R01HL106790, R01HL106790-S1, R01HL106786, R01AI089323, R21AI091457, R21RR026006, P20RR020159, C06RR017563, 8T32OD011124-08, 및 P51OD011104 : 저자는이 연구의 지원에 대해 다음 NIH 상 / subawards을 인정하고 싶습니다.

사단 이미징 소프트웨어를 사용하여 1. 보정 Mesodissection 악기 사단 이미징 소프트웨어는이 문서의 나머지 부분에 대한 소프트웨어 또는 프로그램 중 하나라고한다. 이 단계는 정확하게 화상을 추적 할뿐만 아니라, 다수의 슬라이드 프레임을 정렬하는 데 필요하다. <ol><li> 악기와 컴퓨터를 켭니다. </li><li> 오픈 소프트웨어 및 &quot;보정기구&quot;를 선택합니다. </li><li> 조이스틱을 사용하여 스테이지 이동을 보정합니다. 왼쪽 상단 위치로 무대를 이동합니다. 프로그램의 1 단계를 눌러 &quot;설정&quot;. </li><li> 올바른 위치를 낮은 단계로 이동합니다. 프로그램의 2 단계를 눌러 &quot;설정&quot;. </li><li> 먼저 헤드 어셈블리를 높이기 위해 &quot;Z 버튼&quot;을 눌러 포부를 보정합니다. 조이스틱을 눌러 &quot;대기음 펄스&quot;버튼과 &quot;해부&quot;버튼을 플런저 제어봉까지 최고 위치에 도달. 프로그램의 3 단계에서 &quot;SET&quot;키를 누르면,. </li><li> 을 눌러 &quot;대기음 리셋과# 8221; 버튼을 누릅니다. 플런저는 4 단계에서 아래의 위치를​​ 눌러 &quot;설정&quot;에서 정지되면. </li><li> &quot;규모 탭&quot;을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 빈면에 교정 통치자를 놓습니다. </li><li> 필요한 경우 현미경 초점을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> 마우스를 사용하여 두 개의 스케일 바 사이에 선을 그립니다. </li><li> 2 단계. 보도 &quot;계산&quot;버튼을 표시 상자에 거리를 입력합니다. </li><li> &quot;십자&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. 1 모터 속도를 켭니다. </li><li> 헤드 어셈블리에 xScisor를 삽입합니다. &quot;z 축&quot;버튼을 누름으로써, Z 축 준비 위치로 니더 헤드 조립체. 참고 : 헤드 어셈블리 베스트 해부 악기의 큰 구조입니다. xScisor이 문서의 나머지 부분에 대한 소비 밀 비트라고한다. </li><li> 조이스틱 버튼을 &quot;해부 참여&quot;를 클릭합니다. 참고 :이 버튼이 조이스틱의 상단에 위치하고 있습니다. </li><li> 시각적으로 회전 중심을 정의합니다. 이렇게하려면 정의하여 회전 중심에 십자선의 중심을 이동프로그램의 1 단계에서 d 매개 변수. 십자선을 정렬하는 픽셀을 조정하기 위해 &quot;X&quot;와 &quot;Y 축&quot;바에서 아래 화살표를 사용합니다. &quot;완료&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. </li><li> &quot;홈&quot;아이콘을 클릭합니다. 참고 :이 작업은 오른쪽 상단 모서리에있는 집 이미지로 표현된다. </li></ol> 2. 참조 이미지 만들기 <ol><li> 무대에서 H &amp; E 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 슬라이드 상단에 불투명 커버를 놓습니다. H &amp; E 슬라이드의 원하는 영역에 조이스틱을 움직여서 기기를 구동한다. 생성 된 이미지를 저장합니다. 