Bu çalışma CNRS (RESİMLER EG 2012-2014) tarafından ve Regione Campania (LR n.5, Giovanna Mottola 2002/03/28) bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir. Filippo Conti Bilimsel İşbirliği Vakfı&#39;&#39; Infectiopole Sud bir üyesidir.&#39;&#39; Nicola Boucherit Araştırma ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Fransız bir adam olduğunu. Finansman kaynakları çalışma tasarımı, veri toplama, veri analizi, yayınlamak kararı, ya da yazının hazırlanmasında hiçbir rolü vardı.

Etik Bildirimi Kurallara uygun olarak Aix-Marseille Üniversitesi&#39;nden hayvan taşınması için protokol bizim kurumsal Hayvan Etik Kurul &quot;Conseil Scientifique du Centre de Formation et de Recherche Deneysel Médico-chirurgical&quot; tarafından onaylandı (CFREMC, Eric Ghigo Proje izni 10-300.122.013) bir Décret N 1987/10/19 arasında 87-848 °. Deneyler Faculté de Médecine de la Timone (Eric Ghigo için Deneme İzni numarası 13.385) gerçekleştirildi. 1.. Malzeme ve Kültür Ortamı Hazırlama <ol><li> Iki forseps, iki makas, iki cerrahi bıçaklar, bir havan ve havan sterilize edin. </li><li> % 10 fetal buzağı serumu (FCS), 2 mM glutamin, 100 U / ml penisilin ve / ml streptomisin ihtiva eden 100 ug tam DMEM elde edilir. </li><li> 1x PBS elde etmek için steril damıtılmış su içinde 10x PBS seyreltin. </li><li> Buz gibi soğuk 1 x PBS, buz soğukluğunda tam DMEM, tam bir DMEM wa elde edilir37 ° C&#39;ye kadar şekillendirilir </li></ol> 2. L929 Hücre üst fazlan hazırlanması <ol><li> , 37 ° C de tam DMEM (yirmi 175 cm 2 şişeler)% 5 CO2 akmak üzere L929 hücreleri büyütün. </li></ol> Not: faktörü (GM-CSF) uyarıcı Granülosit-makrofaj koloni makrofaj 12 içine hematopoietik hücre değişimini etkileme için gereklidir. L929 hücreleri, GM-CSF üretir. <ol start="2"><li> Izdiham, taze tam DMEM ile kültür ortamı değiştirin. 10 gün boyunca 32 ° C,% 5 CO2 için şişeler aktarın. </li><li> Toplayın, havuz ve 10 dakika için 750 xg Süpernatantlar santrifüj. Hücre pelet atın. </li><li> -20 ° C&#39;de 15 ml tüpler ve mağaza saklayın yüzer </li></ol> 3. Kemik Makrofaj (BMDM) HAZIRLIĞI İliği-türevli <ol><li> Servikal dislokasyon 1 fare Kurban. <ol><li> Deney boyunca steril bir cerrahi bıçaklar kullanın. % 70 alkolizm ile cildi dezenfektehol. Her arka bacak üstünde bir kesi yapmak ve kas maruz ayak doğru deri aşağıya çekin. </li><li> Arka ayaklarını kesti, steril makas ve steril forseps ile cilt kaldırmak. Steril, buz gibi soğuk 1 x PBS (5 mi) ihtiva eden steril bir Petri kabı (35/10 mm) olan bacaklar yerleştirin. </li><li> Steril makas ve forseps ile kemik yapışmış olan eti ve kasları çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Buz soğukluğunda steril 1x PBS (5 mi) ihtiva eden yeni, steril bir Petri kabı (35/10 mm) içine kemikleri aktarın. 5 ml buz soğukluğunda steril 1 x PBS ile kemikleri iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> 5 ml buz soğukluğunda steril 1 x PBS içeren steril bir havanda içine kemik aktarın. </li><li> Steril makasla eklem femur tibia kesti. Bir havan tokmağı kullanılarak 5 ml buz gibi soğuk, steril 1 x PBS içeren steril bir havanda yavaşça kemikleri şut. </li><li> Buz soğukluğunda 15 ml tüpler içinde süpernatan toplamak. Bu adım 3x tekrarlayın. </li><li> 70 mikron naylon filtre içinden hücre strakatı parçaları kaldırmak için İner. 