Questo lavoro è stato supportato dal CNRS (PICS 2012-2014 a EG), e da una sovvenzione della Regione Campania (LR n.5, 28.03.2002 a Giovanna Mottola). Filippo Conti è un collega della Cooperazione Scientifica Fondazione&#39;&#39; Infectiopole Sud&#39;&#39;. Nicola Boucherit è un collega del Ministero francese per la Ricerca e la Tecnologia. Le fonti di finanziamento hanno avuto alcun ruolo nel disegno dello studio, raccolta dati, analisi dei dati, la decisione di pubblicare, o preparazione del manoscritto.

Dichiarazione Etica Il protocollo per la gestione degli animali è stato approvato dal nostro Comitato Etico istituzionale Animal &quot;Conseil Scientifique du Centre de Formation et de Recherche Sperimentale Médico-Chirurgical&quot; (CFREMC, permesso Progetto 10-300.122.013 a Eric Ghigo) da Aix-Marseille University in accordo con le regole di Décret N ° 87-848 del 1987/10/19. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti presso la Faculté de Médecine de la Timone (permesso Sperimentazione numero 13,385 a Eric Ghigo). 1. Materiali e Culture Media Preparazione <ol><li> Sterilizzare due pinze, due forbici, due lame chirurgiche, un mortaio e un pestello. </li><li> Ottenere DMEM completo contenente 10% di siero fetale bovino (FCS), glutammina 2 mM, 100 U / ml di penicillina e 100 pg / ml streptomicina. </li><li> Diluire 10x PBS in acqua distillata sterile per ottenere 1x PBS. </li><li> Ottenere ghiacciata 1x PBS, DMEM completo ghiacciata, completi wa DMEMrmed a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione di L929 surnatanti cellulari <ol><li> Crescere cellule L929 a confluenza (venti 175 centimetri 2 beute) in DMEM completo a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2. </li></ol> Nota: granulociti-macrofagi colonie factor (GM-CSF), stimola è necessario per indurre la differenziazione delle cellule ematopoietiche in macrofagi 12. L929 cellule producono GM-CSF. <ol start="2"><li> Alla confluenza, sostituire coltura con DMEM fresco completo. Trasferire beute a 32 ° C, 5% CO 2 per 10 giorni. </li><li> Raccogliere, piscina e centrifugare il surnatante a 750 xg per 10 min. Gettare pellet cellulari. </li><li> Conservare surnatanti in provette da 15 ml e conservare a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Derivate dal midollo osseo macrofagi (BMDM) Preparazione <ol><li> Sacrifica 1 mouse dislocazione cervicale. <ol><li> Utilizzare lame chirurgiche sterili tutto l&#39;esperimento. Disinfettare la pelle con il 70% AlcoHol. Fare un&#39;incisione nella parte superiore di entrambe le zampe posteriori e tirare la pelle verso il piede per esporre il muscolo. </li><li> Tagliare le zampe posteriori, togliere la pelle con le forbici sterili e pinze sterili. Posizionare gambe di un piastra di Petri sterile (35/10 mm) contenente sterile, ghiacciata PBS 1x (5 ml). </li><li> Togliere la carne e muscoli che sono aderente alle ossa con le forbici sterili e pinze. </li></ol></li><li> Trasferire le ossa in una nuova piastra di Petri sterile (35/10 mm) contenente ghiacciata, sterile PBS 1x (5 ml). Lavare le ossa due volte con 5 ml ghiacciata, sterile PBS 1x. </li><li> Trasferire l&#39;osso in un mortaio sterile contenente 5 ml ghiacciata, sterile PBS 1x. </li><li> Tagliare la tibia dal femore alla giuntura con forbici sterili. Rompete le ossa dolcemente in un mortaio sterile contenente 5 ml di ghiacciata, sterile 1x PBS utilizzando un pestello. </li><li> Raccogliere il surnatante in provette da 15 ml ghiacciate. Ripetere questa operazione 3 