作者要感谢以下美国国立卫生研究院奖项/ subawards对本研究的支持：R01HL106790，R01HL106790-S1，R01HL106786，R01AI089323，R21AI091457，R21RR026006，P20RR020159，C06RR017563，8T32OD011124-08，和P51OD011104。

1，校准Mesodissection仪器与2ID成像软件该2ID成像软件将被称为无论是软件或程序为本文的其余部分。这一步是需要正确地跟踪图像以及对齐多个幻灯片框架。 <ol><li>打开仪器和计算机。 </li><li>打开软件，选择“校准仪器”。 </li><li>通过使用操纵杆校准阶段行程。移动舞台左上角的位置。按“设置”下的程序步骤1。 </li><li>现阶段移动到右下角的位置。按“设置”下的程序步骤2。 </li><li>首先按“Z键”，以提高磁头组件校准愿望。按“吸脉冲”按钮和“解剖”按钮操纵杆，直到柱塞控制杆到达顶部位置。按“设置”下的程序的步骤3。 </li><li>按下“抽吸复位＆＃8221;按钮。一旦活塞停止在步骤4中的底部位置按“SET”。 </li><li>点击“刻度标签”上。 </li><li>将校准标尺上的空白一面。 </li><li>如果需要集中显微镜。 </li><li>绘制鼠标使​​用两比例尺之间的线。 </li><li>在标第2步，按“计算”按钮，进入距离。 </li><li>点击“十字准线”选项卡。转电机转速为1。 </li><li>将xScisor成头组件。下磁头组装成z轴的准备位置，按“z轴”按钮。注：头组件在顶部的解剖仪器的大型结构。该xScisor将被称为耗材厂位在本文的其余部分。 </li><li>点击“解剖搞”按钮操纵杆。注：此按钮位于操纵杆顶部。 </li><li>定义旋转中心视觉。要做到这一点，使用定义移动十字线的中心在旋转中心在程序的步骤1 d参数。使用向上和向下箭头在“x”和“y轴”条来调整像素对齐的十字线。点击“完成”选项卡。 </li><li>点击“主页”标志。注意：这是由位于右上角的房子形象代表。 </li></ol> 2，创建参考图像<ol><li>将H＆E幻灯片上舞台。将不透明的盖子顶部的滑动。通过移动操纵杆H＆E幻灯片的所需区域带动仪器。保存生成的图像。注意：无论是“捕获引用”选项卡或“解剖”选项卡可以用来完成此步骤。 </li></ol> 3，对准组织的解剖<ol><li>点击主屏幕上的“解剖组织”选项。 </li><li>填写“经营者”，“解剖登录号”，“参考入藏号”，“xScisor条码号，”＆＃8220;剥离液批号“，”xScisor大小“，然后在”设置“选项卡中”说明“。 </li><li>点击“查找组织”选项卡上。 </li><li>导入之前保存的参考图像。 </li><li>放置在舞台上的5微米厚的未染色FFPE幻灯片。移动台以相同的区域在参考图像中所描绘的。点击“插入图片”选项卡。 </li><li>单击“对齐”选项卡。使用鼠标和相关的箭头来参考图像调整到未染色的图像。 </li></ol> 4。幻灯片注释<ol><li>点击“注释”选项卡上。 </li><li>使用鼠标绘制一个围绕将显微切割的幻灯片所需区域的圆。 </li></ol> 5，载入耗材穆勒位<ol><li>填耗材轧机位具有所需缓冲液，此处PKD缓冲液中，通过拉动柱塞上下中的流体运动数次。请务必排除空气气泡。 </li><li>按“Z轴键”提高Z轴。 </li><li>加载耗磨位成机器。通过滑动耗材厂位到机器的顶部做到这一点，这样的白线在仪器上线与黑线耗材厂位。按“吸RESET”键，以便柱塞下降到正确的位置。注：这应该很容易滑动耗材厂位。如果不是，请确定缺口是否正确对齐。 </li><li>低Z轴再次按下“Z轴”按钮。 </li></ol> 6，解剖组织（ 图4） <ol><li>打开“解剖”选项卡。 </li><li>转电机和愿望速度为1。 </li><li>勾选“显示跟踪”复选框。注意：此允许用户在解剖过程中可视化的解剖区域。 </li><li>一旦准备解剖，继续举办“搞”按钮以及“抽吸＆＃8221;按钮的同时移动操纵杆以逆时针方向解剖组织。 </li><li>继续在反时针方向进行解剖，直到吸液是“满”标签变成红色。 </li></ol> 7，清空和删除耗材穆勒位<ol><li>放置一个0.5微升离心管耗材磨钻头的尖下。 </li><li>按“吸金”控制棒迅速弹出样品放入离心管中。 </li><li>新闻与增加力量弹出使用过的耗材厂位。 </li><li>通过拉动活塞回冲洗组织片段。推动活塞前进，以表达剩下的样品放入粉碎机易损位。所述组织片段现在将包含在微量离心管内。 </li></ol> 8，裂解样品用蛋白酶K消化热处理<ol><li>加入含5微克蛋白酶K至恢复组织样品70微升的TE pH值8.5。 </li><li>将样品放入可编程加热器振动筛。 </li><li>采用可编程加热器摇床在以下设定完全消化：60˚C，30分钟在1500转; 82˚C下15分钟在1500转; 25˚C为450转1分钟。样品现在即可下游应用。 </li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuberculosis:+what+we+don't+know+can,+and+does,+hurt+us.">Tuberculosis: what we don't know can, and does, hurt us.</a> Science. 328 (5980), 852-856 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesodissection+of+fibrous+tissue.">Mesodissection of fibrous tissue.</a> AvanSciBio. , (2013).</li><li>Paige, C., Bishai, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penitentiary+or+penthouse+condo:+the+tuberculous+granuloma+from+the+microbe's+point+of+view.">Penitentiary or penthouse condo: the tuberculous granuloma from the microbe's point of view.