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüje süzüntü </li><li> Yavaşça süpernatant atın. 30 saniye için 10 ml alyuvar lisiz tamponu pelet ayrıştırmaları. 20 ml buz soğukluğunda, tam DMEM ekleyin. </li></ol> Not: Bu adımın amacı, kırmızı kan hücreleri, kirletici kaldırmak için, bu yüzden, bu adım alyuvar lisiz tamponu ile hematopoietik hücre değişimini önlemek için 2 dakika içinde gerçekleştirilmelidir. <ol start="8"><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüje Yavaşça süpernatant atın. 37 ° C&#39;ye ısıtılmış olan 20 ml bitmiş DMEM içinde pelet ayırmak </li><li> 2 Petri kapları (100/20 mm) içine ayrışmış hücreleri aktarın. 37 ° C&#39;de 4 saat inkübe bunları </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 50 ml tüpler içinde süpernatantlar toplayın. Ikamet makrofajlar içeren yemekleri atın. </li></ol> Not: Bu adımın amacı, yerleşik kemik Marro ortadan kaldırmak içinkültürü-işlenmiş plastik uymak için kabiliyetleri ile w makrofajlar. Bu yerleşik makrofajlar diğer deneylerde de kullanılabilir. <ol start="11"><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj Toplanan süpernatantlar Süpernatant atın. </li><li> 10 ml% 15 L929 hücre süpernatan ihtiva eden tam bir DMEM içinde yavaşça pelet ayrıştırmaları. 40 mikron naylon hücre süzgecinden hücrelerin filtre. </li><li> Filtratı kurtarın. 140 ml% 15 L929 hücre ortamı ile takviye edilmiş DMEM tam için toplanan filtrat (10 mi) ilave edin. </li><li> Petri kabı (15 Petri kapları, 100/20 mm) başına hücre süspansiyonu 10 ml dağıtın. 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 de hücreleri inkübe edin. </li><li> 3 gün boyunca hücrelerin büyümesine </li><li> 10 ml% 15 L929 deneyinde ile takviye edilmiş DMEM tam ekleyin. Ilave 4 gün boyunca inkübe hücreleri. </li></ol> Not: Bir ters mikroskop ile, periyodik olarak, hücre büyümesini Monitör (3,14-3,16 adım). Yapışık makrofajlar olacakkültür 3 gün sonra saptanmıştır. 4. Hasat BMDMs <ol><li> Süpernatant kaldırmak. Bitmiş DMEM ile BMDMs 2 kez yıkayın </li><li> 5 ml 37 ° C&#39;ye ısıtıldı edilmiş tam bir DMEM ekleme Nazikçe bir lastik polis ile kazıyarak BMDMs ayırın. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca 450 x g &#39;de 50 ml tüpler ve santrifüj BMDMs toplayın. Yavaşça, 20 ml bitmiş DMEM içinde hücre pelletleri ayrışır. </li><li> Tripan mavisi mevcudiyetinde BMDMs Toplamı (en fazla% 10 mortalite dikkat edilmelidir.) </li></ol> Not: Genellikle, yaklaşık 6-7.5 x 10 7 makrofajlar makrofaj 15 Petri kutularına (100/20 mm) elde edilmiştir. Yaklaşık 4-5 x 10 6 makrofaj / Petri (100/20 mm) vardır. <ol start="5"><li> Deney için gerekli olan BMDMs hazırlayın. 37 ° C&#39;de komple ortam içinde 16 saat sonra,% 5 CO2, makrofajlar yeniden desteğe yapışır. </li></ol> 5. BMDMs saklanması <ol><li> İzole BMDMs (adım 4.3) toplayın. 10 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj. Not: BMDMs sıvı azot içinde dondurulmuş olabilir. </li><li> Her bir ampul içine / ml pipet ve 1 ml 4 x 10 6 hücre nihai konsantrasyonda,% 10 DMSO ve% 90 FCS içeren dondurma ortamı içinde yeniden süspanse hücre topakları. </li><li> 1 ° C / dk bir soğutma oranında hücreleri dondurur. 