SS，联邦教育与研究部（BMBF 01 EO 0803），KB和欧盟委员会FP7格兰特PIRG08-GA-2010-276989，NEUREX，德国研究基金会资助SCHA 1442 /的Fazit基金会研究生奖学金的支持下3-1 CS有没有冲突的财务权益。

1。混合皮层细胞的分离和电镀混合皮层星形胶质细胞培养细胞分离，可以使用P1到P4鼠标幼崽。为了实现适当的星形胶质细胞的密度，它是必要的使用4鼠标小狗皮质每T75组织培养烧瓶中。因此，以下协议中的卷是计算一个单元使用4次鼠标幼崽的准备。 <ol><li>开始解剖过程之前，prewarm 30毫升的星形胶质细胞的培养基（DMEM，高葡萄糖+ 10％热灭活的牛胎儿血清+ 1％青霉素/链霉素;见表）至37℃。涂布一T75烧瓶中，用20毫升的聚-D-赖氨酸（PDL），在1小时，在细胞培养级的水的浓度为50微克/毫升，在37℃下在CO 2培养箱中。 </li><li>对于解剖过程中，准备所有必要的试剂和材料。你将需要：手术剪，抚平细小的镊子，平头镊子，纸巾，垃圾袋，70％乙醇D 2解剖菜（3.5厘米直径）冰填充用2 ml HBSS。 </li><li>轻轻握住，并用70％乙醇的小狗鼠标喷的头部和颈部。被牺牲的动物通过斩首使用的剪刀。 </li><li>执行正中切口，后到前，，沿头皮透露的头骨。 </li><li>切头盖骨仔细地从脖子到鼻子。两个额外的削减，以便进一步进入大脑进行：第一刀前部的嗅球，另一种劣质的小脑断开的头盖骨，颅底。 </li><li>颅翼片使用扁平喷嘴钳，轻轻翻转到侧和大脑被取出并置于第一解剖菜填充用HBSS。将菜上的冰和继续收集所有4个大脑。 </li><li>在立体显微镜下进行解剖过程的其余部分。首先，在嗅球和小脑使用精细除去解剖钳（ 图1B）。 </li><li>为了找回皮质，抓住后用细镊子的大脑，执行一个正中切口两半球，镊子插入第二组创建的树林和剥离的板状结构的皮质大脑。 </li><li>仔细解剖脑膜皮质半球拉用细镊子（ 图1D）。此步骤可避免污染最终的星形胶质细胞的培养由脑膜细胞和成纤维细胞。准备皮质半球转移到第二盘充满了HBSS，并返回到冰。所有4个皮质继续进行。 </li><li>最后，横切成小块，用锋利的刀片（约4至8倍）的皮质半球。 </li><li>在无菌条件下，转印的皮质片放入一个50毫升Falcon管中，并添加至总体积为22.5毫升的HBSS中。 </li><li>加入2.5毫升的2.5％的胰蛋白酶，混合孵育的组织在37℃下在水浴中30分钟。混合偶尔晃动每10分钟。 </li><li>离心5分钟，在300×g离心沉淀皮层组织片。 </li><li>仔细收集上清用倾析法。为了避免失去组织沉淀，您可以机械地保留使用吸管。解离成单细胞悬浮液，通过添加10毫升星形胶质细胞电镀介质和剧烈的移液使用10毫升塑料移液管，直到组织片解离成单细胞（20〜30次）的组织。调节音量使用星形胶质细胞电镀液20毫升。您可以证明的皮质组织的离解成单个细胞，用血细胞计数板计数。一个准备的4鼠标小狗的皮质产生10-15×10 6个分离的单个细胞。 </li><li>吸干PDL从T75培养瓶中，板的解离的单细胞悬浮液和孵育在37℃下在CO 2培养箱中。 </li></ol> 2。获取ENRiched星形胶质细胞文化<ol><li>改变介质的电镀混合皮层细胞和所有的3天之后的2天之后。 </li><li> 7〜8天，当星形胶质细胞的汇合和叠加的小胶质细胞上的星形胶质细胞层坐在暴露或已经脱离的星形胶质细胞层（ 图2）后，摇动的T75烧瓶中，在180rpm下30分钟以除去小胶质细胞上轨道摇床。弃上清含小神经胶质细胞或文化，如果你想和检查小胶质细胞，旋转和文化28,29板。 </li><li>添加20毫升新鲜星形胶质细胞的培养基中，并继续通过摇动烧瓶中，在240 rpm下6小时，以除去少突胶质细胞的前体细胞（OPC）。由于一些OPCs的不会完全从星形胶质细胞层分离，的继续用手剧烈振摇1分钟，为了防止OPC污染。弃上清或旋转板，如果你想培养OPCs的29。 </li><li>冲洗剩余的confluent的星形胶质细胞层两次，用PBS，吸出PBS，添加5毫升胰蛋白酶-EDTA和孵育在37℃下在CO 2培养箱中每5分钟检查支队的星形胶质细胞和执行支队的星形胶质细胞的击中烧瓶中对你的手的手掌（2-3倍）。 </li><li>后星形胶质细胞的分离培养瓶中，加入5毫升的星形胶质细胞的培养液中，自旋细胞在180×g离心5分钟，吸出上清液，加40毫升新鲜的星形胶质细胞的镀介质。一个T75细胞培养瓶中后的第一次细胞分裂产生约1×10 6个细胞。板细胞在CO 2培养箱中在37℃下在两个T75培养瓶中并孵育。更改的介质每2到3天。 </li><li> 12-14天，先拆后星形胶质细胞接种于合适的细胞浓度为24-48小时，然后再进行实验。一个T75细胞培养瓶中应该产生大约1.5-2×10 6个细胞后，第二次细胞分裂。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nedergaard, M., Ransom, B., Goldman, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+roles+for+astrocytes:+redefining+the+functional+architecture+of+the+brain.">New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain.</a> Trends Neurosci. 26, 523-530 (2003).</li><li>Belanger, M., Allaman, I., Magistretti, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+energy+metabolism:+focus+on+astrocyte-neuron+metabolic+cooperation.">Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation.</a> Cell Metab. 14, 724-738 (2011).</li><li>Allen, N. J., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience:+Glia+-+more+than+just+brain+glue.">Neuroscience: Glia - more than just brain glue.</a> Nature. 457, 675-677 (2009).</li><li>Ballas, N., Lioy, D. T., Grunseich, C., Mandel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-cell+autonomous+influence+of+MeCP2-deficient+glia+on+neuronal+dendritic+morphology.">Non-cell autonomous influence of MeCP2-deficient glia on neuronal dendritic morphology.