这项工作是由法国国家科学研究中心（PICS 2012-2014 EG）和由REGIONE坎帕尼亚（LR N.5，2002年3月28日至乔凡娜莫托拉）的资助。菲利波·孔蒂是科学合作基金会&#39;&#39; Infectiopole南德意志集团的资深会员。&#39;&#39;尼古拉Boucherit是法国教育部研究和技术的资深会员。资金来源有在研究设计，数据收集，数据分析，发布的决定，或手稿的准备没有任何作用。

操守准则该协议为动物处理批准了我们的机构动物伦理委员会"行政法院科学研究都中心去形成等德RECHERCHE实验医学 - Chirurgical"（CFREMC，项目许可证10-300122013埃里克GHIGO）从埃克斯 - 马赛大学符合规则的DécretN°的1987年10月19日87-848。该实验是在Faculté德MEDECI​​NE德拉蒂莫（实验许可证号13.385埃里克GHIGO）执行。 1。物质与文化媒体准备<ol><li>消毒2钳子，剪刀2，2手术刀，用研钵和研杵。 </li><li>得到含有10％胎牛血清（FCS），2mM谷氨酰胺，100 U / ml青霉素和100微克/毫升链霉素的完全DMEM。 </li><li>稀释10倍的PBS在无菌馏水中得到的1X PBS。 </li><li>获得冰冷的1X PBS，冰冷的完全DMEM，完全DMEM娃RMED至37°C。 </li></ol> 2。的L929细胞上清液的制备<ol><li>成长L929细胞，在37℃至汇合（20175厘米2烧瓶）在完全DMEM，5％的CO 2。 </li></ol>注意:粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）来诱导造血细胞分化成巨噬细胞12。 L929细胞产生GM-CSF。 <ol start="2"><li>在汇合，用新鲜完全DMEM更换培养基。瓶转移至32℃，5％CO2 10天。 </li><li>收集，游泳池和离心的上清液在750×g离心10分钟。丢弃细胞沉淀。 </li><li>在15ml试管和储存在-20°C店上清液</li></ol> 3。骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞（BMDM）准备<ol><li>牺牲1小鼠颈椎脱臼。 <ol><li>用无菌手术刀在整个实验。消毒用70％的资产负债管理委员会的皮肤HOL。做一个切口在每个后腿的顶部和拉扯皮肤向下朝向脚露出肌肉。 </li><li>切断后腿，取出用无菌剪刀和无菌镊子皮肤。内含有无菌的，冰冷的1×PBS（5ml）中的无菌培养皿中（35 / 10mm）的放置的腿。 </li><li>除去果肉及肌肉都秉承了骨头，用无菌剪刀和镊子。 </li></ol></li><li>转移到骨头含有冰冷无菌的1×PBS（5ml）的一个新的无菌培养皿中（35/10毫米）。用5毫升冰冷的无菌1×PBS中洗骨头2倍。 </li><li>转移到骨含有5毫升冰冷的无菌的1×PBS的无菌研钵。 </li><li>从股骨切开胫骨处用无菌剪刀关节。在含有5毫升冰冷的无菌1×PBS中利用杵无菌研钵轻轻粉碎骨头。 </li><li>收集在冰冷的15ml试管上清液。重复此步骤3次。 </li><li>通过70微米尼龙细胞过滤STRA核研所，除去固体碎片。离心滤液在450×g离心10分钟，在4℃下</li><li>轻轻弃上清。分离沉淀在10ml红细胞裂解缓冲液，持续30秒。加20毫升的冰冷，完全DMEM。 </li></ol>注意:该步骤的目的是为了除去污染的红细胞，因此，该步骤必须在2分钟内进行，以避免造血细胞改变的红细胞裂解缓冲液。 <ol start="8"><li>离心机在450×g离心10分钟，在4℃下轻轻弃上清。分离的沉淀物在20ml完全DMEM，已加热到37℃。 </li><li>转移分离的细胞分成2培养皿（100/20毫米）。在37°C孵育他们4小时</li><li>收集上清液在50ml试管在室温下。丢弃包含居民的巨噬细胞的菜肴。 </li></ol>注意:该步骤的目的是为了消除驻地骨MARRO瓦特巨噬细胞由他们坚持培养处理的塑料的能力。这些常驻的巨噬细胞可在其它实验中使用。 <ol start="11"><li>离心收集上清液，在450×g离心10分钟，在4℃下弃上清。 </li><li>轻轻分离沉淀在10毫升含有15％的L929细胞上清液完全DMEM。通过一个40微米的尼龙细胞滤网过滤细胞。 </li><li>回收滤液。添加所收集的滤液（10毫升）中，以140毫升已补充了15％的L929细胞培养基完全DMEM。 </li><li>分发10毫升每培养皿（15培养皿中，100/20毫米）的细胞悬浮液。孵育的细胞在37℃，5％CO 2。 </li><li>生长细胞3天</li><li>加入10 mL已补充了15％的L929完全DMEM。孵育细胞4额外的天数。 </li></ol>注:定期监测细胞的生长与倒置显微镜（步骤3.14-3.16）。贴壁的巨噬细胞会后培养3天观察到。 4。收获BMDMs <ol><li>除去上清液。用完全DMEM洗BMDMs 2倍</li><li>加入5 ml已被加热到37℃。完全DMEM通过用橡皮警察轻轻一刮分离BMDMs。 </li><li>在450×g离心10分钟收集BMDMs在50ml试管并离心。轻轻地解离的细胞沉淀在20ml完全DMEM。 </li><li>计数BMDMs在台盼蓝的存在（不超过10％的死亡率，应观察到的）。 </li></ol>注:一般情况下，约6-7.5×10 7巨噬细胞巨噬细胞的15培养皿（100/20毫米）获得。大约有4-5×10 6的巨噬细胞/培养皿（100/20毫米）。 <ol start="5"><li>按要求准备实验BMDMs。 16小时在完全培养基中，在37℃后，5％CO 2，巨噬细胞会再次附着到载体上。 </li></ol> 5。存储BMDMs <ol><li>收集分离BMDMs（步骤4.3）。离心机在450×g离心10分钟。注意:BMDMs可以在液氮中冷冻。 </li><li>重悬细胞沉淀在冷冻培养基由10％DMSO和90％FCS中的4×10 6个细胞/ ml和吸管1毫升到每个安瓿的最终浓度。 </li><li>冷冻的细胞以1℃/ min的冷却速率。 24小时后，将安瓿转移到长期存储液氮容器。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rutherford, M. S., Witsell, A., Schook, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+generating+functionally+heterogeneous+macrophages:+chaos+revisited.">Mechanisms generating functionally heterogeneous macrophages: chaos revisited.