참고 : &quot;캡처 참조&quot;탭 또는 &quot;해부&quot;탭 하나가이 단계를 완료하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 해부를 위해 조직을 맞 춥니 다 <ol><li> 홈 화면에서 &quot;조직을 해부&quot;옵션을 클릭합니다. </li><li> &quot;연산자&quot;, &quot;해부 접근 번호&quot;, &quot;참조 기탁 번호&quot;, &quot;xScisor 바코드 번호,&quot;&amp; #을 입력합니다8220; 해부 유체 로트 번호 &quot;,&quot;xScisor 크기 &quot;및&quot;설정 &quot;탭에서&quot;설명 &quot;. </li><li> &quot;조직을 찾아&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 가져 오기 이전에 참조 이미지를 저장. </li><li> 무대에서 5 미크론 두께의 흠 FFPE 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 참조 화상에 도시 한 것과 같은 영역으로 스테이지를 이동. &quot;이미지 삽입&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. </li><li> &quot;정렬&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. 흠없는 이미지에 대한 참조 이미지를 정렬하는 마우스와 관련된 화살표를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 슬라이드에 주석 달기 <ol><li> &quot;주석&quot;탭을 클릭합니다. </li><li> microdissected 될 슬라이드의 원하는 영역 주위에 원을 그리려면 마우스를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 5. 소모품 밀 비트로드 <ol><li> 유체 운동에 위아래로 여러 번 플런저를 잡아 당겨,​​ 여기에 원하는 버퍼, PKD 버퍼와 소모품 밀 비트를 입력합니다. 반드시 공기를 제외 할 수 있도록거품. </li><li> &quot;Z-축&quot;버튼을 눌러 Z 축 올립니다. </li><li> 기계로 소비 밀 비트를 넣습니다. 기계의 정상에 소비 밀 비트를 슬라이딩하여이 작업을 수행 할 있도록 소모품 밀 비트에 검은 색 줄까지 기기 라인에 흰색 선. 플런저가 올바른 위치로 낮출 수 있도록 압박 &quot;포부 리셋&quot;버튼을 클릭합니다. 참고 : 소모품 밀 비트를 밀어 쉽게해야합니다. 그렇지 않은 경우, 노치가 제대로 정렬되어 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 다시 &quot;Z 축&quot;단추를 눌러 니더 Z 축. </li></ol> 6. 조직을 해부하다 (그림 4) <ol><li> &quot;해부&quot;탭을 엽니 다. </li><li> 1 모터와 흡입 속도를 켭니다. </li><li> &quot;쇼 추적&quot;확인란을 선택합니다. 주의 : 이는 사용자가 박리 공정 동안 해부 영역을 시각화 할 수있다. </li><li> 해부 할 준비가 완료되면, 버튼을 &quot;참여&quot;뿐만 아니라 &quot;대기음 &amp; # 계속 보유8221; 버튼 조직을 절개하기 위하여 반 시계 방향으로 조이스틱을 이동시키면서. </li><li> 대기음이 &quot;전체&quot;탭이 빨간색으로 변합니다 때까지 반 시계 방향으로 절개를 계속합니다. </li></ol> 7. 소모품 밀 비트를 비우고 제거 <ol><li> 소모품 밀 비트의 끝에서 0.5 μL의 미세 원심 분리 튜브를 놓습니다. </li><li> 을 눌러 &quot;열망&quot;제어봉 신속의 미세 튜브에 샘플을 꺼냅니다. </li><li> 사용되는 소모품 밀 비트를 배출 증가 힘으로 누르십시오. </li><li> 플런저를 다시 잡아 당겨 조직 조각을 씻어. 소모품 밀 비트에 남아있는 샘플을 표현하기 위해 앞으로 플런저를 밀어 넣습니다. 조직 조각은 지금의 미세 튜브에 포함됩니다. </li></ol> 열 처리하여 테 K 소화 8.를 Lyse 샘플 <ol><li> 조직 샘플을 복구하는 단백질 분해 효소 K의 5 μg을 포함 70 μL의 TE 산도 8.5을 추가합니다. </li><li> 프로그램 히터 통에 샘플을 놓고. </li><li> 다음 설정에서 프로그램 히터 통을 사용하여 완전한 소화 : 1,500 rpm에서 30 분 동안 60 ˚ C; 1,500 rpm에서 15 분 동안 82 ˚ C; 450 rpm에서 1 분간 25 ˚ C. 샘플은 현재 다운 스트림 응용 프로그램에 대한 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol>