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 12, 311-317 (2009).</li><li>Jacobs, S., Nathwani, M., Doering, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fragile+X+astrocytes+induce+developmental+delays+in+dendrite+maturation+and+synaptic+protein+expression.">Fragile X astrocytes induce developmental delays in dendrite maturation and synaptic protein expression.</a> BMC Neurosci. 11, 132 (2010).</li><li>Kaneko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+neurons+clear+the+path+of+astrocytic+processes+for+their+rapid+migration+in+the+adult+brain.">New neurons clear the path of astrocytic processes for their rapid migration in the adult brain.</a> Neuron. 67, 213-223 (2010).</li><li>Min, R., Nevian, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte+signaling+controls+spike+timing-dependent+depression+at+neocortical+synapses.">Astrocyte signaling controls spike timing-dependent depression at neocortical synapses.</a> Nat. Neurosci. , (2012).</li><li>Eroglu, C., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+synaptic+connectivity+by+glia.">Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia.</a> Nature. 468, 223-231 (2010).</li><li>Sasaki, T., Matsuki, N., Ikegaya, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action-potential+modulation+during+axonal+conduction.">Action-potential modulation during axonal conduction.</a> Science. 331, 599-601 (2011).</li><li>Bozoyan, L., Khlghatyan, J., Saghatelyan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+control+the+development+of+the+migration-promoting+vasculature+scaffold+in+the+postnatal+brain+via+VEGF+signaling.">Astrocytes control the development of the migration-promoting vasculature scaffold in the postnatal brain via VEGF signaling.</a> J. Neurosci. 32, 1687-1704 .</li><li>Alvarez, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hedgehog+pathway+promotes+blood-brain+barrier+integrity+and+CNS+immune+quiescence.">The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence.</a> Science. 334, 1727-1731 (2011).</li><li>Abbott, N. J., Ronnback, L., Hansson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte-endothelial+interactions+at+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 41-53 (2006).</li><li>Tao-Cheng, J. H., Nagy, Z., Brightman, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tight+junctions+of+brain+endothelium+in+vitro+are+enhanced+by+astroglia.">Tight junctions of brain endothelium in vitro are enhanced by astroglia.</a> J. Neurosci. 7, 3293-3299 (1987).</li><li>Gordon, G. R., Choi, H. B., Rungta, R. L., Ellis-Davies, G. C., MacVicar, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+metabolism+dictates+the+polarity+of+astrocyte+control+over+arterioles.">Brain metabolism dictates the polarity of astrocyte control over arterioles.</a> Nature. 456, 745-749 (2008).</li><li>Silver, J., Miller, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+beyond+the+glial+scar.">Regeneration beyond the glial scar.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 146-156 (2004).