volte. </li><li> Filtrare attraverso un 70 micron stra cellulare Nyloniner per rimuovere i frammenti solidi. Centrifugare il filtrato a 450 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Eliminare delicatamente il surnatante. Dissociare il pellet in 10 ml di tampone di lisi dei globuli rossi per 30 sec. Aggiungere 20 ml ghiacciata, DMEM completo. </li></ol> Nota: Lo scopo di questa fase è quello di rimuovere contaminanti globuli rossi, quindi, questa operazione deve essere eseguita entro 2 minuti per evitare alterazioni delle cellule ematopoietiche dal buffer sangue rosso lisi cellulare. <ol start="8"><li> Centrifugare a 450 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Eliminare delicatamente il surnatante. Dissociare il pellet in 20 ml di DMEM completo che è stato riscaldato a 37 ° C. </li><li> Trasferire le cellule dissociate in 2 piastre di Petri (100/20 mm). Incubare per 4 ore a 37 ° C. </li><li> Raccogliere i surnatanti in 50 ml provette a temperatura ambiente. Eliminare i piatti che contengono i macrofagi residenti. </li></ol> Nota: L&#39;obiettivo di questa fase è quello di eliminare il Marro osso residentemacrofagi w per la loro capacità di aderire alla plastica coltura trattata. Questi macrofagi residenti possono essere utilizzati in altri esperimenti. <ol start="11"><li> Centrifugare i surnatanti raccolti a 450 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Scartare il surnatante. </li><li> Dissociare delicatamente il pellet in 10 ml di DMEM completo contenente il 15% L929 surnatante cellulare. Filtrare le cellule attraverso un filtro di 40 micron cella in nylon. </li><li> Recuperare il filtrato. Aggiungere il filtrato raccolto (10 ml) a 140 ml di DMEM completo che è stato integrato con il 15% delle cellule L929 supporti. </li><li> Distribuire 10 ml di sospensione cellulare per Petri dish (15 capsule di Petri, 100/20 mm). Incubare le cellule a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2. </li><li> Crescere cellule per 3 giorni </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di DMEM completo che è stato supplementato con 15% L929. Incubare le cellule per 4 giorni aggiuntivi. </li></ol> Nota: Controllare la crescita delle cellule periodicamente con un microscopio invertito (passi 3,14-3,16). Macrofagi aderenti sarannoosservata dopo 3 giorni di coltura. 4. BMDMs di raccolta <ol><li> Rimuovere il surnatante. Lavare BMDMs 2 volte con DMEM completo </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml DMEM completo che è stata scaldato a 37 ° C. Staccare BMDMs raschiando delicatamente con un poliziotto di gomma. </li><li> Raccogliere BMDMs in provette da 50 ml e centrifugare a 450 xg per 10 min. Dissociare delicatamente pellet cellulari in 20 ml di DMEM completo. </li><li> Contare BMDMs in presenza di blu tripano (senza mortalità superiore al 10% deve osservare). </li></ol> Nota: Generalmente, circa 6-7,5 x 10 7 macrofagi sono ottenuti da 15 piastre di Petri (100/20 mm) dei macrofagi. Ci sono circa 4-5 x 10 6 / macrofagi capsula di Petri (100/20 mm). <ol start="5"><li> Preparare BMDMs come richiesto per l&#39;esperimento. Dopo 16 ore in completo supporto a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2, macrofagi sarà nuovamente aderire al supporto. </li></ol> 5. Memorizzazione BMDMs <ol><li> Raccogliere BMDMs isolate (passo 4,3). Centrifugare a 450 xg per 10 min. Nota: BMDMs possono essere congelati in azoto liquido. </li><li> Risospendere pellet cellulari in congelamento supporto costituito da 10% DMSO e 90% FCS ad una concentrazione finale di 4 x 10 6 cellule / ml e pipetta 1 ml in ciascuna fiala. </li><li> Congelare le cellule ad una velocità di raffreddamento di 1 ° C / min. Dopo 24 ore, trasferire la fiala ad un contenitore di azoto liquido per la conservazione a lungo termine. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rutherford, M. S., Witsell, A., Schook, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+generating+functionally+heterogeneous+macrophages:+chaos+revisited.">Mechanisms generating functionally heterogeneous macrophages: chaos revisited.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 53, 602-618 (1993).</li><li>Van Furth, R., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Adams, D., Halmiton, T., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Morris, L., Graham, C. F., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+in+haemopoietic+and+other+tissues+of+the+developing+mouse+detected+by+the+monoclonal+antibody+F4/80.">Macrophages in haemopoietic and other tissues of the developing mouse detected by the monoclonal antibody F4/80.</a> Development. 112, 517-526 (1991).</li><li>Haas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phagosome:+compartment+with+a+license+to+kill.">The phagosome: compartment with a license to kill.</a> Traffic. 8, 311-330 (2007).</li><li>Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytosis+of+microbes:+complexity+in+action.">Phagocytosis of microbes: complexity in action.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 825-852 (2002).</li><li>Castagna, A., Polati, R., Bossi, A. M., Girelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte/macrophage+proteomics:+recent+findings+and+biomedical+applications.">Monocyte/macrophage proteomics: recent findings and biomedical applications.</a> Expert Rev. Proteomics. 9, 201-215 (2012).</li><li>Benoit, M., Desnues, B., Mege, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+polarization+in+bacterial+infections.">Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections.</a> J. Immunol. 181, 3733-3739 (2008).</li><li>Barry, A. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+stimulation+of+p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS+by+LPS+from+pathogenic+Coxiella+burnetii+prevents+trafficking+to+microbicidal+phagolysosomes.">Impaired stimulation of p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS by LPS from pathogenic Coxiella burnetii prevents trafficking to microbicidal phagolysosomes.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 12, 751-763 (2012).</li><li>Henry, R. M., Hoppe, A. D., Joshi, N., Swanson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uniformity+of+phagosome+maturation+in+macrophages.">The uniformity of phagosome maturation in macrophages.</a> J. Cell Biol. 164, 185-194 (2004).</li><li>Sundaramurthy, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+Chemical+and+RNAi+Multiparametric+Profiles+Identifies+Triggers+of+Intracellular+Mycobacterial+Killing.">Integration of Chemical and RNAi Multiparametric Profiles Identifies Triggers of Intracellular Mycobacterial Killing.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 13, 129-142 (2013).</li><li>Boltz-Nitulescu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+rat+bone+marrow+cells+into+macrophages+under+the+influence+of+mouse+L929+cell+supernatant.">Differentiation of rat bone marrow cells into macrophages under the influence of mouse L929 cell supernatant.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 41, 83-91 (1987).</li></ol>