24 saat sonra uzun süreli saklama için sıvı nitrojen kaba ampul aktarın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rutherford, M. S., Witsell, A., Schook, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+generating+functionally+heterogeneous+macrophages:+chaos+revisited.">Mechanisms generating functionally heterogeneous macrophages: chaos revisited.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 53, 602-618 (1993).</li><li>Van Furth, R., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Adams, D., Halmiton, T., Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M., Snyderman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 112, 325-336 (1992).</li><li>Morris, L., Graham, C. F., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+in+haemopoietic+and+other+tissues+of+the+developing+mouse+detected+by+the+monoclonal+antibody+F4/80.">Macrophages in haemopoietic and other tissues of the developing mouse detected by the monoclonal antibody F4/80.</a> Development. 112, 517-526 (1991).</li><li>Haas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phagosome:+compartment+with+a+license+to+kill.">The phagosome: compartment with a license to kill.</a> Traffic. 8, 311-330 (2007).</li><li>Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytosis+of+microbes:+complexity+in+action.">Phagocytosis of microbes: complexity in action.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 825-852 (2002).</li><li>Castagna, A., Polati, R., Bossi, A. M., Girelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte/macrophage+proteomics:+recent+findings+and+biomedical+applications.">Monocyte/macrophage proteomics: recent findings and biomedical applications.</a> Expert Rev. Proteomics. 9, 201-215 (2012).</li><li>Benoit, M., Desnues, B., Mege, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+polarization+in+bacterial+infections.">Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections.</a> J. Immunol. 181, 3733-3739 (2008).</li><li>Barry, A. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+stimulation+of+p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS+by+LPS+from+pathogenic+Coxiella+burnetii+prevents+trafficking+to+microbicidal+phagolysosomes.">Impaired stimulation of p38alpha-MAPK/Vps41-HOPS by LPS from pathogenic Coxiella burnetii prevents trafficking to microbicidal phagolysosomes.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 12, 751-763 (2012).</li><li>Henry, R. M., Hoppe, A. D., Joshi, N., Swanson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uniformity+of+phagosome+maturation+in+macrophages.">The uniformity of phagosome maturation in macrophages.</a> J. Cell Biol. 164, 185-194 (2004).</li><li>Sundaramurthy, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+Chemical+and+RNAi+Multiparametric+Profiles+Identifies+Triggers+of+Intracellular+Mycobacterial+Killing.">Integration of Chemical and RNAi Multiparametric Profiles Identifies Triggers of Intracellular Mycobacterial Killing.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 13, 129-142 (2013).</li><li>Boltz-Nitulescu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+rat+bone+marrow+cells+into+macrophages+under+the+influence+of+mouse+L929+cell+supernatant.">Differentiation of rat bone marrow cells into macrophages under the influence of mouse L929 cell supernatant.</a> J. Leukocyte Biol. 41, 83-91 (1987).</li></ol>

