这项工作是由精神卫生研究所授予（1R01MH094449-01A1）以YZ

在这个手稿中描述的实验都是按照规定由加州大学圣克鲁兹分校的机构动物护理和使用委员会的准则和法规的规定执行。 1。设置（请参阅材料清单） <ol><li>用小米种子为食物颗粒。 </li><li>使用一个特制的有机玻璃明确培训室（20厘米高15厘米深，8.5厘米宽，从外部测量，用有机玻璃0.5厘米的厚度），其中包含三个垂直狭缝（一个狭缝上&#39;塑造&#39;的边缘，和两个狭缝在对面的“培训”边缘）。竖直狭缝要宽0.5厘米和13厘米高的和被设在框体的前面壁：在中央，左侧和右侧（ 图1A）。 </li><li>使用倾斜盘保持在塑造会话中使用的种子。该托盘可定做从三个载玻片（ 图1B）。 </li><li>准备相再一个食品平台（长8.5厘米，4.4厘米宽，0.9厘米高）。在培训期间该平台的食物放置在训练室的前侧（面向教练）。有用于定位的种子，一个时隙在左侧，并且在右侧的另一时隙中的食品的平台上的两个草皮槽。草皮为0.3厘米的长边，和2.4厘米的宽度边缘（ 图1C）。左和右草皮槽对应于左和右缝在小鼠训练室，并用于支配前肢的训练。具有这些草皮槽的目​​的是确保种子是在对每个到达的尝试相同的地方放置一致。 </li><li>在会议期间手边有一对镊子，称重秤和秒表。 </li></ol> 2。食物被剥夺（2天） <ol><li>称量每只小鼠食物匮乏之前获得基线体重。 </li><li>食品限制老鼠2天体重开始损失。作为一般起点，小鼠给予将0.1g每天的食物每1克体重（ 例如鼠标体重15克，我们通常开始用1.5克食物）。调整基于基线体重，体重减轻，性别，和小鼠的年龄的速率的食物量。虽然体重可能会继续在成型阶段减少多一点，这样减轻了机身重量（ 即 〜90％的原始基准重量）应保持在整个训练（ 图2A和2B）。必要维持小鼠体重的食物的量通常与在限制使用量。 </li></ol> 3。整形（3-7天） <ol><li>集团的栖息地适应环境（第1天）：将两只老鼠进入训练室在同一时间。将约20粒/鼠标在室内供他们消费。让老鼠留在室内20分钟，然后把它们放回自己的家笼。 </li><li>个体适应环境的栖息地（2天）：相同的设置如步骤3.1，但地方小鼠进入训练室分别。团体和个人栖息地驯化的目的是让老鼠熟悉这两种训练室和小米种子。 </li><li>测定前肢主导地位（第3天及以后版本）：将训练室朝下（ 图1D）的单缝边。装满种子的食品托盘。按食品托盘靠在训练室的前壁，使种子接触到小鼠。将小鼠放入笼单独。如果他们是在位于托盘食物的种子足够的兴趣，他们会通过缝隙犁得到里面的种子。然后，他们将拿起种子和食用。 &#39;塑造&#39;被认为是完成当两个满足下列条件：1）鼠标内进行20分钟20到达的尝试，以及2）70％以上的河段为performed一个前肢。 </li></ol>注意事项： <ol><li>如果鼠标使用了它的舌头，以获得种子进入室内，从缝隙稍微移动托盘回来。在到达距离的增加阻碍了鼠标使用它的舌头收购种子并因此促进其前肢深远。 </li><li>如果鼠标不能完成一个星期内成形，从实验中删除​​它。 </li></ol> 4。训练（8天以上） <ol><li>将培训室朝下（ 图1E）的双缝边。 </li><li>将小鼠在笼子个别。把个人的种子食物的平台上对应于优先爪子（ 即右手鼠标，使用鼠标的右侧缝）的草皮。 </li><li>观察小鼠到达的行为和按照以下类别的得分： <ol><li> 成功：鼠标达到与首选爪子，抓手和retrieves种子，并将其反馈到它的嘴里。 </li><li> 下降：鼠标达到与首选爪子，掌握种子，但把它放进嘴里之前丢弃。 </li><li> 失败：鼠标达到与对种子首选的爪子，但要么错过了种子或从保持板敲它关闭。 </li></ol></li><li>训练老鼠在每天的首选肢体或20分钟（以先到者为准）30到达尝试。 </li><li>将小鼠回到自己的家笼训练后，并提供每天的食物量。 </li></ol>注意事项： <ol><li>在某些情况下，小鼠甚至在没有种子放置在食品平台上达到。这样的河段被认为是“在徒劳河段”，不计算在到达尝试的总数。为了阻止“在徒劳河段”，火车小鼠放置下一个种子前步行回到训练室的另一端。类似的策略已经在大鼠被使用S表示了类似的行为的任务21。老鼠有时还与种子存在非首选爪子到达。这些河段被认为是&#39;对侧达到“不向下游总数计数两种。 </li><li>为了限制由于昼夜节律波动行为的变化，在每天的同一时间执行所有的整形和培训课程，在正常醒着的老鼠。 </li><li>为了避免行为的变化，由于不同的培训师，确保同一个人训练在整个实验中相同的小鼠。 </li><li>小鼠注意的是这个行为测试的关键。训练老鼠在一个单独的，安静的房间，以减少对环境的扰动。 </li><li>小鼠可以有超过30训练每天达到（ 例如 50到达）。增加达到尝试的次数，能够检查行为的改善相同的训练会话内。 </li></ol> 5。 DAT一个量化有很多方法下面的训练量化鼠标行为。两个最直接的分析是： <ol><li>成功率=成功的达到了总深远的尝试，表现为百分比。降和故障率可绘制的方式相同。 </li><li>成功的尝试除以时间的成功=号的速度，提出了每分钟为成功达到。在大多数情况下，成功的速度继续增加，甚至当成功率达到平台期。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称没有利益冲突。