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Il protocollo qui descritto dettaglia un metodo per produrre un gran numero di BMDMs. BMDM sono cellule primarie e hanno la funzione e le proprietà dei macrofagi differenziati da monociti biologico perché ci sono maturo, in contrasto con linee cellulari di macrofagi, che sono immaturi. BMDMs possono essere utilizzati per lo screening genetico (RNAi), screening di farmaci, studi funzionali, studi di interazione ospite-patogeno e molte altre aree di indagine. La procedura qui presentata è m...

Un aspetto significativo della funzione dei macrofagi è il loro ruolo nella immunità innata e adattativa. A causa della loro capacità di fagocitare particelle inerti, batteri o parassiti, i macrofagi sono una prima linea di difesa contro gli invasori stranieri. Una volta interiorizzato, i microbi sono degradati all&#39;interno phagolysosomes. I macrofagi anche inviare segnali di reclutamento per e gli antigeni presenti di altre cellule immunitarie come i linfociti T. I macrofagi sono derivati ​​da monociti. Monociti sorgono nel midollo osseo da cellule staminali mieloidi e migrano sangue periferico e vari tessuti dove si differenziano in macrofagi. Si stima che un topo adulto sana contiene circa 10 8 macrofagi che sono distribuiti in tutto il corpo in vari organi e tessuti (Tabella 1) 1,2. I macrofagi mostrano grande fenotipica e diversità funzionale a causa della loro capacità di adattarsi al loro 3,4 microambiente. Il MACROP più importantestruttura hage è la loro attività microbicida, che è definito dalla capacità di fagocitare i microbi e distruggerli. La risposta fagocitaria è definita mediante l&#39;attivazione di reti di segnalazione complesse che vengono stimolati dal contatto microbica, quindi, macrofagi modulano l&#39;espressione genica in modo appropriato in risposta a diversi stimoli. Dopo la fagocitosi, i microbi vengono eliminati in una struttura chiamata fagolisosoma, tuttavia, molti microbi patogeni hanno sviluppato strategie per sovvertire la funzione microbicida dei macrofagi 5. La diversità dei meccanismi di sovversione che sono utilizzati da diverse specie microbiche è un testamento alla complessità del processo di fagocitosi 6 e fagolisosoma biogenesi. Le malattie infettive sono i principali problemi di salute umana, e numerosi meccanismi e molecole partecipano alle attività antimicrobiche macrofagi. Inoltre, gli obiettivi delle proprietà microbicida che vengono dirottati da microbi rimangono sconosciute, quindi, vi è una notificaxplosion di interesse per gli aspetti evolutivi, genetici e biochimici delle interazioni ospite-patogeno che ha rinnovato l&#39;attenzione scientifiche per quanto riguarda i macrofagi. Attualmente, la maggior parte della ricerca nel campo viene fatta su macrofagi linee cellulari, che differiscono da macrofagi primari dell&#39;attività fagocitaria, la produzione di citochine e la regolazione del burst ossidativo. Inoltre, sono meno adatti per microscopia. Per studiare l&#39;interazione macrofagi-agenti patogeni si consiglia di utilizzare i macrofagi primari, come il midollo osseo macrofagi derivati ​​(BMDMs), che presentano caratteristiche più fisiologiche. Inoltre, è possibile lavorare su BMDMs geneticamente modificati, perché questi macrofagi possono essere isolati direttamente da topi transgenici e, con la disponibilità di nuove tecnologie come transfezione lentivirale, il loro profilo di espressione genica può essere alterato da sovraespressione del gene o RNA interferenza. Qui, si descrive un procedimento per differenziare murino osso mfreccia in macrofagi che forniranno un gran numero di macrofagi in 7 giorni per varie analisi funzionale, come la proteomica 7, trascrittomica 8, traffico intracellulare studia 9, studi dinamici 10, schermi genetiche (RNAi) e lo screening di stupefacenti 11.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21969-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10x)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BEM515F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 70 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 40 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (100/20 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (35/10 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bone marrow-derived macrophage production

I macrofagi sono componenti critici delle risposte immunitarie innate e adattative, e sono la prima linea di difesa contro gli invasori stranieri a causa delle loro potenti attività microbicida. I macrofagi sono ampiamente distribuiti in tutto il corpo e sono presenti negli organi linfoidi, fegato, polmoni, tratto gastrointestinale, sistema nervoso centrale, le ossa e la pelle. A causa della loro ripartizione, partecipano in un&#39;ampia gamma di processi fisiologici e patologici. I macrofagi sono cellule altamente versatile in grado di riconoscere alterazioni microambientali e per mantenere l&#39;omeostasi tissutale. Numerosi agenti patogeni si sono evoluti meccanismi per utilizzare i macrofagi come cavalli di Troia per sopravvivere, replicarsi in, e infettare sia gli esseri umani e gli animali e per diffondere in tutto il corpo. La recente esplosione di interesse per gli aspetti evolutivi, genetici e biochimici delle interazioni ospite-patogeno ha rinnovato l&#39;attenzione scientifiche per quanto riguarda i macrofagi. Qui, descriviamo unprocedura per isolare e coltivare macrofagi da midollo osseo murino che fornirà un gran numero di macrofagi per studiare le interazioni ospite-patogeno nonché altri processi.