</li><li>Schachtrup, C., Moan, N. L. e., Passino, M. A., Akassoglou, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+stellate+cells+and+astrocytes:+Stars+of+scar+formation+and+tissue+repair.">Hepatic stellate cells and astrocytes: Stars of scar formation and tissue repair.</a> Cell Cycle. 10, 1764-1771 (2011).</li><li>Schachtrup, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrinogen+triggers+astrocyte+scar+formation+by+promoting+the+availability+of+active+TGF-beta+after+vascular+damage.">Fibrinogen triggers astrocyte scar formation by promoting the availability of active TGF-beta after vascular damage.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 5843-5854 (2010).</li><li>Bushong, E. A., Martone, M. E., Jones, Y. Z., Ellisman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protoplasmic+astrocytes+in+CA1+stratum+radiatum+occupy+separate+anatomical+domains.">Protoplasmic astrocytes in CA1 stratum radiatum occupy separate anatomical domains.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 183-192 (2002).</li><li>Ogata, K., Kosaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+quantitative+analysis+of+astrocytes+in+the+mouse+hippocampus.">Structural and quantitative analysis of astrocytes in the mouse hippocampus.</a> Neuroscience. 113, 221-233 (2002).</li><li>Dabir, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+glutamate+transport+in+a+mouse+model+of+tau+pathology+in+astrocytes.">Impaired glutamate transport in a mouse model of tau pathology in astrocytes.</a> J. Neuroscience. 26, 644-654 (2006).</li><li>Wisniewski, H. M., Wegiel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+relationships+between+astrocytes+and+classical+plaque+components.">Spatial relationships between astrocytes and classical plaque components.</a> Neurobiol. Aging. 12, 593-600 (1991).</li><li>Shin, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+mutant+huntingtin+in+glial+cells+contributes+to+neuronal+excitotoxicity.">Expression of mutant huntingtin in glial cells contributes to neuronal excitotoxicity.</a> J. Cell Biol. 171, 1001-1012 (2005).</li><li>Wakabayashi, K., Hayashi, S., Yoshimoto, M., Kudo, H., Takahashi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NACP/alpha-synuclein-positive+filamentous+inclusions+in+astrocytes+and+oligodendrocytes+of+Parkinson's+disease+brains.">NACP/alpha-synuclein-positive filamentous inclusions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of Parkinson's disease brains.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 99, 14-20 (2000).</li><li>Lioy, D. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+glia+in+the+progression+of+Rett's+syndrome.">A role for glia in the progression of Rett's syndrome.</a> Nature. 475, 497-500 (2011).</li><li>Quinlan, R. A., Brenner, M., Goldman, J. E., Messing, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFAP+and+its+role+in+Alexander+disease.">GFAP and its role in Alexander disease.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 313, 2077-2087 (2007).</li><li>Beck, K., Schachtrup, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+damage+in+the+central+nervous+system:+a+multifaceted+role+for+vascular-derived+TGF-beta.">Vascular damage in the central nervous system: a multifaceted role for vascular-derived TGF-beta.