この作品は、YZの国立精神衛生研究所からの助成金（1R01MH094449-01A1）でサポートされている

この原稿に記載された実験は、カリフォルニア大学サンタクルーズ校施設内動物管理使用委員会によって定められたガイドラインおよび規則に従って行った。 1。セットアップ（、材料のリストを参照） <ol><li>食物ペレットとしてキビ種子を使用してください。 </li><li> 3垂直のスリット（「造形」エッジで一つのスリットを含むカスタムメイドの明確なプレキシガラスのトレーニング室（プレキシグラス0.5cmの厚さが、外側から測定され、15センチメートル深い20センチ、8.5センチ幅）を使用し、反対 &#39;訓練&#39;端に2スリット）。縦のスリットは、0.5センチ幅13センチ、箱の前壁に配置することでなければなりません：センターで、左側に、右側（ 図1A）で。 </li><li>整形したセッション中に使用されるシードを保持するために、傾斜トレイを使用してください。トレイは、3枚のガラススライド（ 図1B）からカスタムメイドすることができる。 </li><li> PREPA食品プラットフォームの再（8.5センチ、長い4.4セ​​ンチメートル幅0.9センチ）。この食品のプラットフォームは、トレーニングセッションの間、訓練室の前側（トレーナーに面する）に配置される。ポジショニングの種、左の1スロット、右側に他のスロットのための食品のプラットフォーム上で2ディボットのスロットがあります。ディボットは長辺〜0.3センチメートル、幅、エッジ（ 図1C）から2.4センチメートルです。左右のディボットスロットは、マウスの訓練室の左右のスリットに対応し、支配的な前肢の訓練のために使用される。これらディボットスロットを持っていることの目的は、種ごとに達する試みのために、同じ場所で一貫して配置されていることを確認することです。 </li><li>セッションが手にピンセット、体重計、ストップウォッチを持って中に。 </li></ol> 2。フード剥奪（2日間） <ol><li>絶食前のベースライン体重を得るために、各マウスを秤量する。 </li><li>体重を開始するために2日間マウスに食物制限する損失。一般的な出発点として、マウス（ 例えば 、15 250gのマウスを、我々は通常、食物を1.5gで開始）日あたり1gの体重当たり0.1gの食物を与えられている。ベースライン体重、体重減少、性別、および年齢のマウスの速度に基づいて、食物の量を調整する。体重は、成形段階中にもう少し減少し続けることができるが、このような体重減少（ すなわち、〜の元のベースラインの重量の90％）訓練（ 図2Aおよび2B）を通して維持されるべきである。マウスの体重を維持するのに必要な飼料の量は、典型的には、制限で使用される量と同じである。 </li></ol> 3。シェーピング（3-7日） <ol><li>グループ生息地の順化（1日目）：同時に研修室に2匹のマウスを入れてください。彼らの消費のためにチャンバー内の約20の種/マウスを置きます。マウスは20分間室内に滞在した後、自宅に戻ってそれらを置くことを可能ケージ。 </li><li>個々の生息地の順化（2日目）：ステップ3.1と同様に、セットアップが、個別のトレーニング室にマウスを置く。グループおよび個々の生息地の順応の目的は、研修室やキビ種子の両方に精通したマウスを得ることです。 </li><li>前肢の優位性（後の3日目と）の決定：場所下向きトレーニング室の単一のスリット側（ 図1D）。種子の食品トレーを埋める。食べ物は、マウスへの種子がアクセスできるできるようにトレーニング室の前壁にアップトレイを押します。個別にケージにマウスを置きます。これらは食品トレー上にある種子中に十分に興味を持っている場合は、内部のシードを得るためにスリットを耕すだろう。そして、彼らは、種子をピックアップし、それらを消費します。以下の基準の両方が満たされたときに「整形は「完成したと考えられている：1）マウスが20分以内に20に達する試みを行い、2）70％以上に達するには、pは1前肢でerformed。 </li></ol>注意事項： <ol><li>マウスがチャンバー内に種を取得するために、その舌を使用している場合は、少しスリットから背面トレイを移動させる。到達距離の増加は、種子を獲得するために、その舌を使用するには、マウスを思いとどまらため、その前肢が到達が容易になります。 </li><li>マウスは一週間以内にシェーピングを完了できない場合は、実験からドロップします。 </li></ol> 4。トレーニング（8日以上） <ol><li>下向き（ 図1E）に面するトレーニング室の二重スリット側に配置します。 </li><li>個別にケージにマウスを置きます。 （ つまり、右利きのマウス、マウスの右サイドのスリットを使用してください）優先足に対応するディボット食品プラットフォーム上で、個々の種を置く。 </li><li>マウス到達動作を観察し、次のカテゴリに応じてスコア： <ol><li> 成功：マウスは、好ましい足に達する把握し、R種子をetrieves、その口の中に供給する。 </li><li> ドロップ：マウスは、好ましい足に到達した種子を把握し、その口の中にそれを置く前にそれをドロップします。 </li><li> 失敗：マウスは、種子に向けた優先足に到達したが、それは、種子をミスや保持板からそれをオフにノックのどちらか。 </li></ol></li><li>一日あたりの優先四肢または（いずれか早い方）を20分間に30に達する試行マウスを訓練。 </li><li>訓練の後に戻って自分のホームケージにマウスを置き、毎日の食事の量子を提供しています。 </li></ol>注意事項： <ol><li>いくつかの場合において、マウスは、食物プラットフォーム上に配置されない種が存在しない場合にも達する。このような流域は、「イン無駄に達する」とみなされ、到達試行の合計数にカウントされません。 「イン無駄に達する &quot;を阻止するため、列車のマウスは、次のシードを配置する前に戻ってトレーニング室のもう一方の端まで歩いて。同様の戦略は、ラットで使用されている同じような行動タスク21用のS。マウスは時折、種子の存在下で、非優先の足で到達。これらの流域は、「対側に達する」とみなされており、いずれに達するの合計数にはカウントされません。 </li><li>概日リズムの変動に起因する行動の変動を制限するために、マウスの通常の起きている時間の間に、一日の同じ時刻にすべての整形およびトレーニングセッションを実行します。 </li><li>原因別のトレーナーに行動の変化を避けるために、同じ人が実験を通して同じマウスを訓練ことを確認してください。 </li><li>マウスの注目は、この行動試験のために重要である。環境摂動を最小限にするために別の静かな部屋にマウスを訓練。 </li><li>マウスは30以上で訓練することができることは、毎日（ 例えば 、50に達する）に達する。到達試行回数を増やすと、同じトレーニングセッション内の行動の改善を検討することができる。 </li></ol> 5。 DAT定量訓練後のマウスの行動を定量化するための多くの方法があります。二つの最も直接的な分析は以下のとおりです。 <ol><li>成功率=百分率として提示され、総到達の試み以上の成功に達すると、。ドロップや故障率は同じようにプロットすることができます。 </li><li>時間で割った成功した試みの​​成功=数の速度は、毎分のように成功した流域を発表した。ほとんどの場合、成功の速度は、成功率がプラトーに達した場合であっても、増加し続けている。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、利害の衝突を宣言していません。