Lo scopo di questo metodo era di ottenere facilmente un gran numero di macrofagi in pochi giorni. La preparazione di cellule di midollo osseo è illustrato in Figura 1. Le ossa della zampa posteriore sono stati raccolti e fracassato in un mortaio. Una volta che i macrofagi residenti sono stati rimossi dalla preparazione di cellule di midollo osseo, cellule del midollo osseo sono state incubate con GM-CSF (giorno 0). Dopo 3 giorni, le cellule, che erano intorno e nonadherent prima cultura, iniziano a dif...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production at JoVE.com

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

I macrofagi sono da tempo riconosciuti come una componente critica delle risposte immunitarie innate e adattative. La recente esplosione di conoscenze relative agli aspetti evolutivi, genetici e biochimici dell&#39;interazione tra macrofagi e microbi ha rinnovato l&#39;attenzione scientifica ai macrofagi. Questo articolo descrive un metodo per differenziare macrofagi da midollo osseo di topo.

Derivate dal midollo osseo macrofagi Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

bone-marrow-derived-macrophage-production

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

72.8K Views.  Aix-Marseille Université.  I macrofagi sono da tempo riconosciuti come una componente critica delle risposte immunitarie innate e adattative. La recente esplosione di conoscenze relative agli aspetti evolutivi, genetici e biochimici dell'interazione tra macrofagi e microbi ha rinnovato l'attenzione scientifica ai macrofagi. Questo articolo descrive un metodo per differenziare macrofagi da midollo osseo di topo. 

Video: Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

Toxoplasma gondii parete formazione di cisti in attivo dal midollo osseo macrofagi e condizioni Bradyzoite

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

Generazione e l&#39;etichettatura di Murine osseo cellule dendritiche derivate dal midollo con nanocristalli Qdot per gli Studi inseguimento

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Indagine di polarizzazione dei macrofagi Utilizzando Bone Marrow macrofagi derivati

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Isolamento e iniezione endovenosa di Murine derivate dal midollo osseo monociti

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or M(LPS) macrophages are pro-inflammatory, IL-4 induces alternative macrophage activation and these so-called M2 or M(IL-4) support resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Recent evidence shows the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. 
In this manuscript, an extracellular flux analyzer is applied to assess the metabolic characteristics of naive, M1 and M2 polarized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This instrument uses pH and oxygen sensors to measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which can be related to glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. As such, both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can be measured in real-time in one single assay.
Using this technique, we demonstrate here that inflammatory M1 macrophages display enhanced glycolytic metabolism and reduced mitochondrial activity. Conversely, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages show high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and are characterized by an enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC). 
The presented functional assay serves as a framework to investigate how particular cytokines, pharmacological compounds, gene knock outs or other interventions affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolic phenotype and inflammatory status.

Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic and prerequisite for M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. This manuscript describes an assay for the measurement of fundamental parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This tool can be applied to investigate how particular factors affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolism and phenotype.

Caratterizzazione metabolica di Polarized M1 e M2 macrofagi derivate dal midollo osseo Utilizzando analisi in tempo reale extracellulare Flux

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Valutazione degli effetti di farmaci a base di anticorpi sul midollo osseo murino e l'attivazione dei macrofagi peritoneali

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

Rilevamento di attivazione Inflammasome e morte delle cellule Pyroptotic in macrofagi murini derivate da midollo osseo

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model to Measure Na&#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played by T cells in an immune response. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to obtain granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived-dendritic cells (DCs). The protocol also describes the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin peptide (OVAp)-loaded GM-CSF-derived DCs and na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from OTII transgenic mice in order to analyze the in vivo activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells. This protocol circumvents the limitation of purely in vivo methods imposed by the inability to specifically manipulate or select the studied cell population. Moreover, this protocol allows studies in an in vivo environment, thus avoiding alterations to functional factors that may occur in vitro and including the influence of cell types and other factors only found in intact organs. The protocol is a useful tool for generating changes in DCs and T cells that modify adaptive immune responses, potentially providing important results to understand the origin or development of numerous immune associated diseases.