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 347, 187-201 (2012).</li><li>McCarthy, K. D., de Vellis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+separate+astroglial+and+oligodendroglial+cell+cultures+from+rat+cerebral+tissue.">Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue.</a> J. Cell Biol. 85, 890-902 (1980).</li><li>Siao, C. J., Tsirka, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+plasminogen+activator+mediates+microglial+activation+via+its+finger+domain+through+annexin+II.">Tissue plasminogen activator mediates microglial activation via its finger domain through annexin II.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 3352-3358 (2002).</li><li>Armstrong, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+immature+oligodendrocyte+lineage+cells.">Isolation and characterization of immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells.</a> Methods. 16, 282-292 (1998).</li><li>Cahoy, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transcriptome+database+for+astrocytes,+neurons,+and+oligodendrocytes:+a+new+resource+for+understanding+brain+development+and+function.">A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 264-278 (2008).</li><li>Anthony, T. E., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+folate+metabolic+enzyme+ALDH1L1+is+restricted+to+the+midline+of+the+early+CNS,+suggesting+a+role+in+human+neural+tube+defects.">The folate metabolic enzyme ALDH1L1 is restricted to the midline of the early CNS, suggesting a role in human neural tube defects.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 500, 368-383 (2007).</li><li>Skoff, R. P., Knapp, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Division+of+astroblasts+and+oligodendroblasts+in+postnatal+rodent+brain:+evidence+for+separate+astrocyte+and+oligodendrocyte+lineages.">Division of astroblasts and oligodendroblasts in postnatal rodent brain: evidence for separate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineages.</a> Glia. 4, 165-174 (1991).</li><li>Molofsky, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+and+disease:+a+neurodevelopmental+perspective.">Astrocytes and disease: a neurodevelopmental perspective.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 891-907 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte+heterogeneity:+an+underappreciated+topic+in+neurobiology.">Astrocyte heterogeneity: an underappreciated topic in neurobiology.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 588-594 (2010).</li><li>Foo, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+method+for+the+purification+and+culture+of+rodent+astrocytes.">Development of a method for the purification and culture of rodent astrocytes.</a> Neuron. 71, 799-811 (2011).</li><li>Jungblut, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+living+primary+astroglial+cells+using+the+new+GLAST-specific+monoclonal+antibody+ACSA-1.">Isolation and characterization of living primary astroglial cells using the new GLAST-specific monoclonal antibody ACSA-1.</a> Glia. 60, 894-907 (2012).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