位相整形することの重要性： マウスが新しい環境21,22で訓練されるのために未知の環境にいるから不安の増大するのではなく、通常は困難である。そのため、整形の目的は訓練室をマウスに慣れることであり、トレーナー（ すなわち 、その不安レベルを下げる）と、タスクの要件（ つまり、食料源として、種を識別するため）。シェーピングのもう?...

メカニズム基本的な学習と記憶を理解することは、神経科学の最大の課題の一つです。以前に学習した運動能力の保持をモータメモリ1とみなされているのに対し、運動系では、練習を有する新規運動技能の獲得は、多くの場合、運動学習と呼ばれる。新しい運動技能を学ぶことは、通常は運動スキルが完成または十分に一貫しているいずれかの時点まで、時間をかけて所望のモータ性能の向上に反映されている。ほとんどの場合、取得したモータ·メモリでも実践の非存在下で、長期間持続することができる。ヒトでは、陽電子放出断層撮影（PET）および機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）を用いて、神経画像研究は2-4の学習運動技能の獲得段階の間に一次運動野（M1）活性の変化、およびM1活性の一時的な干渉によることが示されている低周波経頭蓋磁気刺激はsigniにつながるficantlyモーター行動の改善5の保持を破壊した。ラットで同様に、前肢別研修の両方のc-fosの活性の上昇と6の学習運動技能の後期の間に訓練された前肢に反対M1にシナプス/ニューロン比で例示M1に機能的および解剖学的可塑性を誘導する。さらに、同じような訓練パラダイムもラットがタスク7を獲得した後に減少し、長期増強（LTP）と強化され、長期抑圧（LTD）で、その結果、訓練された前肢に対応する対側M1のレイヤ2/3横のつながりを強化する。そのようなシナプスの修飾は、しかしながら、訓練されていない前肢または後肢8に対応するM1皮質領域では観察されない。 M1は、脳卒中によって損傷した場合あるいは、前肢特定の運動技能9の劇的な欠陥があります。モータ行動研究のほとんどは、ヒト、サルに行われてきたがS、およびラット2-8,10-17、マウスは、その強力な遺伝学と低コストで魅力的なモデルシステムになる。 単一のペレット到達タスク：ここでは、前肢特定モータースキル学習パラダイムを提示する。このパラダイムでは、マウスを固定位置、アーチェリー、ダーツ投げ、およびヒトにおける撮影バスケットボールの学習に類似した挙動に位置食物ペレット（キビ種子）を把握し、取得するために、狭いスリットを通して、前肢を拡張するために訓練されています。この到達タスクでは、マウスおよびラット18との間の同様の結果を示した以前のラット研究から変更されている。 2光子経頭蓋イメージングを用いて、我々の以前の研究は、このトレーニング中に時間をかけて樹状突起棘のダイナミクス（過半数の興奮性シナプスのためのシナプス後構造）を踏襲している。我々は、単一のトレーニングセッションは、訓練された前肢の反対運動皮質の錐体神経細胞に新たな樹状突起棘の急速な出現につながったことがわかった。 S同じ到達タスクのubsequent訓練は優先的にトレーニングが19を終了後も長く持続し、これらの学習によって誘発される棘を安定化。さらに、タスクに達するの繰り返しの間に現れた棘が到達したタスクと他の前肢固有の運動課題（ すなわちパスタ処理タスク）のタンデム実行中に形成された棘が20をクラスタ化しなかった、樹状突起に沿ってクラスタ化する傾向があった。 現在のビデオでは、我々は最初の絶食から成型まで、モータの訓練のために、この行動パラダイムの設定ステップバイステップを説明します。また、この行動パラダイムを実行する過程で、マウスの共通の行動を説明し、どのようにこれらの行動を分類し、分析する。最後に、我々はこのような学習パラダイムを実践するために必要な予防措置およびデータ分析の際に発生する可能性のある問題について説明します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="856">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Training chamber in clear acrylic box</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">For dimensions, see Fig. 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Tilted tray for shaping</td>
			<td>custom-made from glass slides, see Fig. 1B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Food platform for training</td>
			<td>For dimensions, see Fig. 1C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Millet seeds&#160;</td>
			<td>filtered from &#8220;Wild Bird Food Dove and Quail Blend Wild Bird Food (All Living Things)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>For placing the seeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A weighing scale</td>
			<td>For daily body weight measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A stopwatch</td>
			<td>For time measurement during shaping/training sessions</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