An &lt;em&gt;In Vivo&lt;/em&gt; Mouse Model to Measure Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Here, we present a protocol for the in vivo determination of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell (T cell) activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation induced by GM-CSF bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, this protocol describes BM and T-cell isolation, DC generation, and DC and T-cell adoptive transfer.

Un modello di topo In Vivo di attivazione delle cellule T Naïve CD4 di misura, la proliferazione e la differenziazione Th1 indotta dalle cellule dendritiche derivate da midollo osseo

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played ...

Isolation and In vitro Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for the Study of NO-Redox Biology

Macrophages are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells throughout the body, are central to inflammatory processes, and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. In vitro study of macrophages can be undertaken by ex vivo culture from the peritoneum or through differentiation of myeloid bone marrow progenitor cells to form bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). A common approach to macrophage differentiation from precursors involves the use of conditioned media from L929 cells (LCM). This media is easy to self-produce but suffers from batch variability, and its constituents are undefined. Similarly, Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is used to support growth but contains a vast mixture of undefined molecules that may vary between batches. These methods are not adequate for the study of nitric oxide biology and redox mechanisms as they both contain substantial amounts of small molecules that either interfere with redox mechanisms or supplement levels of cofactors, such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), required for the production of NO from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this report, we present an optimized protocol allowing for control of the NO-redox environment by reducing the levels of exogenous biopterin while maintaining conditions suitable for cell growth and differentiation. Tight control of culture media composition helps ensure experimental reproducibility and facilitates accurate interpretation of results. In this protocol, BMDMs were obtained from a GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH)- deficient mouse model. Culture of BMDMs was performed with media containing either (i) conditioned LCM, or (ii) recombinant M-CSF and GM-CSF to produce minimal artifacts while obtaining BH4 and NO-deficient culture conditions - thus allowing for the reproducible study of NO-redox biology and immunometabolism in vitro.

Isolation and In vitro Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for the Study of NO-Redox Biology

This protocol has been established to culture tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)- and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-deficient primary murine macrophages to study NO-redox biology. The study focuses on reducing potential contamination of BH4 and other artifacts found in traditional isolation and culture methods which may confound experimental outcomes and interpretation of results.

Isolamento e coltura in vitro di macrofagi derivati dal midollo osseo per lo studio della biologia NO-Redox

Macrophages are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells throughout the body, are central to inflammatory processes, and participate in innate and ...

Economical and Efficient Protocol for Isolating and Culturing Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells from Mice

The demand for dendritic cells (DCs) is gradually increasing as immunology research advances. However, DCs are rare in all tissues. The traditional method for isolating DCs primarily involves inducing bone marrow (BM) differentiation into DCs by injecting large doses (&#62;10 ng/mL) of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-4 (GM-CSF/IL-4), making the procedure complex and expensive. In this protocol, using all BM cells cultured in 10 ng/mL GM-CSF/IL-4 medium, after 3-4 half-culture exchanges, up to 2.7 x 107 CD11c+ cells&#160;(DCs) per mouse (two femurs) were harvested with a purity of 80%-95%. After 10 days in culture, the expression of CD11c, CD80, and MHC II increased, whereas the number of cells decreased. The number of cells peaked after 7 days of culture. Moreover, this method only took 10 min to harvest all bone marrow cells, and a high number of DCs were obtained after 1 week of culture.

Here, we present an economical and efficient method to isolate and generate high-purity bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from mice after 7 days of culture with 10 ng/mL GM-CSF/IL-4.

Protocollo economico ed efficiente per l'isolamento e la coltura di cellule dendritiche derivate dal midollo osseo da topi

The demand for dendritic cells (DCs) is gradually increasing as immunology research advances. However, DCs are rare in all tissues. The traditional method ...