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 53, 602-618 (1993).</li><li>Van Furth, R., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Adams, D., Halmiton, T., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Morris, L., Graham, C. F., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+in+haemopoietic+and+other+tissues+of+the+developing+mouse+detected+by+the+monoclonal+antibody+F4/80.">Macrophages in haemopoietic and other tissues of the developing mouse detected by the monoclonal antibody F4/80.</a> Development. 112, 517-526 (1991).</li><li>Haas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phagosome:+compartment+with+a+license+to+kill.">The phagosome: compartment with a license to kill.</a> Traffic. 8, 311-330 (2007).</li><li>Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytosis+of+microbes:+complexity+in+action.">Phagocytosis of microbes: complexity in action.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 825-852 (2002).</li><li>Castagna, A., Polati, R., Bossi, A. M., Girelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte/macrophage+proteomics:+recent+findings+and+biomedical+applications.">Monocyte/macrophage proteomics: recent findings and biomedical applications.</a> Expert Rev. Proteomics. 9, 201-215 (2012).</li><li>Benoit, M., Desnues, B., Mege, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+polarization+in+bacterial+infections.">Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections.</a> J. Immunol. 181, 3733-3739 (2008).</li><li>Barry, A. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+stimulation+of+p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS+by+LPS+from+pathogenic+Coxiella+burnetii+prevents+trafficking+to+microbicidal+phagolysosomes.">Impaired stimulation of p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS by LPS from pathogenic Coxiella burnetii prevents trafficking to microbicidal phagolysosomes.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 12, 751-763 (2012).</li><li>Henry, R. M., Hoppe, A. D., Joshi, N., Swanson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uniformity+of+phagosome+maturation+in+macrophages.">The uniformity of phagosome maturation in macrophages.</a> J. Cell Biol. 164, 185-194 (2004).</li><li>Sundaramurthy, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+Chemical+and+RNAi+Multiparametric+Profiles+Identifies+Triggers+of+Intracellular+Mycobacterial+Killing.">Integration of Chemical and RNAi Multiparametric Profiles Identifies Triggers of Intracellular Mycobacterial Killing.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 13, 129-142 (2013).</li><li>Boltz-Nitulescu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+rat+bone+marrow+cells+into+macrophages+under+the+influence+of+mouse+L929+cell+supernatant.">Differentiation of rat bone marrow cells into macrophages under the influence of mouse L929 cell supernatant.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 41, 83-91 (1987).</li></ol>

