Unterstützt durch die Fazit-Stiftung Graduate Stipendium für SS, das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF 01 EO 0803) zu KB und der Europäischen Kommission RP7 Finanzhilfevereinbarung PIRG08-GA-2010 bis 276.989, NEUREX, und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Foundation Grant SCHA 1442 / 3-1 bis CS Die Autoren haben keine widerstreitenden finanziellen Interessen.

Ein. Isolierung und Beschichtung von Mixed kortikalen Zellen Mixed kortikalen Zellen Isolierung für Astrozytenkulturen kann mit P1 bis P4 Maus Welpen werden. Um eine ordnungsgemäße Astrozyten Dichte zu erreichen ist es notwendig, 4 Maus pup Kortex pro T75 Zellkulturflasche verwenden. Daher werden in der folgenden Volumina Protokoll für ein Zellpräparat unter Verwendung von 4 Maus Jungtieren berechnet. <ol><li> Vor Beginn des Verfahrens Dissektion, vorwärmen 30 ml Astrozyten Kulturmedien (DMEM, hohe Glucose + 10% hitzeinaktiviertem fötalem Rinderserum + 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin; siehe Tabelle) bis 37 ° C Mantel ein T75-Flasche mit 20 ml Poly-D-Lysin (PDL) in einer Konzentration von 50 pg / ml in der Zellkultur-Wasser für 1 Stunde bei 37 ° C im CO 2-Inkubator. </li><li> Für die Dissektion Verfahren, bereiten alle notwendigen Reagenzien und Materialien. Sie benötigen: chirurgische Schere, glatte feinen Pinzette, flache Spitze Pinzette, Papierhandtücher, Abfallbeutel, 70% Ethanol eind 2 Sezieren Gerichten (3,5 cm Durchmesser) auf Eis mit 2 ml HBSS jeweils gefüllt. </li><li> Sanft halten und sprühen Sie den Kopf und Hals der Maus Welpen mit 70% Ethanol. Das Tier wird durch Enthauptung mit der Schere geopfert. </li><li> Führen Sie einen Medianschnitt, von hinten nach vorne, entlang der Kopfhaut, um den Schädel zu offenbaren. </li><li> Schneiden Sie den Schädel vorsichtig aus dem Hals bis zur Nase. Zwei weitere Schnitte werden durchgeführt, um einen weiteren Zugriff auf das Gehirn zu ermöglichen: Der erste Schnitt erfolgt anterioren der Riechkolben, der andere inferior des Kleinhirns, um den Schädel von der Schädelbasis trennen. </li><li> Verwendung der flachen Spitze Pinzette sind die kraniale Klappen leicht zur Seite gekippt und das Gehirn erfolgt und in die erste Schale mit HBSS Sezieren gefüllt genommen platziert. Die Schale wieder auf Eis und weiter ernten Alle 4 Gehirne. </li><li> Der Rest des Verfahrens ist Dissektion unter einem Stereomikroskop durchgeführt. Zunächst werden die Riechkolben und das Kleinhirn entfernt mit den feinenPinzette (Abbildung 1B). </li><li> Um die cortices abzurufen, greifen die hinteren Ende des Gehirns mit den feinen Pinzette, führen Sie eine Inzision zwischen den Hemisphären, legen Sie einen zweiten Satz von Zangen zum erstellten Hain und abziehen das plattenförmige Struktur der Rinde von der Gehirn. </li><li> Sorgfältig sezieren die Hirnhäute aus den Cortex Hemisphären durch Ziehen mit der feinen Pinzette (Abbildung 1D). Dieser Schritt vermeidet Kontaminationen des endgültigen Astrozyten Kultur durch meningealen Zellen und Fibroblasten. Übertragen Sie die vorbereiteten Cortex Hemisphären in die zweite Schüssel mit HBSS gefüllt und schicken Sie es auf Eis. Weiter dementsprechend mit allen 4 Rinden. </li><li> Schließlich schneiden jedes