这里介绍的方法是基于从啮齿动物新生儿的大脑，于1980年27麦卡锡和德Vellis的原先所描述的星形胶质细胞培养制备。从出生P1到P4小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的分离和培养的方法，这里介绍的是速度快，产量纯星形胶质细胞是高度可重复性。这种技术可以很容易地转移到隔离来自其他物种的星形胶质细胞，如从大鼠或猪和由大脑的其他区域，如脊髓。而由麦卡锡和deVellis的方法，从新生儿?...

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的一个非常丰富的细胞类型。在小鼠和大鼠皮质星形胶质细胞对神经元的比例是1:3，而每个神经元有1.4星形胶质细胞在人脑皮层1。在最近几年急剧增加星形胶质细胞功能的兴趣。一个关键功能的星形胶质细胞是神经元2,3结构和代谢支持的作用。新发现的星形胶质细胞的作用涵盖了广泛的功能。这些措施包括4-6在开发过程中，引导轴突和若干神经母细胞的迁移功能的突触传递，突触强度和信息处理的神经回路7-9，形成血脑屏障（BBB）的角色，在10和完整性11-13调节脑血管音14。的另一大特点是他们的星形胶质细胞对损伤的反应。在病理条件astrocyt的上课成为反应性和进一步上调表达的中间丝胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和抑制细胞外基质（ECM）蛋白15,16。划定的健康组织的损伤部位形成胶质瘢痕，主要由星形胶质细胞分泌的细胞外基质蛋白，硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖（CSPG）家庭星形胶质细胞反应性增生，抑制轴突再生的主要因素，中枢神经系统损伤后15日至17日 。 星形胶质细胞在胚胎发育晚期和产后早期生命起源于放射状胶质细胞（RG）。规范已发生后，星形胶质细胞，星形胶质细胞的前体迁移到它们的最终位置，在那里他们开始终末分化过程中， 在体内 ，星形胶质细胞似乎是成熟的出生后三至四个星期，如所指示的典型形态18,19。 RG细胞亚群转化为脑室下区星形胶质细胞（B型细胞）。乙超视距，RG型和B细胞的功能在开发过程中的成人星形胶质细胞的神经干细胞（NS​​Cs）。喜欢的星形胶质细胞，RG和B型细胞也表达星形胶质细胞特异性的谷氨酸转运体（GLAST），脑脂质结合的蛋白（BLBP）的，和GFAP，表明这些标记可以不专门用于专门标记成人星形胶质细胞。相反成人的实质星形胶质细胞，没有分裂的健康的大脑，RG和B型细胞表现出干细胞的潜力，如自我更新的能力。星形胶质细胞失调有牵连的许多病症，包括老年痴呆症的20,21，亨廷顿氏病22，帕金森氏病23，Rett综合征24日和亚历山大的疾病25。此外，星形胶质细胞反应所有侮辱的中枢神经系统，导致星形胶质细胞活化和星形胶质细胞胶质瘢痕的形成16,26。星形胶质细胞胶质瘢痕形成以下大脑TRAUMA或脊髓损伤被认为是主要的屏障，防止神经细胞再生的15。 可靠的方法来隔离和保持纯化的细胞群的发展一直是我们了解神经系统的关键。创业的工作由麦卡锡和Vellis使调查人员，准备近纯培养的星形胶质细胞从新生大鼠组织27。关于使用这种方法，在这里稍加修改，以隔离小鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞星形胶质细胞生物学已学到很多东西。补充体内研究中 ，星形胶质细胞以及空调介质使用所描述的体外培养，是宝贵的工具，以进一步深入了解星形胶质细胞的功能。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 工作解决方案的名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 终浓度 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 星形胶质细胞培养基 </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM，高糖</td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 31966-021 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS，热灭活</td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 10082-1​​47 </td><td>终浓度：10％ </td></tr><tr><td>青霉素 - 链霉素</td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 15140-122 </td><td>最终浓度：1％ </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 脑组织掏的解决方案estion </td></tr><tr><td> HBSS </td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 14170-088 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2.5％胰蛋白酶</td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 15090-046 </td><td>终浓度为0.25％ </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 其他 </td></tr><tr><td> 70％（体积/体积）乙醇</td><td>罗斯</td><td> 9065.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>聚-D-赖氨酸</td><td>密理博</td><td> A-003-E </td><td> 50微克/毫升</td></tr><tr><td>水</td><td> PAA </td><td> S15-012 </td><td>细胞培养级</td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> PAA </td><td> H15-002 </td><td>细胞培养级</td></tr><tr><td> 0.05％的尝试PSIN-EDTA </td><td> Life Technologies公司</td><td> 25300-062 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0.45微米的无菌过滤器</td><td>赛多利斯</td><td> 16555 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3.5厘米培养皿</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 353001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15毫升的Falcon管</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 352096 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 50毫升Falcon管</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 352070 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 75平方厘米的组织培养瓶中</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 353136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>钳，细</td><td>杜蒙</td><td> 2-1032，2-1033 </td><td> ＃3C＃5 </td></tr><tr><td>钳，平头</td><td> KLS马丁</td><td> 12-120-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 13厘米的手术剪刀</td><td>蛇牌</td><td> BC-140-R </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>体视显微镜</td><td>徕卡</td><td></td><td> MZ7.5 </td></tr><tr><td>体视显微镜+相机</td><td>徕卡</td><td></td><td> MZ16F; DFC320 </td></tr><tr><td>显微镜+相机</td><td>蔡司，佳能</td><td></td><td>的普里莫垂直的PowerShot A650 IS </td></tr><tr><td>离心分离</td><td> Eppendorf公司</td><td> 5805000.017 </td><td> Centrifuge5804R </td></tr><tr><td>轨道振动筛</td><td> Thermo Scientific的</td><td> SHKE 4450-1CE </td><td> MAXQ 4450 </td></tr><tr><td>水浴</td><td> JULABO </td><td></td><td>小号W20 37°C; </td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and culture of mouse cortical astrocytes