study motor skill learning by single-pellet reaching tasks in mice

手を伸ばすとオブジェクトの取得は、前肢での正確かつ協調運動の動きを必要とする。マウスを繰り返し把握し、持続的な訓練の後、食品の特定の位置に配置報酬、（精度と速度と定義される）、その運動性能が時間の経過とともに徐々に改善され、高原を取得するために訓練されています。このような到達スキルが習得されると、その更なるメンテナンスは、一定の練習を必要としません。ここでは、マウスでの熟練した前肢の動きの獲得と維持を研究するための単一のペレットに達したタスクを紹介します。このビデオでは、まず、一般的に、この学習および記憶パラダイムで遭遇しているマウスの行動を説明し、その後、これらの行動を分類し、観察された結果を定量化する方法について説明します。マウス遺伝学と組み合わせて、このパラダイムは、解剖学的基礎、生理学的特性、ならびに学習および記憶の分子メカニズムを探索する行動のプラットフォームとして利用することができる。

学習曲線： 運動技能の習得は、多くの場合、時間をかけて持続的な練習が必要。典型的に平均学習曲線は2段階で構成されています。成功率は徐々に向上し、成功率がプラトー（ 図2C）に到達後の統合フェーズの初期取得段階その間。異なるマウスはプラトーレベルに到達する日数異なる数を取り、個々の学習曲線は、通常、平均一つとして滑らかではない、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice at JoVE.com

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

永続的な練習は協調運動の精度を向上させます。ここでは、マウスでの前肢のスキルの学習と記憶を評価するために設計されたシングルのペレットに達したタスクを、ご紹介します。

マウスのシングル·ペレット到達タスクで学ぶ学習運動スキル

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

study-motor-skill-learning-by-single-pellet-reaching-tasks-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.6K ビュー.  University of California, Santa Cruz. 永続的な練習は協調運動の精度を向上させます。ここでは、マウスでの前肢のスキルの学習と記憶を評価するために設計されたシングルのペレットに達したタスクを、ご紹介します。 

ビデオ: Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

代償四肢使用および虚血性脳卒中のマウスモデルにおける感覚皮質損傷後の運動技能の学習の行動評価

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

行動学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

ビート難聴を暴く：同期指タッピングと知覚タイミングタスクを検出リズム障害

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

頭蓋内電極を有する被験者に行動タスクの実行

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

ラットでのタスクに到達高精度熟練前肢の取得

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

ロボットマニピュランダムに運動スキルの学習過程を調査

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

分割トレッドミルを使用した運動適応の一般化の評価

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

マウスの記憶・学習の調査のための新規オブジェクト認識テスト

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

仮想現実を使用して 1 つの手から別の運動技能知識を転送するには

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

暗黙的なモーターで「モーター」シーケンス学習: 足ステップのシリアル反応時間のタスク

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...