Cortex Hemisphäre in kleine Stücke mit scharfen Klingen (etwa 4 bis 8 Mal). </li><li> Unter sterilen Bedingungen Transfer Cortex Stück in einem 50 ml-Falcon-Röhrchen und fügen HBSS auf ein Gesamtvolumen von 22,5 ml. </li><li> 2,5 ml 2,5% Trypsin, Mischung und inkubierendas Gewebe im Wasserbad bei 37 ° C für 30 min. Mix von gelegentlichem Schütteln alle 10 min. </li><li> Zentrifuge 5 min bei 300 xg zu pelletieren Cortex Gewebestücke. </li><li> Sorgfältig Überstand zu entfernen durch Dekantieren. Um zu vermeiden, verlieren das Gewebe Pellet Sie können mechanisch bewahren Sie sie mit einer Pipette. Dissoziation des Gewebes in einer einzigen Zelle Suspension durch Zugabe von 10 ml Astrozyten Plattierungsmedium und kräftig Pipettieren mit einem 10 ml Kunststoff-Pipette bis Gewebestücke dissoziiert in einzelne Zellen (20 bis 30 mal) sind. Lautstärke auf 20 ml mit Astrozyten Plattierungsmedium. Sie können Nachweis der Dissoziation des Kortex Gewebe in einzelnen Zellen durch Zählen mit einer Zählkammer. Eine Herstellung von 4-Maus pup Kortex sollte zu 10-15 x10 6 dissoziierten Einzelzellen. </li><li> Absaugen PDL aus dem T75 Kulturflasche, Platte die dissoziierte einzigen Zellsuspension und bei 37 ° C im CO 2-Inkubator. </li></ol> 2. Der Erhalt eines Enriched Astrocyte Kultur <ol><li> Ändern Sie die Medium 2 Tage nach dem Ausplattieren der gemischten kortikalen Zellen und alle 3 Tage danach. </li><li> Nach 7 bis 8 Tagen, wenn Astrozyten konfluent und Überlagerung Mikroglia sind sitzen exponiert auf der Astrozyten Schicht oder sind bereits aus der Astrozyten Schicht (Abbildung 2) lösen, schütteln Sie die T75 Kolben bei 180 rpm für 30 min auf einem Schüttler um Mikroglia zu entfernen. Überstand verwerfen, die Mikroglia oder wenn Sie zu Kultur und möchten prüfen, Mikroglia, drehen Sie es nach unten und Platte für Kultur 28,29. </li><li> 20 ml frisches Astrozyten Kulturmedium und weiter durch Schütteln der Kolben bei 240 rpm für 6 h auf Oligodendrozyten-Vorläuferzellen (OPC) zu entfernen. Da einige OPCs wird nicht vollständig von der Astrozyten Schicht lösen, weiterhin unter kräftigem Schütteln für 1 min, um OPC Kontamination zu verhindern. Überstand verwerfen oder drehen Sie es nach unten und Platte, wenn Sie die Kultur OPCs 29 wollen. </li><li> Spülen Sie die verbleibenden confluent Astrozyten Schicht zweimal mit PBS absaugen PBS, 5 ml Trypsin-EDTA und Inkubation im CO 2-Inkubator bei 37 ° C. Überprüfen Ablösung der Astrozyten alle 5 min und durchzusetzen Ablösung von Astrozyten durch Anschlagen des Kolbens gegen die Handfläche (2-3 mal). </li><li> Nach Astrozyten aus der Kulturflasche abgelöst werden, 5 ml Astrozyten Kulturmedium, Spin-Zellen bei 180 xg für 5 min, Überstand entfernen und 40 ml frisches Astrozyten Plattierungsmedium. Eine T75 Zellkulturflasche sollte etwa 1x10 6 Zellen nach der ersten Zelle Split ergeben. Platte Zellen in zwei T75 Kulturflaschen und bei 37 ° C im CO 2-Inkubator. Anderer das Medium alle 2 bis 3 Tage. </li><li> 12-14 Tage nach der ersten Spaltung Astrozyten sind in der entsprechenden Zelle Konzentration 24-48 h vor Durchführung des Experiments überzogen. Eine T75 Zellkulturflasche sollte etwa 1,5-2 x10 6 Zellen nach der zweiten Zelle Split ergeben. </li></ol>