有没有申报利益冲突。

本文所述的协议细节的方法来产生大量的BMDMs的。 BMDM是原代细胞和有生物功能的巨噬细胞和单核细胞分化的性能，因为有成熟，而相比之下，巨噬细胞的细胞系，这是不成熟。 BMDMs可用于遗传筛查（RNAi）技术，药物筛选，功能研究，宿主 - 病原体相互作用的研究和调查等诸多领域。 本文中所呈现的过程是很简单的，并且不需要任何特殊的设备，因此，它可以很容易地在实验...

巨噬细胞功能的显著方面是其在先天免疫和适应性免疫的作用。因为它们的吞噬惰性颗粒，细菌或寄生虫的能力，巨噬细胞是抵御外来入侵者的第一道防线。一旦内化，微生物被吞噬溶酶体中降解。巨噬细胞也送招募信号和呈递抗原给其他的免疫细胞，如T淋巴细胞。巨噬细胞衍生自单核细胞。单核细胞出现在骨髓从髓样干细胞和迁移到外周血和各种组织中，其中它们分化成巨噬细胞。据估计，一个健康的成年小鼠包含分布在整个身体中各种器官和组织（ 表1）1,2，大约10 8巨噬细胞。因为他们来适应自己的微环境3,4能力的巨噬细胞显示大表型和功能的多样性。最重要的macrop哈格财产是他们的抗菌活性，这是由它们的能力定义吞噬微生物并摧毁他们。吞噬反应是由是由​​微生物接触刺激复杂信号网络的激活所定义，因此，巨噬细胞响应各种刺激适当地调节基因表达。吞噬后，微生物在一个叫做吞噬溶酶体结构消除了，但是，许多病原微生物开发战略，颠覆巨噬细胞5的杀菌功能。由不同的微生物物种所利用的颠覆机制的多样性是证明了吞噬6过程的复杂性和吞噬溶酶体的生物合成。传染病是人类主要的健康问题，以及众多的机制和分子参与巨噬细胞的抗菌活性。此外，是由微生物劫持的杀菌性能的目标依然是未知，因此，有一个电子xplosion中的宿主 - 病原体相互作用的进化，遗传和生化方面已经就续约巨噬细胞科学的关注兴趣。目前，大部分的研究领域是做对巨噬细胞的细胞系，其中从初级巨噬细胞的吞噬活性，细胞因子产生和氧化爆发的调控有所不同。此外，它们更适合于显微镜。为了研究巨噬细胞的相互作用，其病原体是推荐使用初级巨噬细胞，如骨髓源性巨噬细胞（BMDMs），它表现出多种生理功能。此外，它可以工作在转基因BMDMs，因为这些巨噬细胞可能直接从转基因小鼠中分离出来，并与新颖的技术，如慢病毒转染的可用性，它们的基因表达图谱可以通过基因过表达或RNA干扰而改变。在这里，我们描述了一个程序来区分小鼠骨髓米箭头为巨噬细胞，将提供大量的巨噬细胞在7天为各种功能分析，如7蛋白质组学，转录8，细胞内运输研究9，动态研究10，遗传筛选（RNAi）技术和药物筛选11。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21969-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10x)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BEM515F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 70 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 40 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (100/20 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (35/10 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bone marrow-derived macrophage production

巨噬细胞是先天免疫和适应性免疫应答的重要组成部分，它们是抵御外来入侵者，因为他们强大的杀菌活动的第一线。巨噬细胞广泛分布在整个身体和存在于淋巴器官，肝，肺，胃肠道，中枢神经系统，骨和皮肤。因为他们的再分配，他们参与广泛的生理和病理过程。巨噬细胞是高度通用的细胞，能够识别微环境的改变和维持组织稳态。许多病原体已经进化机制，使用巨噬细胞作为木马的生存，在复制和感染人类和动物的整个身体进行传播。在宿主 - 病原体相互作用的进化，遗传和生化方面的兴趣最近的爆炸已经更新有关的巨噬细胞科学的关注。在这里，我们描述了一个程序从小鼠骨髓，将提供大量的巨噬细胞为研究宿主 - 病原体相互作用，以及其他工艺分离和培养的巨噬细胞。