</a> Cell Microbiol. 12 (3), 301-309 (2010).</li><li>Mehra, S., Alvarez, X., Didier, P. J., Doyle, L. A., Blanchard, J. L., Lackner, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Granuloma+correlates+of+protection+against+tuberculosis+and+mechanisms+of+immune+modulation+by+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Granuloma correlates of protection against tuberculosis and mechanisms of immune modulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> J Infect Dis. 207 (7), 1115-1127 (2013).</li><li>Kaushal, D., Schroeder, B. G., Tyagi, S., Yoshimatsu, T., Scott, C., Ko, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+immunopathology+and+mortality+despite+tissue+persistence+in+a+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+mutant+lacking+alternative+sigma+factor,+SigH.">Reduced immunopathology and mortality despite tissue persistence in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant lacking alternative sigma factor, SigH.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (12), 8330-8335 (2002).</li><li>Mehra, S., Kaushal, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomics+reveals+extended+roles+of+the+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+stress+response+factor+sigmaH.">Functional genomics reveals extended roles of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis stress response factor sigmaH.</a> J Bacteriol. 191 (12), 3965-3980 (2009).</li><li>Rohde, K. H., Veiga, D. F., Caldwell, S., Balazsi, G., Russell, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+the+transcriptional+profiles+and+the+physiological+states+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+during+an+extended+intracellular+infection.">Linking the transcriptional profiles and the physiological states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during an extended intracellular infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (6), (2012).</li><li>Fontan, P. A., Voskuil, M. I., Gomez, M., Tan, D., Pardini, M., Manganelli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+sigma+factor+sigmaB+is+required+for+full+response+to+cell+envelope+stress+and+hypoxia+in+vitro,+but+it+is+dispensable+for+in+vivo+growth.">The Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor sigmaB is required for full response to cell envelope stress and hypoxia in vitro, but it is dispensable for in vivo growth.</a> J Bacteriol. 191 (18), 5628-5633 (2009).</li><li>Rustad, T. R., Harrell, M. I., Liao, R., Sherman, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enduring+hypoxic+response+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">The enduring hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> PLoS One. 3 (1), (2008).</li></ol>