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Die beschriebene Methode ist hier auf der Astrozyten Kultur Zubereitung von Nagetieren neonatalen Gehirn, die ursprünglich von McCarthy und de Vellis in 1980 27 beschrieben ist. Die modifizierte Methode der Isolierung und Kultivierung von kortikalen Astrozyten aus postnatalen P1 bis P4 Maushirn hier vorgestellten ist schnell, liefert reines primären Astrozyten und ist hoch reproduzierbar. Diese Technik kann leicht übertragen Astrozyten aus anderen Spezies, wie zB von Ratte oder Schwein und von anderen Hirn...

Astrozyten sind eine sehr reichliche Zelltyp im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS). Das Verhältnis von Astrozyten mit Neuronen ist 1:3 im Cortex von Mäusen und Ratten, während es 1,4 Astrozyten pro Neuron im menschlichen Hirnrinde 1 sind. Das Interesse an Astrozytenfunktion hat sich in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Eine wichtige Funktion der Astrozyten ist ihre Rolle bei der Bereitstellung von strukturellen und metabolischen Unterstützung Neuronen 2,3. Neu entdeckte Rollen für Astrozyten decken ein breites Spektrum von Funktionen. Dazu gehören Führen des Migration von Axonen und die Entwicklung bestimmter Neuroblasten während der Entwicklung 4-6, Bildung Funktionen im synaptischen Übertragung, Synapse Festigkeit und Informationsverarbeitung durch neuronalen Schaltkreise 7-9, Rollen in Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BBB) ​​10 und Integrität 11-13 und Regulierung des zerebrovaskulären Ton 14. Ein weiteres wichtiges Merkmal der Astrozyten ist ihre Reaktion auf eine Verletzung. Unter pathologischen Bedingungen astrocytes reaktiv werden und ferner hochregulieren die Expression des Intermediärfilament gliales fibrilläres saures Protein (GFAP) und inhibitorische extrazellulären Matrix (ECM)-Proteine ​​15,16. Reaktiven Astrozyten Abgrenzung der verletzten Stelle aus gesundem Gewebe durch Bildung einer glialen Narbe, die hauptsächlich aus Astrozyten sezernierten ECM Proteine ​​des Chondroitinsulfat-Proteoglykan (CSPG) Familie, hemmen die wichtigsten Faktoren, die axonale Regeneration nach ZNS-Verletzung 15-17. Astrozyten stammen aus radialen Gliazellen (RG)-Zellen während der späten Embryogenese und der frühen postnatalen Leben. Nach Spezifikation Astrozyten aufgetreten ist, Astrozyten Vorstufen ihren Endpositionen zu migrieren, wo sie den Prozess der terminalen Differenzierung beginnen. In vivo erscheinen Astrozyten als drei bis vier Wochen nach der Geburt, wie durch ihre reife typische Morphologie 18,19 angedeutet. Eine Subpopulation von RG Zellen wandeln in Subventrikulärzone Astrozyten (Typ B-Zellen). Both, RG und Typ B-Zellen funktionieren wie Astrozyten-wie neurale Stammzellen (NSCs) während der Entwicklung und in der erwachsenen sind. Wie Astrozyten, RG und Typ B-Zellen exprimieren auch den Astrozyten-spezifischen Glutamat-Transporter (GLAST), Hirn Lipid-bindendes Protein (BLBP) und GFAP, was anzeigt, dass diese Marker nicht ausschließlich verwendet werden, um spezifisch zu markieren erwachsenen Astrozyten. Im Gegensatz zu erwachsenen parenchymatösen Astrozyten, die nicht im gesunden Gehirn, RG und Typ B-Zellen zeigen Stammzellpotenzial wie die Fähigkeit sich selbst zu erneuern müssen teilen. Fehlregulation von Astrozyten wurden in zahlreichen Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht, einschließlich Alzheimer-Krankheit 20,21, Chorea Huntington 22, Parkinson-Krankheit 23, 24 Rett-Syndrom und Alexander-Krankheit 25. Zudem reagieren Astrozyten für alle Beleidigungen des ZNS, die zu Astrozyten-Aktivierung und Astrozyten Gliazellen Narbenbildung 16,26. Die Astrozyten Glianarbe die folgenden Gehirn tr bildetauma oder Rückenmarksverletzung wird angenommen, dass die wichtigste Barriere gegen neuronale Regeneration 15 sein. Die Entwicklung von zuverlässigen Methoden zu isolieren und zu erhalten gereinigten