该方法的目的是为了容易地得到大量的巨噬细胞中几天。骨髓细胞的制备示于图1。从后腿骨头收集砸在研钵。一旦定居巨噬细胞是从骨髓细胞去除制剂，骨髓细胞与GM-CSF（第0天）。 3天后，细胞，它呈圆形和非贴壁培养前，开始分化成巨噬细胞和坚持（ 图1A）。流式细胞术分析使用F4/80和HLA-DR的标记显示，细胞表达两种标记从而证明它们分化 ​​成巨噬细胞（ 图1B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production at JoVE.com

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

巨噬细胞一直被认为是先天免疫和适应性免疫应答的重要组成部分。知识的最近的爆炸关于巨噬细胞和微生物之间的相互作用的演化，遗传和生化方面已经更新的科学关注的巨噬细胞。本文介绍了一种方法，从小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞分化。

骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞产

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

bone-marrow-derived-macrophage-production

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

72.9K 次观看.  Aix-Marseille Université. 巨噬细胞一直被认为是先天免疫和适应性免疫应答的重要组成部分。知识的最近的爆炸关于巨噬细胞和微生物之间的相互作用的演化，遗传和生化方面已经更新的科学关注的巨噬细胞。本文介绍了一种方法，从小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞分化。 

视频: Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

弓形虫囊肿壁形成激活骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞和Bradyzoite条件

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

科研

免疫与感染

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞与跟踪研究的Qdot纳米晶的生成及标签

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

使用骨髓源性巨噬细胞巨噬细胞极化的调查

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

隔离和小鼠骨髓的静脉注射单核细胞衍生

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or M(LPS) macrophages are pro-inflammatory, IL-4 induces alternative macrophage activation and these so-called M2 or M(IL-4) support resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Recent evidence shows the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. 
In this manuscript, an extracellular flux analyzer is applied to assess the metabolic characteristics of naive, M1 and M2 polarized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This instrument uses pH and oxygen sensors to measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which can be related to glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. As such, both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can be measured in real-time in one single assay.
Using this technique, we demonstrate here that inflammatory M1 macrophages display enhanced glycolytic metabolism and reduced mitochondrial activity. Conversely, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages show high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and are characterized by an enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC). 
The presented functional assay serves as a framework to investigate how particular cytokines, pharmacological compounds, gene knock outs or other interventions affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolic phenotype and inflammatory status.

Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic and prerequisite for M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. This manuscript describes an assay for the measurement of fundamental parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This tool can be applied to investigate how particular factors affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolism and phenotype.

偏光M1和M2骨髓来源的巨噬细胞的使用实时外流量分析代谢表征

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

鼠后肢长骨解剖和骨髓隔离

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal microscopy methods to visualize macrophage extracellular traps (METs). These extracellular traps are defined by the presence of extracellular chromatin with co-expression of other components such as granule proteases, citrullinated histones, and peptidyl arginase deiminase (PAD). The expression of METs is generally measured after exposure to a stimulus and compared to un-stimulated samples. Samples are also included for background and isotype control. Cells are analyzed using well-defined image analysis software. Confocal microscopy may be used to define the presence of METs both in vitro and in vivo in lung tissue.

Macrophage extracellular traps are a newly described entity. This article will concentrate on confocal microscopy methods and how they are visualized in vitro and in vivo from lung samples.

利用共焦显微镜可视化巨噬细胞胞外陷阱

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

抗体药物对小鼠骨髓及腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用的评价

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞 Inflammasome 活化和 Pyroptotic 细胞死亡的检测

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model to Measure Na&#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played by T cells in an immune response. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to obtain granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived-dendritic cells (DCs). The protocol also describes the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin peptide (OVAp)-loaded GM-CSF-derived DCs and na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from OTII transgenic mice in order to analyze the in vivo activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells. This protocol circumvents the limitation of purely in vivo methods imposed by the inability to specifically manipulate or select the studied cell population. Moreover, this protocol allows studies in an in vivo environment, thus avoiding alterations to functional factors that may occur in vitro and including the influence of cell types and other factors only found in intact organs. The protocol is a useful tool for generating changes in DCs and T cells that modify adaptive immune responses, potentially providing important results to understand the origin or development of numerous immune associated diseases.

Here, we present a protocol for the in vivo determination of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell (T cell) activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation induced by GM-CSF bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, this protocol describes BM and T-cell isolation, DC generation, and DC and T-cell adoptive transfer.

小鼠骨髓基质树突状细胞诱导 CD4 T 细胞活化、增殖和 Th1 分化的体外模型研究

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played ...