Hiçbir çıkar beyan çatışmalar vardır.

Burada tarif edilen protokol BMDMs çok sayıda üretilmesi için bir yöntem göstermektedir. BMDM birincil hücreler ve olgunlaşmamış makrofaj hücre hatları, aksine, olgun vardır, çünkü biyolojik fonksiyonunu ve monositler ayırt makrofajların özelliklerine sahiptir. BMDMs genetik tarama (RNAi), ilaç tarama, fonksiyonel çalışmalar, konak-patojen etkileşimi çalışmaları ve soruşturma diğer birçok alanda kullanılabilir. Burada sunulan işlem çok basittir ve herhangi b...

Makrofaj fonksiyonunun önemli bir yönü doğal ve adaptif bağışıklık rolleri olduğunu. Çünkü asal partiküller, bakteri veya parazit fagosite kapasiteleri, makrofajlar yabancı işgalcilere karşı ilk savunma hattı vardır. Bir kez içselleştirilmiş, mikroplar fagolizozomları içinde parçalanırlar. Aynı zamanda makrofajlar, T lenfositler ve diğer bağışıklık hücrelerinin için işe alım sinyalleri ve antijenlerini gönderebilirsiniz. Makrofajlar monositlerden elde edilmiştir. Monositler miyeloid kök hücrelerden kemik iliği ortaya çıkan ve makrofajlara ayırt periferik kan ve çeşitli dokulara göç ederler. Sağlıklı yetişkin fare, çeşitli organ ve dokularda (Tablo 1), 1,2 vücut boyunca dağıtılan yaklaşık 10 8 makrofajlar içerdiği tahmin edilmektedir. Makrofajlar nedeniyle mikroçevresinin 3,4 uyum kabiliyetleri büyük fenotipik ve fonksiyonel çeşitlilik gösterir. En önemli macrophage mülkiyet mikropları fagosite ve onları yok etmek için kendi kapasitesi ile tanımlanır onların mikrobisidal faaliyetidir. Fagositik yanıt mikrobiyal temas ile uyarılır kompleks sinyal ağların aktivasyonu ile tanımlanan, bu yüzden, makrofajlar çeşitli uyaranlara karşı yanıt olarak uygun gen ifadesini modüle ederler. Fagositozundan sonra, mikroplar phagolysosome denilen bir yapıda ortadan kalkar, ancak birçok patojen mikroplar makrofaj 5 mikrobisidal fonksiyonunu yıkmak için stratejiler geliştirdik. Farklı mikrobiyal türler tarafından kullanılan yıkılma mekanizmalarının çeşitlilik Fagositik sürecinin 6 karmaşıklığı ve phagolysosome biyogeneze bir kanıtıdır. Bulaşıcı hastalıklar, başlıca insan sağlık sorunları, ve çok sayıda mekanizmaları ve molekülleri makrofaj antimikrobiyal faaliyetlerine katılmak. Ayrıca, mikroplar tarafından kaçırıldı vardır mikrobisidal özelliklerinin hedefleri hala bilinmiyor, bu nedenle, bir e varmakrofajlar ile ilgili bilimsel dikkatini yeniledi konak-patojen etkileşimleri, evrimsel genetik ve biyokimyasal açıdan ilgi xplosion. Şu anda, bu alanda araştırma çoğunluğu fagositik aktivitesi, sitokin üretimi ve oksidatif patlama düzenlenmesinde birincil makrofaj farklılık makrofajlar hücre çizgileri, yapılır. Buna ek olarak, mikroskopi için daha az uygundur. Etkileşim makrofajlar-patojenleri araştırmak için daha fazla fizyolojik özellikler sergileyen bu gibi Kemik İliği kökenli makrofajlar (BMDMs) birincil makrofajlar, kullanımı tavsiye edilir. Bu makrofajlar transgenik farelerden izole edilmiş ve doğrudan doğruya, örneğin lentiviral transfeksiyonu gibi yeni teknolojilerin durumu ile olabilir çünkü Ayrıca, bu, genetik olarak modifiye edilmiş BMDMs üzerinde çalışmak mümkündür, bunların gen ekspresyon profili gen aşırı ifadesi veya RNA girişim ile değiştirilebilir. Burada, biz fare kemik m ayırt etmek için bir prosedür açıklanmaktadırfonksiyonel gibi Proteomikte 7, transkriptomik 8 gibi analizler çeşitli için 7 gün içinde makrofajlar çok sayıda sağlayacaktır makrofajlar içine ok, içi insan ticareti 9, dinamik çalışmaları 10, genetik ekranlar (RNAi) ve 11 tarama ilaç çalışmaları.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21969-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10x)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BEM515F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 70 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 40 &#956;m Nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (100/20 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (35/10 mm)</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bone marrow-derived macrophage production

Makrofajlar, doğal ve adaptif immün yanıtları kritik bileşenleri ve bunlar nedeniyle güçlü mikrobisidal faaliyetlerinin yabancı işgalcilere karşı ilk savunma hattı vardır. Makrofajlar, tüm vücuda yaygın şekilde dağıtılmıştır ve lenfoid organlarda bulunurlar, karaciğer, akciğer, gastrointestinal sistem, merkezi sinir sistemi, kemik ve deri. Çünkü onların yeniden bölme içinde, bunlar, fizyolojik ve patolojik işlemler geniş bir yelpazede katılabilir. Makrofajlar microenvironmental değişiklikleri tanımak ve doku dengesini korumak için mümkün oldukça çok yönlü hücrelerdir. Çok sayıda patojenler, hayatta çoğaltmak ve enfekte insan ve hayvanları hem vücutta yayılmasına için Truva atları gibi makrofajlar kullanmak için mekanizmalar gelişmiştir. Konak-patojen etkileşimleri, evrimsel genetik ve biyokimyasal açıdan ilgi son patlama makrofajlar ilgili bilimsel ilgi yeniledi. Burada, bir tarifkonukçu-patojen etkileşimlerine okuyan hem de diğer işlemler için makrofajların sayıda sağlayacak faregiller kemik iliğinden izole makrofajlar ve yetiştirmek için prosedür.