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저자는 더 경쟁 금전적 이해 관계가 없음을 개시한다.

Mesodissection 병원균의 광대 한 배열로 인한 병적 병변 슬라이드로부터 RNA 추출에 적용 할 수있는 기법이다. 이것은 사용자가 콘텐츠를 추적하고 정확하게 이미지를 정렬 필요성이다. 이 작업을 수행하기 위해 장비는 이미징 소프트웨어의 지침에 따라 보정해야합니다. 해부 할 때 해부하고 그 슬라이드와 영역이 정렬되지 않는 경우, 사용자는 장비를 다시 교정해야합니다. 해부 과정에서 또 다른 ?...

The corresponding author was changed for the article, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51693">A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas</a>. The corresponding author was changed from:
Teresa A. Hudock
to:
Deepak Kaushal

The corresponding author was changed for the article, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51693">A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas</a>.

Erratum: A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

샘플은 전통적으로 수동으로 전체 조직이나 바늘과 메스를 사용하여 슬라이드 하나에서 microdissected되었습니다. 이것은 그 조직의 부와 주변 조직의 2 항 사이의 명확한 분리를 필요로한다. 분자 프로파일 기술에서 현재 발전으로, 세포 수준에서 조직을 평가할 필요성이 증가되고있다. 때문에 수동 미세 절제의 제한, LCM 등의 기술이 큰 절연 정밀도 수 있도록하기 위하여 설립되었다. 이 기술은 다음과 같은 연구가 유전자 발현 프로파일 링과 같은 하류 분석법에 사용할 수있는 다양한 세포 및 슬라이드 타입으로부터 특정 세포 집단을 분리 할 수​​있다. 다운 스트림 분석에 매우 효과적이지만, LCM은 제한이없는 것은 아니다. 첫째, LCM은 비용과 시간이 소요되는 과정입니다. 또한, 때문에 RNA의 불안정한 특성으로 종종 LCM 샘플 2에서 고품질의 RNA를 얻기 위해 도전하고있다. 때문에 디에LCM의 sadvantages은, 미세 절제 기술의 새로운 발전은 여전히​​ 저렴하고 시간에 민감한 방법으로 연구자의 큰 숫자에 더 접근 할 수 있도록하기 위해 필요합니다. 사용할 미세 절제 기술의 하나의 발전은 mesodissection로 알려진 기술이다. 이 기술에서 기계 공장 관심 주석 조직 섹션을 사용하고 소모품 밀 비트 3에를 흡입한다. 다음에,이 샘플 포집 관으로 흡인하고 다운 스트림 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있다. 이 시스템의 장점은 훨씬 적은 비용과 시간이 중요한 것이있다. 우리의 경험에서, 시스템 10 분의 폐 육아종 조직 부분의 절개를 할 수 있습니다. 한편, 기존의 LCM 가능성 프로세스를 완료하기 위해 시간을 필요로한다. 시스템은 오퍼레이터에 대한 주석의 비교뿐만 아니라 도구로 사용하는 기준 슬라이드를로드 할 수있다. 또한 보고서는 개요 일을 생성해부 된 슬라이드의 전자 영역입니다. mesodissection하는 두 가지 주요 단점이 있습니다. 복수의 셀을 추출하는데 효과적이지만, 그것은 하나의 세포를 분리하기 위해 도전. 또, 생성 된 화상의 정밀도는 다른 촬상 현미경을 사용하는 경우만큼 명확하지 않다. 결핵 (TB)는 주요 전염병 전세계 인류의 킬러와 Mtb의 감염의 결과입니다. 결핵균 에어로졸에 노출 된 개인의 대부분에서, 감염은 잠재적으로 제한됩니다. 매년 적어도 천만명에서, 활동성 결핵 4가 발생합니다. 잠복 감염시, Mtb의는 육아종로 알려진 병적 인 폐 병변 내에 포함되어 있습니다. 따라서 그것의 mtb 감염의 결과를 육아종 5 수준에서 결정되고 있다고 주장하고있다. 여기에서 우리는 mesodissection는 Mtb의에 의한 육아종을 microdissect하는 데 사용할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 사용 된 슬라이드감염된 붉은 털 원숭이에서 FFPE의 폐 조직에서이다. 이 데모의 목적을 위해, 우리는 그 전체 육아종 해부 것이다. 또한 RNA가 회복 조직으로부터 추출 될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이 기술은 다양한 다른 표본으로부터 조직 샘플에인가하고 하류 분석법 다양한 위해 사용될 수있다.