星形胶质细胞是哺乳动物大脑中的细胞类型丰富，但仍有许多工作有待了解它们的分子和功能特性。星形胶质细胞在体外培养系统可以用来详细研究这些神经胶质细胞的生物学功能。此视频协议显示了如何获得纯鼠标幼崽的混合皮层细胞的分离和培养的星形胶质细胞。该方法是基于上没有存活的神经元，星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞，小胶质细胞，三个主要的神经胶质细胞种群的中枢神经系统的，在培养和分离。在第一天的文化代表图像显示的混合细胞群的存在，并表示时间点，当星形胶质细胞的汇合和小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞应分开。此外，我们表现出纯度和完善培养的星形胶质细胞，用免疫细胞化学染色星形胶质细胞形态和新近被描述的星形胶质细胞的标记。这种文化系统可以很容易地获得纯星形胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞条件培养液对星形胶质细胞生物学研究的各个方面。

当完整的小鼠脑组织（ 图1A），小脑和嗅球必须要除去（ 图1B）的隔离。小心地取出（ 图1E）的小鼠脑干个别皮层（ 图1D）（图1C）和脑膜皮层剥离。脑膜的是明显的由脑膜动脉系统的和不完整的去除污染由脑膜细胞和成纤维细胞，星形胶质细胞的最终文化结果。 电镀混合皮层细胞悬浮液后，某些星形胶质细胞已经附加到培?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

星形胶质细胞被确认为是正常的大脑发育和功能，以及中枢神经系统的修复是必不可少的基本​​生物过程的多功能细胞参与。在这里，我们提出了一个快速的过程，以获得纯净的小鼠星形胶质细胞培养研究本类主要的中枢神经系统的细胞生物学。

小鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞的分离和培养

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

isolation-and-culture-of-mouse-cortical-astrocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

90.6K 次观看.  University of Freiburg. 星形胶质细胞被确认为是正常的大脑发育和功能，以及中枢神经系统的修复是必不可少的基本​​生物过程的多功能细胞参与。在这里，我们提出了一个快速的过程，以获得纯净的小鼠星形胶质细胞培养研究本类主要的中枢神经系统的细胞生物学。

视频: Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection和胚胎小鼠海马和皮层神经元的原代培养

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

科研

神经科学

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

基于凝集素的分离和培养的小鼠胚胎运动神经元

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons.
Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection.
A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1.
At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes.
A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.

Here we provide a protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer. The cultured neurons establish polarity and create synapses, and can be separated from the glia for use in various applications, such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging, cell survival assays, immunocytochemistry, and RNA/DNA/protein isolation.