Populationen von Zellen war wesentlich für das Verständnis des Nervensystems. Bahnbrechende Arbeiten von McCarthy und de Vellis können Ermittler bislang fast reine Kulturen von Astrozyten aus neugeborenen Ratten Gewebes 27 vorzubereiten. Viel ist über Astrozyten Biologie mit dieser Methode, die hier in einer leicht modifizierten Form zur Isolierung Maus kortikalen Astrozyten präsentiert gelernt. Ergänzend in vivo Studien, Astrozyten als auch konditioniertem Medium unter Verwendung der in vitro-Kultur beschrieben werden, sind wertvolle Werkzeuge, um weitere Einblicke in Astrozyten Funktionen.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name der Arbeitslösung </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Endkonzentration </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Astrocyte Kulturmedien </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM, high glucose </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 31966-021 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS, hitzeinaktiviertes </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 10082-147 </td><td> Endkonzentration: 10% </td></tr><tr><td> Penicillin-Streptomycin </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td> Endkonzentration: 1% </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Lösung für Hirngewebe digestion </td></tr><tr><td> HBSS </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 14170-088 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2,5% Trypsin </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 15090-046 </td><td> Endkonzentration: 0,25% </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Andere </td></tr><tr><td> 70% (Vol / Vol) Ethanol </td><td> Roth </td><td> 9065,2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Poly-D-Lysin </td><td> Millipore </td><td> A-003-E </td><td> 50 ug / ml </td></tr><tr><td> Wasser </td><td> PAA </td><td> S15-012 </td><td> Zellkultur </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> PAA </td><td> H15-002 </td><td> Zellkultur </td></tr><tr><td> 0,05% Versuchenpsin-EDTA </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> 25300-062 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0,45 um Sterilfilter </td><td> Sartorius </td><td> 16555 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3,5 cm Petrischale </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 353001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 ml-Falcon-Röhrchen </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352096 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 50 ml-Falcon-Röhrchen </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352070 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 75 cm 2 Zellkulturflasche </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 353136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pinzette, feine </td><td> Dumont </td><td> 2-1032; 2-1033 </td><td> # 3c; # 5 </td></tr><tr><td> Pinzette, flache Spitze </td><td> KLS Martin </td><td> 12-120-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 13 cm chirurgische Scheren </td><td> Aesculap </td><td> BC-140-R </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stereomikroskop </td><td> Leica </td><td></td><td> MZ7.5 </td></tr><tr><td> Stereomikroskop + Kamera </td><td> Leica </td><td></td><td> MZ16F; DFC320 </td></tr><tr><td> Microscope + Kamera </td><td> Zeiss, Canon </td><td></td><td> Primo Vert; PowerShot A650 IS </td></tr><tr><td> Zentrifugieren </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> 5805000.017 </td><td> Centrifuge5804R </td></tr><tr><td> Orbitalschüttler </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> SHKE 4450-1CE </td><td> MaxQ 4450 </td></tr><tr><td> Wasserbad </td><td> Julabo </td><td></td><td> SW20, 37 ° C </td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and culture of mouse cortical astrocytes