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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:260px;">MeSectr</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AvanSci Bio</td>
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			<td style="width:195px;">Mesodissector</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">400 nm xScisors</td>
			<td>AvanSci Bio</td>
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			<td>Other sizes available</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">THOR</td>
			<td>AvanSci Bio</td>
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			<td>Programmable Heater-Shaker</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NanoDrop2000</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy FFPE extraction kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:108px;">73504</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ovation RNA-Seq FFPE System&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
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</table>

a novel microdissection approach to recovering mycobacterium tuberculosis specific transcripts from formalin fixed paraffin embedded lung granulomas

미세 절제는 십년에 대한 DNA, RNA 및 단백질 수준에서의 조직 검사를 위해 사용되어왔다. 레이저 캡처 현미경 (LCM)는 오늘 사용되는 가장 일반적인 미세 절제 기법입니다. 이 기술에서, 레이저 focally 탈수 조직 섹션 1 위에 놓 열가소성 막을 용해하는 데 사용됩니다. 조직 절편 복합체이어서 들리고 막으로부터 분리된다. 이 기법은 조직 검사를 위해 성공적으로 사용될 수 있지만, 시간 소모적이고 비싸다. 또한,이 기술을 이용하여 절차의 성공적인 완료 따라서 그 사용을 제한하는, 레이저의 사용을 필요로한다. mesodissection라는 새 더 저렴하고 실용적인 미세 절제 방식은 LCM의 함정에 가능한 솔루션입니다. 이 기술은 밀에 장착 된 슬라이드 조직 샘플에서 원하는 조직을 MESO-1/MeSectr 시스템을 채택에 동시에 원하는 조직 샘플을 복구하는 유체 분배 및 흡인하면서소모품 밀 비트. 해부 과정을 시작하기 전에, 사용자는 (FFPE) 포함 된 포르말린 고정 파라핀 (H &amp; E) 기준 슬라이드 스테인드 헤 마톡 실린 및 에오신으로 밀어 맞 춥니 다. 그 후, 오퍼레이터는 소망 해부 영역에 주석 및 해당 세그먼트를 해부로 진행한다. 이 프로그램은 절개의 아카이브 이미지를 생성합니다. mesodissection의 가장 큰 장점은이 실험에서 세대를 샘플링하기 위해 설정 10 분 거리의 평균을 복용, 슬라이드를 해부하는 데 필요한 짧은 기간입니다. 또한,이 시스템은 훨씬 더 효과적인 비용과 사용자 친화적이다. 약간의 단점은 레이저 캡처 현미경처럼 정확하지 않습니다 것입니다. 이 문서에서 우리는 mesodissection은 결핵균 (Mtb의)에 의해 발생 FFPE의 육아종에서 슬라이드에서 RNA를 추출하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

상기 프로토콜은 FFPE 조직 슬라이드에서 RNA를 추출하는 새로운 mesodissection 기술을 사용하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 프로토콜의 효능은 다양한 감염 단계에서 Mtb의 감염 NHP에서 폐 육아종의 FFPE 슬라이드를 통해 표시됩니다. 1-3 악기. 그림 4의 이미지 들이고 해부 프로세스가 발생하는 방법을 묘사하고 소프트웨어. 표 1에 의해 생성 된 결과...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas at JoVE.c

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

미세 절제가 광범위하게 조직 내에서 DNA, RNA, 단백질의 시험을 위해 사용되어왔다. 레이저 캡처 현미경 (LCM)는 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법이지만 새로운 밀링 기술 mesodissection는 최근 유효하다. 우리는 mesodissected 포르말린 고정 파라핀 결핵균 육아종의 내장 조직 슬라이드에서 RNA 추출을 보여줍니다.

복구하는 새로운 미세 절제 접근<em&gt; 결핵균</em폐 육아종 임베디드 포르말린 고정 파라핀에서&gt; 특정 성적 증명서

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most ...

a-novel-microdissection-approach-to-recovering-mycobacterium

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

8.0K 조회수.  Tulane National Primate Research Center.  미세 절제가 광범위하게 조직 내에서 DNA, RNA, 단백질의 시험을 위해 사용되어왔다. 레이저 캡처 현미경 (LCM)는 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법이지만 새로운 밀링 기술 mesodissection는 최근 유효하다. 우리는 mesodissected 포르말린 고정 파라핀 결핵균 육아종의 내장 조직 슬라이드에서 RNA 추출을 보여줍니다. 

