human albumin, 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 1 ml of Ciprofloxacin, 5 ml o f 1M HEPES, and 14.5 ml of 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate in T175 flasks at 37&deg;C overnight culture before islets were transplanted or used for research.

Achieving high quality and appropriate quantity of human islets is one of the prominent prerequisites for successful islet transplantation. In this video, we describe step by step the procedures for human pancreatic islet isolation (part II: purification and culture of human islets) using a modified automated method.

Isolamento del pancreas umano Islet: Parte II: La purificazione e la cultura di isole umane

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of ...

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and islet growth is particularly challenging. We have developed a method to capture the distribution of beta-cells in the intact pancreas of transgenic mice with fluorescence-tagged beta-cells with a macro written for ImageJ (rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Following pancreatic dissection and tissue clearing, the entire pancreas is captured as a virtual slice, after which the GFP-tagged beta-cells are examined. The analysis includes the quantification of total beta-cell area, islet number and size distribution with reference to specific parameters and locations for each islet and for small clusters of beta-cells. The entire distribution of islets can be plotted in three dimensions, and the information from the distribution on the size and shape of each islet allows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of changes in overall beta-cell area at a glance.

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

The following protocol outlines the process of pancreatic dissection for virtual slice imaging, and the subsequent quantification of all GFP-tagged beta-cells in the entire pancreas.

Quantificazione in situ di cellule beta pancreatiche Messa in topi

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

Assistita da computer su larga scala di visualizzazione e quantificazione della Messa di isole pancreatiche, distribuzione delle dimensioni e architettura

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic diseases1. However, most organs are not easily accessible, necessitating the need to develop surgical methods to gain access to these structures. In this video article, we describe a method for transplanting cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish, a popular model to study regeneration and disease2. Recipient fish are pre-conditioned by irradiation to suppress the immune rejection of the injected cells3. We demonstrate how the head kidney can be exposed by a lateral incision in the flank of the fish, followed by the injection of cells directly in to the organ. Using fluorescently labeled whole kidney marrow cells comprising a mixed population of renal and hematopoietic precursors, we show that nephron progenitors can engraft and differentiate into new renal tissue - the gold standard of any cell-based regenerative therapy. This technique can be adapted to deliver purified stem or progenitor cells and/or small molecules to the kidney as well as other internal organs and further enhances the zebrafish as a versatile model to study regenerative medicine.

Cell transplantation is an essential technique for studying tissue regeneration and for developing cell-based therapies of disease. We demonstrate here a microsurgical technique that permits the transplantation of genetically labeled cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish fish.

Il trapianto di cellule direttamente nel rene di Zebrafish adulti

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

Dissezione del rene Zebrafish adulti

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

Germ trapianto di cellule e di tessuto testicolare xenotrapianto in topi

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...