作者透露，目前并无任何竞争经济利益。

Mesodissection是可以从所引起的病原体繁多病理病变的幻灯片被应用于RNA提取的技术。它是用户跟踪图像和正确对齐的图像是必要的。要做到这一点，该仪器必须跟随在成像软件的方向进行校正。解剖时，如果被解剖的兴趣幻灯片和面积不对齐，用户必须重新校准仪器。在剥离过程中的另一个重要步骤是加载自耗磨位的方式之前，夹层（步骤5.1），使得它是不含气泡。我们已经发现，气泡的存在降?...

The corresponding author was changed for the article, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51693">A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas</a>. The corresponding author was changed from:
Teresa A. Hudock
to:
Deepak Kaushal

The corresponding author was changed for the article, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51693">A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas</a>.

Erratum: A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

样品在传统上被手动从任一整个组织或使用针和解剖刀载玻片进行显微解剖。这就需要感兴趣的组织切片与周围组织部分2之间的明确分工。随着分子分析技术目前的进展，出现了越来越需要在细胞水平来评估组织。由于手工显微切割的局限性，已建立的技术包括液晶显示模块，以允许更大的隔离精度。这种技术允许研究者隔离从各种细胞和滑动类型的特定细胞群，然后其可用于下游分析，如基因表达分析。虽然非常有效的下游检测，液晶显示模块也不是没有限制的。首先，LCM是一个昂贵和费时的过程。此外，由于RNA的性质不稳定，它往往是具有挑战性的从LCM样品2获得高质量的RNA。由于diLCM的sadvantages，仍然需要在显微切割技术的新进展，使之更容易在一个合理的时间和敏感的方式更大一些研究人员。 在显微切割技术现在可一个这样的进步是被称为mesodissection的技术。在这种技术中一台机器是用来磨感兴趣的注解组织切片，并吸取它变成一种消耗品磨位3。下一步，该样品被吸入到一个集合管和用于下游应用。这个系统的优点是，它是显著成本较低和时间敏感。在我们的经验中，系统允许在十分钟内肺肉芽肿组织部分的剥离。在另一方面，传统的LCM将可能需要数小时才能完成该过程。该系统允许操作者装入一个参考幻灯片作为比较以及工具注解来使用。另外一个报告生成概述日E区被解剖的幻灯片。有两个主要的缺点mesodissection。虽然在提取多个单元格有效，它是具有挑战性的分离单个细胞。此外，所产生的图像的精度不明确的，因为如果使用其他成像显微镜。 结核病（TB）是人类的一个全球主要的传染病杀手，从感染的结果与结核杆菌 。在大多数暴露于结核分枝杆菌的气溶胶个体，这种感染潜伏的限制。在每年至少 ​​有10万人，它导致活动性肺结核病4。在潜伏感染， 结核杆菌包含称为肉芽肿病理性肺部病灶内。因此，它已被认为结核杆菌感染的结果决定于肉芽肿5的水平。 在这里，我们展示mesodissection如何可以用来microdissect引起结核杆菌肉芽肿。所使用的幻灯片是从被感染的恒河猴FFPE肺组织。此演示的目的，我们将剖析肉芽肿的全部。我们还证明，RNA可从回收的组织被提取。这种技术可以应用于组织样品从各种其他标本，然后用于各种下游检测的。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="675">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:260px;">MeSectr</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AvanSci Bio</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Mesodissector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">400 nm xScisors</td>
			<td>AvanSci Bio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">THOR</td>
			<td>AvanSci Bio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmable Heater-Shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NanoDrop2000</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy FFPE extraction kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:108px;">73504</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ovation RNA-Seq FFPE System&#160;</td>
			<td>Nugen</td>
			<td align="right">7150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:108px;">28104</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel microdissection approach to recovering mycobacterium tuberculosis specific transcripts from formalin fixed paraffin embedded lung granulomas

显微切割已被用于组织的检查在DNA，RNA和蛋白水平超过十年。激光捕获显微术（LCM）是当今使用的最常见的显微切割技术。在该技术中，激光被用来灶性熔融的热塑性膜，其覆盖一个脱水的组织切片1。组织切片复合，然后抬起并从该膜分离。尽管这种技术可以成功地用于组织检查，这是耗时且昂贵的。此外，在成功完成使用这种技术的程序需要使用的激光的，从而限制了它的使用。所谓mesodissection一个新的更加实惠和实用显微切割方法是一种可行的解决方案，以LCM的陷阱。该技术采用了MESO-1/MeSectr系统轧机从幻灯片上的组织试样所需的组织，而同时分配和吸液至所需的组织样品恢复到耗材厂位。在解剖过程开始时，用户对齐福尔马林固定，石蜡包埋（FFPE）用苏木精伊红染色（H＆E）的参考滑盖滑动。此后，操作者诠释所需的解剖区域，并且前进到解剖相应的段。该程序生成的解剖的存档影像。 mesodissection的主要优点是解剖的滑动所需要的时间短，取平均10分钟从设置采样在该实验中产生。此外，该系统是显著更加成本有效的和用户友好。轻微缺点是，它并不像精确的激光捕获显微术。在这篇文章中我们将演示如何mesodissection可以使用从引起结核分枝杆菌（结核杆菌）FFPE肉芽肿幻灯片中提取的RNA。