Bu yöntemin amacı, kolayca birkaç gün makrofajların çok sayıda elde etmek olmuştur. Kemik iliği hücre hazırlama, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Arka bacak kemikleri toplanır ve bir havanda ezildi. Makrofajlar yerleşik kemik iliği hücre hazırlama çıkarıldı sonra, kemik iliği hücreleri, GM-CSF (Gün 0) ile inkübe edildi. 3 gün sonra, kültürden önce yuvarlak ve nonadherent olan hücreler, makrofajlar içine farklılaştırmak ve (Şekil 1A) uymak başlar. F4/...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production at JoVE.com

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Makrofajlar uzun doğal ve adaptif immün yanıtları kritik bir bileşeni olarak kabul edilmiştir. Makrofajlar ve mikrop arasındaki etkileşimin, evrimsel genetik ve biyokimyasal yönleri ile ilgili bilginin son patlama makrofajlara bilimsel ilgi yenilenmiştir. Bu makalede, fare kemik iliği makrofajları ayırt etmek için bir yöntem tarif edilir.

Kemik İliği Makrofaj üretim kaynaklı

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

bone-marrow-derived-macrophage-production

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

72.6K Görüntüleme.  Aix-Marseille Université.  Makrofajlar uzun doğal ve adaptif immün yanıtları kritik bir bileşeni olarak kabul edilmiştir. Makrofajlar ve mikrop arasındaki etkileşimin, evrimsel genetik ve biyokimyasal yönleri ile ilgili bilginin son patlama makrofajlara bilimsel ilgi yenilenmiştir. Bu makalede, fare kemik iliği makrofajları ayırt etmek için bir yöntem tarif edilir. 

Video: Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

Aktif Kemik İliği türetilen Makrofajlar ve Bradyzoite Koşullar Toxoplasma gondii Kist Duvar Oluşumu

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

İzleme Araştırmaları Qdot nanokristaller murin Kemik İliği-türevli dendritik hücrelerin üretilmesi ve Etiketleme

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Kemik İliği Türetilmiş makrofajlar kullanarak Makrofaj Polarizasyon İncelenmesi

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

İzolasyon ve Kemirgen Kemik İliği intravenöz enjeksiyon Türetilmiş Monositler

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or M(LPS) macrophages are pro-inflammatory, IL-4 induces alternative macrophage activation and these so-called M2 or M(IL-4) support resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Recent evidence shows the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. 
In this manuscript, an extracellular flux analyzer is applied to assess the metabolic characteristics of naive, M1 and M2 polarized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This instrument uses pH and oxygen sensors to measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which can be related to glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. As such, both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can be measured in real-time in one single assay.
Using this technique, we demonstrate here that inflammatory M1 macrophages display enhanced glycolytic metabolism and reduced mitochondrial activity. Conversely, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages show high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and are characterized by an enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC). 
The presented functional assay serves as a framework to investigate how particular cytokines, pharmacological compounds, gene knock outs or other interventions affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolic phenotype and inflammatory status.

Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic and prerequisite for M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. This manuscript describes an assay for the measurement of fundamental parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This tool can be applied to investigate how particular factors affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolism and phenotype.

Gerçek zamanlı Ekstrasellüler Flux Analizi Polarize M1 ve M2 Kemik İliği-türevli Makrofagların Metabolik Karakterizasyonu

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Fare kemik iliği ve Periton makrofaj harekete geçirmek antikor bazlı ilaçlara etkileri değerlendirilmesi

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

Inflammasome harekete geçirmek ve Pyroptotic hücre ölümü fare kemik iliği türevi makrofajlar içinde tespiti

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model to Measure Na&#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played by T cells in an immune response. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to obtain granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived-dendritic cells (DCs). The protocol also describes the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin peptide (OVAp)-loaded GM-CSF-derived DCs and na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from OTII transgenic mice in order to analyze the in vivo activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells. This protocol circumvents the limitation of purely in vivo methods imposed by the inability to specifically manipulate or select the studied cell population. Moreover, this protocol allows studies in an in vivo environment, thus avoiding alterations to functional factors that may occur in vitro and including the influence of cell types and other factors only found in intact organs. The protocol is a useful tool for generating changes in DCs and T cells that modify adaptive immune responses, potentially providing important results to understand the origin or development of numerous immune associated diseases.