二层共培养小学的大鼠皮层神经元和神经胶质

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

从产前小鼠海马神经元的分离和培养

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple stimuli and complex chemical molecules contained in foods. In human, individual fungiform papillae contain from zero to as many as 20 taste buds. There is no established protocol for culturing human taste cells, although the ability to maintain taste papillae cells in culture for multiple cell cycles would be of considerable utility for characterizing the molecular, regenerative, and functional properties of these unique sensory cells. Earlier studies of taste cells have been done using freshly isolated cells in primary culture, explant cultures from rodents, or semi-intact taste buds in tissue slices1,2,3,4. Although each of these preparations has advantages, the development of long-term cultures would have provided significant benefits, particularly for studies of taste cell proliferation and differentiation. Several groups, including ours, have been interested in the development and establishment of taste cell culture models. Most attempts to culture taste cells have reported limited viability, with cells typically not lasting beyond 3-5 d5,6,7,8. We recently reported on a successful method for the extended culture of rodent taste cells9. We here report for the first time the establishment of an in vitro culture system for isolated human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability. Cells displayed many molecular and physiological features characteristic of mature taste cells. Gustducin and phospholipase C &beta;2, (PLC-&beta;2) mRNA were detected in many cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing. Immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated the presence of gustducin and PLC-&beta;2 expression in cultured taste cells. Cultured human fungiform cells also exhibited increases in intracellular calcium in response to appropriate concentrations of several taste stimuli indicating that taste receptors and at least some of the signalling pathways were present. These results sufficient indicate that taste cells from adult humans can be generated and maintained for at least eight passages. Many of the cells retain physiological and biochemical characteristics of acutely isolated cells from the adult taste epithelium to support their use as a model taste system. This system will enable further studies of the processes involved in proliferation, differentiation and function of mammalian taste receptor cells in an in vitro preparation.
Human fungiform taste papillae used for establishing human fungiform cell culture were donated for research following proper informed consent under research protocols that were reviewed and approved by the IRB committee. The protocol (#0934) was approved by Schulman Associates Institutional Review Board Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Written protocol below is based on published parameters reported by Ozdener et al. 201110.

We aimed to develop a reproducible protocol for isolating and maintaining long-term cultures of human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability.

人力蕈状味觉​​乳头细胞的分离和培养

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

建模星形细胞瘤发病机制<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;和<em&gt;体内</em&gt;使用星形胶质细胞或条件，遗传工程小鼠神经干细胞

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies indicate that the severity of brain injury appear to be sex dependent, and that the male neonates are more susceptible to the effects of HI-related brain injury, resulting in more severe neurological outcomes as compared to females with comparable brain injuries. The development of reliable methods to isolate and maintain highly enriched populations of sexed hippocampal astrocytes is essential to understand the cellular basis of sex differences in the pathological consequences of neonatal HI. In this study, we describe a method for creating sex specific hippocampal astrocyte cultures that are subjected to a model of in-vitro ischemia, oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by reoxygenation. Subsequent reactive astrogliosis was examined by immunostaining for the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100B. This method provides a useful tool to study the role of male and female hippocampal astrocytes following neonatal HI, separately.

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrocytes are one of the most important key players in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we are reporting a practical method of sexed hippocampal astrocyte culture protocol in order to study the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte function in male and female neonate pups after in-vitro ischemia.

性别差异在小鼠海马星形胶质细胞<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;缺血

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

分离和成人神经干细胞的培养从鼠标Subcallosal区

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.

This protocol describes a method for generating cortical interneuron progenitors and post-mitotic interneuron precursors from mouse embryonic stem cells using a modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method. These progenitors/precursors can be used in vitro or fluorescently sorted and transplanted into neonatal neocortex for studying fate determination, or used in therapeutic applications.

小鼠胚胎干细胞向皮质 Interneuron 前体细胞的分化

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.