上述协议显示了如何使用新的mesodissection技术从FFPE组织切片中提取的RNA。该协议的有效性是通过从NHP肺肉芽肿在各类感染阶段感染了结核杆菌的FFPE幻灯片所示。 图1-3是仪器。 图4的图像描绘了如何在解剖过程中发生，并通过该软件。 表1中生成的结果图像示出的RNA提取与来自NHP肉芽肿在每个感染状态的结果。 RNA扩增和纯化，以允许16秒（ 表2-4）<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas at JoVE.c

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

显微切割已被广泛地用于DNA，RNA，和在组织内蛋白质的检查。激光捕获显微术（LCM）是最常用的方法，而是一种新的研磨技术，mesodissection，是最近可用。我们证明RNA提取从mesodissected福尔马林固定，石蜡的结核分枝杆菌肉芽肿包埋组织幻灯片。

一种新型显微切割方法恢复<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em&gt;从福尔马林固定，石蜡包埋肺肉芽肿特异性转录

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most ...

a-novel-microdissection-approach-to-recovering-mycobacterium

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

7.9K 次观看.  Tulane National Primate Research Center. 显微切割已被广泛地用于DNA，RNA，和在组织内蛋白质的检查。激光捕获显微术（LCM）是最常用的方法，而是一种新的研磨技术，mesodissection，是最近可用。我们证明RNA提取从mesodissected福尔马林固定，石蜡的结核分枝杆菌肉芽肿包埋组织幻灯片。 

视频: A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug-resistant strains threatens to derail current disease control efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective than those currently available. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been known for more than 10 years, yet there are important gaps in our knowledge of gene function and essentiality. Many studies have since used gene expression analysis at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to determine the effects of drugs, oxidants, and growth conditions on the global patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, the final response of these changes is reflected in the metabolic composition of the bacterium including a few thousand small molecular weight chemicals. Comparing the metabolic profiles of wild type and mutant strains, either untreated or treated with a particular drug, can effectively allow target identification and may lead to the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity. Likewise, the effects of two or more conditions on the metabolome can also be assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technology that is used to identify and quantify metabolic intermediates. In this protocol, procedures for the preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts for NMR metabolomic analysis are described. Cell cultures are grown under appropriate conditions and required Biosafety Level 3 containment,1 harvested, and subjected to mechanical lysis while maintaining cold temperatures to maximize preservation of metabolites. Cell lysates are recovered, filtered sterilized, and stored at ultra-low temperatures. Aliquots from these cell extracts are plated on Middlebrook 7H9 agar for colony-forming units to verify absence of viable cells. Upon two months of incubation at 37 &deg;C, if no viable colonies are observed, samples are removed from the containment facility for downstream processing. Extracts are lyophilized, resuspended in deuterated buffer and injected in the NMR instrument, capturing spectroscopic data that is then subjected to statistical analysis. The procedures described can be applied for both one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C NMR analyses. This methodology provides more reliable small molecular weight metabolite identification and more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of cell extract metabolic compositions than chromatographic methods. Variations of the procedure described following the cell lysis step can also be adapted for parallel proteomic analysis.

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

The metabolomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined after growth in broth cultures. Conditions can be varied to test the effects of nutritional supplements, oxidants, and anti-tuberculosis agents on the metabolic profile of this microorganism. Procedure for extract preparation is applicable for both 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C NMR analyses.

样品制备<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em提取物对核磁共振的代谢组学研究

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

科研

免疫与感染

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including antibiotics. Although stress tolerance of M. tuberculosis is one of the likely contributors to the 6-month long chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1, the molecular mechanisms underlying this characteristic phenotype of the pathogen remain unclear. Many microbial species have evolved to survive in stressful environments by self-assembling in highly organized, surface attached, and matrix encapsulated structures called biofilms 2-4. Growth in communities appears to be a preferred survival strategy of microbes, and is achieved through genetic components that regulate surface attachment, intercellular communications, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 5,6. The tolerance to environmental stress is likely facilitated by EPS, and perhaps by the physiological adaptation of individual bacilli to heterogeneous microenvironments within the complex architecture of biofilms 7.
In a series of recent papers we established that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis have a strong propensity to grow in organized multicellular structures, called biofilms, which can tolerate more than 50 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampicin 8-10. M. tuberculosis, however, intriguingly requires specific conditions to form mature biofilms, in particular 9:1 ratio of headspace: media as well as limited exchange of air with the atmosphere 9. Requirements of specialized environmental conditions could possibly be linked to the fact that M. tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and thus has adapted to tissue environments. In this publication we demonstrate methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms in a bottle and a 12-well plate format, which is convenient for bacteriological as well as genetic studies. We have described the protocol for an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis, mc27000, with deletion in the two loci, panCD and RD1, that are critical for in vivo growth of the pathogen 9. This strain can be safely used in a BSL-2 containment for understanding the basic biology of the tuberculosis pathogen thus avoiding the requirement of an expensive BSL-3 facility. The method can be extended, with appropriate modification in media, to grow biofilm of other culturable mycobacterial species.
Overall, a uniform protocol of culturing mycobacterial biofilms will help the investigators interested in studying the basic resilient characteristics of mycobacteria. In addition, a clear and concise method of growing mycobacterial biofilms will also help the clinical and pharmaceutical investigators to test the efficacy of a potential drug.