비디오: A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug-resistant strains threatens to derail current disease control efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective than those currently available. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been known for more than 10 years, yet there are important gaps in our knowledge of gene function and essentiality. Many studies have since used gene expression analysis at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to determine the effects of drugs, oxidants, and growth conditions on the global patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, the final response of these changes is reflected in the metabolic composition of the bacterium including a few thousand small molecular weight chemicals. Comparing the metabolic profiles of wild type and mutant strains, either untreated or treated with a particular drug, can effectively allow target identification and may lead to the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity. Likewise, the effects of two or more conditions on the metabolome can also be assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technology that is used to identify and quantify metabolic intermediates. In this protocol, procedures for the preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts for NMR metabolomic analysis are described. Cell cultures are grown under appropriate conditions and required Biosafety Level 3 containment,1 harvested, and subjected to mechanical lysis while maintaining cold temperatures to maximize preservation of metabolites. Cell lysates are recovered, filtered sterilized, and stored at ultra-low temperatures. Aliquots from these cell extracts are plated on Middlebrook 7H9 agar for colony-forming units to verify absence of viable cells. Upon two months of incubation at 37 &deg;C, if no viable colonies are observed, samples are removed from the containment facility for downstream processing. Extracts are lyophilized, resuspended in deuterated buffer and injected in the NMR instrument, capturing spectroscopic data that is then subjected to statistical analysis. The procedures described can be applied for both one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C NMR analyses. This methodology provides more reliable small molecular weight metabolite identification and more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of cell extract metabolic compositions than chromatographic methods. Variations of the procedure described following the cell lysis step can also be adapted for parallel proteomic analysis.

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

The metabolomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined after growth in broth cultures. Conditions can be varied to test the effects of nutritional supplements, oxidants, and anti-tuberculosis agents on the metabolic profile of this microorganism. Procedure for extract preparation is applicable for both 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C NMR analyses.

의 샘플 준비<em&gt; Mycobacterium 결핵</em핵 자기 공명 Metabolomic의 연구&gt; 압축을 풉니 다

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including antibiotics. Although stress tolerance of M. tuberculosis is one of the likely contributors to the 6-month long chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1, the molecular mechanisms underlying this characteristic phenotype of the pathogen remain unclear. Many microbial species have evolved to survive in stressful environments by self-assembling in highly organized, surface attached, and matrix encapsulated structures called biofilms 2-4. Growth in communities appears to be a preferred survival strategy of microbes, and is achieved through genetic components that regulate surface attachment, intercellular communications, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 5,6. The tolerance to environmental stress is likely facilitated by EPS, and perhaps by the physiological adaptation of individual bacilli to heterogeneous microenvironments within the complex architecture of biofilms 7.
In a series of recent papers we established that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis have a strong propensity to grow in organized multicellular structures, called biofilms, which can tolerate more than 50 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampicin 8-10. M. tuberculosis, however, intriguingly requires specific conditions to form mature biofilms, in particular 9:1 ratio of headspace: media as well as limited exchange of air with the atmosphere 9. Requirements of specialized environmental conditions could possibly be linked to the fact that M. tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and thus has adapted to tissue environments. In this publication we demonstrate methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms in a bottle and a 12-well plate format, which is convenient for bacteriological as well as genetic studies. We have described the protocol for an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis, mc27000, with deletion in the two loci, panCD and RD1, that are critical for in vivo growth of the pathogen 9. This strain can be safely used in a BSL-2 containment for understanding the basic biology of the tuberculosis pathogen thus avoiding the requirement of an expensive BSL-3 facility. The method can be extended, with appropriate modification in media, to grow biofilm of other culturable mycobacterial species.
Overall, a uniform protocol of culturing mycobacterial biofilms will help the investigators interested in studying the basic resilient characteristics of mycobacteria. In addition, a clear and concise method of growing mycobacterial biofilms will also help the clinical and pharmaceutical investigators to test the efficacy of a potential drug.

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis forms drug tolerant biofilms when cultured in certain conditions. Here we describe methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms and determining the frequency of drug tolerant persisters. These protocols will be useful for further studies into the mechanisms of drug tolerance in M. tuberculosis.