Astrozyten sind eine reiche Zelltyp im Gehirn von Säugetieren, aber es bleibt noch viel über ihre molekularen und funktionellen Eigenschaften erlernt werden. In vitro Astrozyten Zellkultur-Systeme können verwendet werden, um die biologischen Funktionen dieser Gliazellen im Detail zu studieren. Dieses Video-Protokoll zeigt, wie reine Astrozyten durch Isolierung und Kultivierung von gemischten kortikalen Zellen der Maus Welpen zu erhalten. Die Methode basiert auf der Abwesenheit von lebensfähigen Neuronen und der Trennung von Astrozyten, Oligodendrozyten und Mikroglia, die drei wichtigsten glialen Zellpopulationen des zentralen Nervensystems, in Kultur. Repräsentative Bilder in den ersten Tagen der Kultur zeigen die Gegenwart einer gemischten Zellpopulation, und zeigen den Zeitpunkt, wann Astrozyten konfluent werden und sollte von Mikroglia und Oligodendrozyten getrennt werden. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir, Reinheit und astrozytären Morphologie der Astrozyten mit immunzytochemische Färbungen für gut etabliert undneu beschriebenen Astrozyten Marker. Diese Kultur kann leicht verwendet werden, um reine Maus Astrozyten und Astrozyten-konditioniertem Medium zur Untersuchung verschiedener Aspekte der Astrozyten Biologie erhalten.

Nach Isolierung des gesamten Gehirn der Maus (Abbildung 1A), das Kleinhirn und die Riechkolben müssen entfernt (Abbildung 1B) werden. Die Rinden werden mit der Maus Hirnstamm (1C) und der Hirnhäute der einzelnen Kortex (1D) geschält werden sorgfältig entfernt (1E). Hirnhäute sind offensichtlich durch die meningea und unvollständige Entfernung führt zur Verunreinigung der endgültigen Astrozyten Kultur meningealen Zellen und Fibro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Astrozyten wurden erkannt, vielseitige beteiligten Zellen in grundlegender biologischer Prozesse, die wichtig für die normale Entwicklung des Gehirns und Funktion, und das zentrale Nervensystem Reparatur sein. Hier präsentieren wir ein schnelles Verfahren zur reinen Maus Astrozytenkulturen erhalten, um die Biologie dieser wichtigen Klasse von zentralen Nervensystems Zellen zu untersuchen.

Isolation und Kultur von Maus Kortikale Astrozyten

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

isolation-and-culture-of-mouse-cortical-astrocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

90.8K Aufrufe.  University of Freiburg. Astrozyten wurden erkannt, vielseitige beteiligten Zellen in grundlegender biologischer Prozesse, die wichtig für die normale Entwicklung des Gehirns und Funktion, und das zentrale Nervensystem Reparatur sein. Hier präsentieren wir ein schnelles Verfahren zur reinen Maus Astrozytenkulturen erhalten, um die Biologie dieser wichtigen Klasse von zentralen Nervensystems Zellen zu untersuchen.

Serie: Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection und Primärkultur von embryonalen Maus-Hippocampus und kortikalen Neuronen

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

Lectin-basierte Isolierung und Kultivierung von embryonalen Maus-Motoneuronen

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons.
Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection.
A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1.
At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes.
A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.

Here we provide a protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer. The cultured neurons establish polarity and create synapses, and can be separated from the glia for use in various applications, such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging, cell survival assays, immunocytochemistry, and RNA/DNA/protein isolation.