An &lt;em&gt;In Vivo&lt;/em&gt; Mouse Model to Measure Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Here, we present a protocol for the in vivo determination of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell (T cell) activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation induced by GM-CSF bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, this protocol describes BM and T-cell isolation, DC generation, and DC and T-cell adoptive transfer.

Vivo fare modeli ölçü saf CD4 T Hücre aktivasyonu, yayılması ve kemik iliği türevi dendritik hücreler tarafından indüklenen Th1 farklılaşma

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played ...

Isolation and In vitro Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for the Study of NO-Redox Biology

Macrophages are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells throughout the body, are central to inflammatory processes, and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. In vitro study of macrophages can be undertaken by ex vivo culture from the peritoneum or through differentiation of myeloid bone marrow progenitor cells to form bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). A common approach to macrophage differentiation from precursors involves the use of conditioned media from L929 cells (LCM). This media is easy to self-produce but suffers from batch variability, and its constituents are undefined. Similarly, Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is used to support growth but contains a vast mixture of undefined molecules that may vary between batches. These methods are not adequate for the study of nitric oxide biology and redox mechanisms as they both contain substantial amounts of small molecules that either interfere with redox mechanisms or supplement levels of cofactors, such as tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), required for the production of NO from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this report, we present an optimized protocol allowing for control of the NO-redox environment by reducing the levels of exogenous biopterin while maintaining conditions suitable for cell growth and differentiation. Tight control of culture media composition helps ensure experimental reproducibility and facilitates accurate interpretation of results. In this protocol, BMDMs were obtained from a GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH)- deficient mouse model. Culture of BMDMs was performed with media containing either (i) conditioned LCM, or (ii) recombinant M-CSF and GM-CSF to produce minimal artifacts while obtaining BH4 and NO-deficient culture conditions - thus allowing for the reproducible study of NO-redox biology and immunometabolism in vitro.

Isolation and In vitro Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for the Study of NO-Redox Biology

This protocol has been established to culture tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)- and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-deficient primary murine macrophages to study NO-redox biology. The study focuses on reducing potential contamination of BH4 and other artifacts found in traditional isolation and culture methods which may confound experimental outcomes and interpretation of results.

NO-Redoks Biyolojisi Çalışması için Kemik İliği Kaynaklı Makrofajların İzolasyonu ve In vitro Kültürü

Macrophages are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells throughout the body, are central to inflammatory processes, and participate in innate and ...

Economical and Efficient Protocol for Isolating and Culturing Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells from Mice

The demand for dendritic cells (DCs) is gradually increasing as immunology research advances. However, DCs are rare in all tissues. The traditional method for isolating DCs primarily involves inducing bone marrow (BM) differentiation into DCs by injecting large doses (&#62;10 ng/mL) of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-4 (GM-CSF/IL-4), making the procedure complex and expensive. In this protocol, using all BM cells cultured in 10 ng/mL GM-CSF/IL-4 medium, after 3-4 half-culture exchanges, up to 2.7 x 107 CD11c+ cells&#160;(DCs) per mouse (two femurs) were harvested with a purity of 80%-95%. After 10 days in culture, the expression of CD11c, CD80, and MHC II increased, whereas the number of cells decreased. The number of cells peaked after 7 days of culture. Moreover, this method only took 10 min to harvest all bone marrow cells, and a high number of DCs were obtained after 1 week of culture.

Here, we present an economical and efficient method to isolate and generate high-purity bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from mice after 7 days of culture with 10 ng/mL GM-CSF/IL-4.

Kemik İliği Kaynaklı Dendritik Hücrelerin Farelerden İzole Edilmesi ve Kültürlenmesi için Ekonomik ve Verimli Protokol

The demand for dendritic cells (DCs) is gradually increasing as immunology research advances. However, DCs are rare in all tissues. The traditional method ...