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis forms drug tolerant biofilms when cultured in certain conditions. Here we describe methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms and determining the frequency of drug tolerant persisters. These protocols will be useful for further studies into the mechanisms of drug tolerance in M. tuberculosis.

增长结核分枝杆菌生物膜

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

实验模型后的自然传播到研究结核病，疟疾混合感染结核分枝杆菌和伯氏疟原虫</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

展现着多药耐药<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em&gt;扩增基因芯片

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled DNA probes has been introduced. The paraffin-embedded tissues are the most common form of biopsy tissues available from pathology banks. Bacteria can be detected either in a species-specific or universal manner. Bacterial signals are detected as either discrete forms (coccus, rod, fusiform, and hairy form) of bacteria or dispersed forms. The technique allows other histological information to be obtained: the epithelia, connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels are well distinguished. This method can be used to study the role of bacteria in various diseases, such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

原位检测使用地高辛标记的DNA探针石蜡包埋组织中的细菌靶向16S rRNA基因

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been ...

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us understand the disease mechanisms and advance the discoveries of new treatment options. In vitro cell cultures of monolayers or co-cultures lack the three-dimensional (3D) environment and tissue responses. Herein, we describe an innovative in vitro model of a human lung tissue, which holds promise to be an effective tool for studying the complex events that occur during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The 3D tissue model consists of tissue-specific epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which are cultured in a matrix of collagen on top of a porous membrane. Upon air exposure, the epithelial cells stratify and secrete mucus at the apical side. By introducing human primary macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to the tissue model, we have shown that immune cells migrate into the infected-tissue and form early stages of TB granuloma. These structures recapitulate the distinct feature of human TB, the granuloma, which is fundamentally different or not commonly observed in widely used experimental animal models. This organotypic culture method enables the 3D visualization and robust quantitative analysis that provides pivotal information on spatial and temporal features of host cell-pathogen interactions. Taken together, the lung tissue model provides a physiologically relevant tissue micro-environment for studies on TB. Thus, the lung tissue model has potential implications for both basic mechanistic and applied studies. Importantly, the model allows addition or manipulation of individual cell types, which thereby widens its use for modelling a variety of infectious diseases that affect the lungs.

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Human tuberculosis infection is a complex process, which is difficult to model in vitro. Here we describe a novel 3D human lung tissue model that recapitulates the dynamics that occur during infection, including the migration of immune cells and early granuloma formation in a physiological environment.

关于功能研究的三维人体肺组织模型<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em&gt;感染

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us ...

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread of multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), there is a real urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis infections. Traditionally, compounds are evaluated based on their antibacterial activity under in vitro growth conditions in broth; however, results are often misleading for intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis since in-broth phenotypic screening conditions are significantly different from the actual disease conditions within the human body. Screening for inhibitors that work inside macrophages has been traditionally difficult due to the complexity, variability in infection, and slow replication rate of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we report a new approach to rapidly assess the effectiveness of compounds on the viability of M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model. Using a combination of a cytotoxicity assay and an in-broth M. tuberculosis viability assay, we were able to create a screening system that generates a comprehensive analysis of compounds of interest. This system is capable of producing quantitative data at a low cost that is within reach of most labs and yet is highly scalable to fit large industrial settings.

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We have developed a modular high-throughput screening system for discovering novel compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, targeting intracellular and in-broth growing bacteria as well as cytotoxicity against the mammalian host cell.

系统抑制剂靶向细胞内的疗效和毒性筛选<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

高通量兼容检测，以评估对巨噬细胞传代药物疗效<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

分析18葡萄糖 PET/CT 成像作为研究结核分枝杆菌感染和治疗非人类灵长类动物的工具

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

报告酶荧光法检测小鼠结核分枝杆菌的影像学

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...