Bilaminäre Co-Kultur von primären Ratten-kortikalen Neuronen und Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Neuronen im Hippocampus von Mäusen Pränatale

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple stimuli and complex chemical molecules contained in foods. In human, individual fungiform papillae contain from zero to as many as 20 taste buds. There is no established protocol for culturing human taste cells, although the ability to maintain taste papillae cells in culture for multiple cell cycles would be of considerable utility for characterizing the molecular, regenerative, and functional properties of these unique sensory cells. Earlier studies of taste cells have been done using freshly isolated cells in primary culture, explant cultures from rodents, or semi-intact taste buds in tissue slices1,2,3,4. Although each of these preparations has advantages, the development of long-term cultures would have provided significant benefits, particularly for studies of taste cell proliferation and differentiation. Several groups, including ours, have been interested in the development and establishment of taste cell culture models. Most attempts to culture taste cells have reported limited viability, with cells typically not lasting beyond 3-5 d5,6,7,8. We recently reported on a successful method for the extended culture of rodent taste cells9. We here report for the first time the establishment of an in vitro culture system for isolated human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability. Cells displayed many molecular and physiological features characteristic of mature taste cells. Gustducin and phospholipase C &beta;2, (PLC-&beta;2) mRNA were detected in many cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing. Immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated the presence of gustducin and PLC-&beta;2 expression in cultured taste cells. Cultured human fungiform cells also exhibited increases in intracellular calcium in response to appropriate concentrations of several taste stimuli indicating that taste receptors and at least some of the signalling pathways were present. These results sufficient indicate that taste cells from adult humans can be generated and maintained for at least eight passages. Many of the cells retain physiological and biochemical characteristics of acutely isolated cells from the adult taste epithelium to support their use as a model taste system. This system will enable further studies of the processes involved in proliferation, differentiation and function of mammalian taste receptor cells in an in vitro preparation.
Human fungiform taste papillae used for establishing human fungiform cell culture were donated for research following proper informed consent under research protocols that were reviewed and approved by the IRB committee. The protocol (#0934) was approved by Schulman Associates Institutional Review Board Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Written protocol below is based on published parameters reported by Ozdener et al. 201110.

We aimed to develop a reproducible protocol for isolating and maintaining long-term cultures of human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability.

Isolierung und Kultivierung humaner Zellen pilzförmige Papillen Geschmack

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Modellierung Astrozytom Pathogenese<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Und<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Verwenden kortikale Astrozyten oder neuralen Stammzellen aus dem Bedingten, gentechnisch veränderte Mäuse

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies indicate that the severity of brain injury appear to be sex dependent, and that the male neonates are more susceptible to the effects of HI-related brain injury, resulting in more severe neurological outcomes as compared to females with comparable brain injuries. The development of reliable methods to isolate and maintain highly enriched populations of sexed hippocampal astrocytes is essential to understand the cellular basis of sex differences in the pathological consequences of neonatal HI. In this study, we describe a method for creating sex specific hippocampal astrocyte cultures that are subjected to a model of in-vitro ischemia, oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by reoxygenation. Subsequent reactive astrogliosis was examined by immunostaining for the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100B. This method provides a useful tool to study the role of male and female hippocampal astrocytes following neonatal HI, separately.

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Astrocytes are one of the most important key players in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we are reporting a practical method of sexed hippocampal astrocyte culture protocol in order to study the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte function in male and female neonate pups after in-vitro ischemia.

Geschlechtsunterschiede in Mäuse Hippocampus Astrozyten nach<em&gt; In-Vitro</em&gt; Ischemia

Astrogliosis following hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-related brain injury plays a role in increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. Recent clinical studies ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolierung und Kultur von adulten neuralen Stammzellen aus der Maus subcallosa Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.

This protocol describes a method for generating cortical interneuron progenitors and post-mitotic interneuron precursors from mouse embryonic stem cells using a modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method. These progenitors/precursors can be used in vitro or fluorescently sorted and transplanted into neonatal neocortex for studying fate determination, or used in therapeutic applications.

Differenzierung der embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus in kortikalen Interneuron Vorstufen

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.