重要的塑造阶段： 因为从一个未知的环境是增加焦虑，它通常是困难的小鼠在新环境中21,22的培训。因此，整形的目的是熟悉小鼠的培训室，培训师（ 即降低他们的焦虑程度），任务要求（ 即识别种子作为食物源）。成形的另一个目标是确定为未来训练个体小鼠的优选的肢体。塑造过程中，至关重要的是，小鼠未过形，因为它可以提供多余的“深远的练?...

了解底层机制的学习和记忆是神经科学中最大的挑战之一。在电机系统，购置新的运 ​​动技能和实践通常被称为运动学习，而先前学到运动技能的保留被视为运动记忆1。学习一项新的运动技能通常是体现在改善所需的电机性能随着时间的推移，直到当运动技能要么是完善还是令人满意的一致点。在大多数情况下，所获取的运动记忆可以持续相当长的时间周期，即使是在没有实践的。在人类中，利用正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）的神经影像学研究表明，初级运动皮层（M1）的活性变化过程中运动技能学习2-4的采集阶段，并通过货币供应量M1的活动临时干预低频经颅磁刺激导致显ficantly打乱保留马达改善行为5。同样地，前肢特定训练对大鼠诱导功能和解剖可塑性中的货币供应量M1，在M1高速公路对侧前肢训练两者的c-fos基因的活性和突触/神经元的比例在运动技能学习6的后期增加例证。此外，类似的训练模式也加强层在对侧M1三分之二水平连接对应于训练的前肢，从而降低了长时程增强（LTP）和增强长期抑制（LTD）大鼠获得的任务7之后。例如突触修饰，然而，没有在对应于未受过训练的前肢或后肢8的M1皮层区域观察到。或者，当M 1是通过笔划损坏，有在前肢特定电动机技能9戏剧性的缺陷。虽然大多数电动机行为研究已经在人类，猴子进行s和大鼠2-8,10-17，小鼠会因为其强大的遗传学和低成本的一个有吸引力的模型系统。 在这里，我们提出了一个具体的前肢运动技能学习范式：单颗粒深远的任务。在这个范例中，老鼠被训练通过一个狭窄的缝隙的前肢伸到把握和检索定位在一个固定的位置，类似于学习射箭，飞镖投掷，射击和篮球在人类行为的食物颗粒（小米）。这达到了任务已经被修改已显示出小鼠和大鼠18之间类似的结果以前的大鼠的研究。利用双光子成像颅，我们以前的工作一直遵循的树突棘（多数为兴奋性突触的突触后结构）随时间的动态这次培训过程中。我们发现，一个单一的训​​练导致的锥体神经元新的树突棘的运动皮层对侧前肢训练迅速出现。 S同样深远的任务ubsequent培训优先稳定这些学习引起的刺，它坚持很久以后的训练结束19。此外，在达到任务的重复涌现刺倾向于沿着树突聚集，而串联到达执行任务，另一前肢专用电机的任务（ 即面食处理任务）过程中形成的刺没有集群20。 在本视频中，我们描述了一步一步的这种行为模式的设置，从最初的食品匮乏到整形，并以动作训练。我们还描述了小鼠的一般行为执行该行为范式的过程中，以及如何将这些行为进行分类和分析。最后，我们讨论到实践这样的学习模式所需的预防措施，并可能在数据分析中遇到的问题。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="856">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Training chamber in clear acrylic box</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">For dimensions, see Fig. 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Tilted tray for shaping</td>
			<td>custom-made from glass slides, see Fig. 1B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Food platform for training</td>
			<td>For dimensions, see Fig. 1C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Millet seeds&#160;</td>
			<td>filtered from &#8220;Wild Bird Food Dove and Quail Blend Wild Bird Food (All Living Things)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>For placing the seeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A weighing scale</td>
			<td>For daily body weight measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A stopwatch</td>
			<td>For time measurement during shaping/training sessions</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

study motor skill learning by single-pellet reaching tasks in mice

为达到和检索对象需要精确和协调运动动作中的前肢。当小鼠被反复训练来掌握和持久性的训练之后取回定位在特定位置的食物奖励，其机动性能（定义为精度和速度）随时间逐步提高，并且台地。一旦达到这样的功力被掌握，其进一步维护不需要不断的实践。在这里，我们介绍一种单颗粒深远的任务，研究技术前肢运动小鼠的获取和维护。在这段视频中，我们首先描述小鼠被在此学习和记忆范式经常遇到的行为，然后讨论如何分类这些行为并量化观察到的结果。结合小鼠遗传学，这种模式可以用来作为一种行为的平台，探索解剖基础，生理特性，以及学习和记忆的分子机制。

学习曲线： 一个运动技能的掌握往往需要随着时间的推移持续性的做法。一个典型的平均学习曲线是由两个阶段：初始捕获阶段在此期间，成功率逐步提高，而当成功率达到了高原（ 图2C）以后的巩固阶段。应当指出的个别小鼠的学习曲线而变化，不同的小鼠采取不同天数达到坪值，并且单个的学习曲线通常是不一样平滑的平均之一。另一种方式来呈现你的鼠标的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice at JoVE.com

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

持续练习提高协调运动的精度。在这里，我们介绍一种单颗粒深远的任务，其目的是评估在小鼠的学习和前肢的记忆技能。

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

study-motor-skill-learning-by-single-pellet-reaching-tasks-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.6K 次观看.  University of California, Santa Cruz. 持续练习提高协调运动的精度。在这里，我们介绍一种单颗粒深远的任务，其目的是评估在小鼠的学习和前肢的记忆技能。 

视频: Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

科研

行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...