의 성장 결핵은 Mycobacterium Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

자연의 전송에 결핵 말라리아 동시 감염을 연구하는 실험 모델 결핵균와 변형체 berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

다중 약물 내성을 보여<em&gt; 결핵균</em&gt; 증폭 마이크로 어레이

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us understand the disease mechanisms and advance the discoveries of new treatment options. In vitro cell cultures of monolayers or co-cultures lack the three-dimensional (3D) environment and tissue responses. Herein, we describe an innovative in vitro model of a human lung tissue, which holds promise to be an effective tool for studying the complex events that occur during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The 3D tissue model consists of tissue-specific epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which are cultured in a matrix of collagen on top of a porous membrane. Upon air exposure, the epithelial cells stratify and secrete mucus at the apical side. By introducing human primary macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to the tissue model, we have shown that immune cells migrate into the infected-tissue and form early stages of TB granuloma. These structures recapitulate the distinct feature of human TB, the granuloma, which is fundamentally different or not commonly observed in widely used experimental animal models. This organotypic culture method enables the 3D visualization and robust quantitative analysis that provides pivotal information on spatial and temporal features of host cell-pathogen interactions. Taken together, the lung tissue model provides a physiologically relevant tissue micro-environment for studies on TB. Thus, the lung tissue model has potential implications for both basic mechanistic and applied studies. Importantly, the model allows addition or manipulation of individual cell types, which thereby widens its use for modelling a variety of infectious diseases that affect the lungs.

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Human tuberculosis infection is a complex process, which is difficult to model in vitro. Here we describe a novel 3D human lung tissue model that recapitulates the dynamics that occur during infection, including the migration of immune cells and early granuloma formation in a physiological environment.

에 대한 기능성 연구를위한 3D 인간의 폐 조직 모델<em&gt; 결핵균</em&gt; 감염

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us ...

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread of multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), there is a real urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis infections. Traditionally, compounds are evaluated based on their antibacterial activity under in vitro growth conditions in broth; however, results are often misleading for intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis since in-broth phenotypic screening conditions are significantly different from the actual disease conditions within the human body. Screening for inhibitors that work inside macrophages has been traditionally difficult due to the complexity, variability in infection, and slow replication rate of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we report a new approach to rapidly assess the effectiveness of compounds on the viability of M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model. Using a combination of a cytotoxicity assay and an in-broth M. tuberculosis viability assay, we were able to create a screening system that generates a comprehensive analysis of compounds of interest. This system is capable of producing quantitative data at a low cost that is within reach of most labs and yet is highly scalable to fit large industrial settings.

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We have developed a modular high-throughput screening system for discovering novel compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, targeting intracellular and in-broth growing bacteria as well as cytotoxicity against the mammalian host cell.

세포 내 타겟팅 억제제의 효능 및 세포 독성 검사를위한 시스템<em&gt; 결핵균</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

높은 처리량을 지원 분석은 대식 세포 계대에 대한 약물 효능을 평가하기<em&gt; 결핵균</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

18FDG PET/CT 영상 공부 결핵균 감염 및 비 인간 영장류에서 치료 도구로 서의 분석

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

기자 효소 형광와 쥐에서 이미징 결핵균

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this bacterium causes a wide disease spectrum in humans ranging from a sterilized infection to an actively progressing deadly disease. The most common form is the latent tuberculosis, which is asymptomatic, but has the potential to reactivate into a fulminant disease. Adult zebrafish and its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum have recently proven to be an applicable model to study the wide disease spectrum of tuberculosis. Importantly, spontaneous latency and reactivation as well as adaptive immune responses in the context of mycobacterial infection can be studied in this model. In this article, we describe methods for the experimental infection of adult zebrafish, the collection of internal organs for the extraction of nucleic acids for the measurement of mycobacterial loads and host immune responses by quantitative PCR. The in-house-developed, M. marinum-specific qPCR assay is more sensitive than the traditional plating methods as it also detects DNA from non-dividing, dormant or recently dead mycobacteria. As both DNA and RNA are extracted from the same individual, it is possible to study the relationships between the diseased state, and the host and pathogen gene-expression. The adult zebrafish model for tuberculosis thus presents itself as a highly applicable, non-mammalian in vivo system to study host-pathogen interactions.

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Here, we present a protocol to model human tuberculosis in an adult zebrafish using its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Extracted DNA and RNA from the internal organs of infected zebrafish can be used to reveal the total mycobacterial loads in the fish and the host&#39;s immune responses with qPCR.

진 균 marinum 감염 성인 Zebrafish에 모델링 결핵

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this ...