This work received support through Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB 1002 (subprojects A05 and B05 to S.E.L.) and KFO 155 (subproject 4 to S.E.L.), a Halbach Foundation award to S.E.L. supporting E.W.; a grant from the German Cardiac Society to S.B.; and a DAAD exchange program supporting T.K. as visitor at the University of Maryland. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community&#8217;s Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2009-241526, EUTrigTreat (to S.E.L.). S.E.L. is a principal investigator of the German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK).

<ol>
	<li>Prosser, B. L., Ward, C. W., Lederer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+Ca2++signaling+in+the+heart+the+role+of+ryanodine+receptor+sensitivity.">Subcellular Ca2+ signaling in the heart the role of ryanodine receptor sensitivity.</a> J Gen Physiol. 136 (2), 135-142 (2010).</li><li>Wehrens, X. H., Lehnart, S. E., Marks, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+calcium+release+and+cardiac+disease.">Intracellular calcium release and cardiac disease.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 67, 69-98 (2005).</li><li>Cheng, H., Cannell, M. B., Lederer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation+of+excitation-contraction+coupling+into+ventricular+myocytes.">Propagation of excitation-contraction coupling into ventricular myocytes.</a> Pflugers Arch. 428 (3-4), 415-417 (1994).</li><li>Williams, G. S., Chikando, A. C., Tuan, H. T., Sobie, E. A., Lederer, W. J., Jafri, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+calcium+sparks+and+calcium+leak+in+the+heart.">Dynamics of calcium sparks and calcium leak in the heart.</a> Biophys J. 101 (6), 1287-1296 (2011).</li><li>Sperelakis, N., Rubio, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=R.+orderly+lattice+of+axial+tubules+which+interconnect+adjacent+transverse+tubules+in+guinea-pig+ventricular+myocardium.">R. orderly lattice of axial tubules which interconnect adjacent transverse tubules in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2 (3), 211-220 (1971).</li><li>Soeller, C., Cannell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B.+of+the+transverse+tubular+system+in+living+cardiac+rat+myocytes+by+2-photon+microscopy+and+digital+image-processing+techniques.">B. of the transverse tubular system in living cardiac rat myocytes by 2-photon microscopy and digital image-processing techniques.</a> Circ Res. 84 (3), 266-275 (1999).</li><li>Song, L. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=et+al.+ryanodine+receptors+in+the+failing+heart.">et al. ryanodine receptors in the failing heart.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (11), 4305-4310 (2006).</li><li>Oort, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupted+junctional+membrane+complexes+and+hyperactive+ryanodine+receptors+after+acute+junctophilin+knockdown+in+mice.">Disrupted junctional membrane complexes and hyperactive ryanodine receptors after acute junctophilin knockdown in mice.</a> Circulation. 123 (9), 979-988 (2011).</li><li>Wagner, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+emission+depletion+live-cell+super-resolution+imaging+shows+proliferative+remodeling+of+T-tubule+membrane+structures+after+myocardial+infarction.">Stimulated emission depletion live-cell super-resolution imaging shows proliferative remodeling of T-tubule membrane structures after myocardial infarction.</a> Circ Res. 111 (4), 402-414 (2012).</li><li>Asghari, P., Schulson, M., Scriven, D. R., Martens, G., Moore, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axial+tubules+of+rat+ventricular+myocytes+form+multiple+junctions+with+the+sarcoplasmic+reticulum.">Axial tubules of rat ventricular myocytes form multiple junctions with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</a> Biophys J. 96 (11), 4651-4660 (2009).</li><li>Lukyanenko, V., Ziman, A., Lukyanenko, A., Salnikov, V., Lederer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+groups+of+ryanodine+receptors+in+rat+ventricular+cells.">Functional groups of ryanodine receptors in rat ventricular cells.</a> J Physiol. 583 (Pt 1), 251-269 (2007).</li><li>Shacklock, P. S., Wier, W. G., Balke, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+Ca2++transients+(Ca2++sparks)+originate+at+transverse+tubules+in+rat+heart+cells.">Local Ca2+ transients (Ca2+ sparks) originate at transverse tubules in rat heart cells.</a> J Physiol. 487 (Pt 3), 601-608 (1995).</li><li>Reynolds, J. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Junctophilin-2+is+necessary+for+T-tubule+maturation+during+mouse+heart+development.">Junctophilin-2 is necessary for T-tubule maturation during mouse heart development.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 100 (1), 44-53 (2013).</li><li>Di Maio, A., Karko, K., Snopko, R. M., Mejia-Alvarez, R., Franzini-Armstrong, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-tubule+formation+in+cardiac+myocytes+two+possible+mechanisms.">T-tubule formation in cardiac myocytes two possible mechanisms.</a> J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 28 (4-5), 231-241 (2007).</li><li>He, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+in+density+of+transverse+tubules+and+L-type+Ca(2+)+channels+in+canine+tachycardia-induced+heart+failure.">Reduction in density of transverse tubules and L-type Ca(2+) channels in canine tachycardia-induced heart failure.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 49 (2), 298-307 (2001).</li><li>Heinzel, F. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remodeling+of+T-tubules+and+reduced+synchrony+of+Ca2++release+in+myocytes+from+chronically+ischemic+myocardium.">Remodeling of T-tubules and reduced synchrony of Ca2+ release in myocytes from chronically ischemic myocardium.</a> Circ Res. 102 (3), 338-346 (2008).</li><li>Lyon, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+T-tubules+and+other+changes+to+surface+topography+in+ventricular+myocytes+from+failing+human+and+rat+heart.">Loss of T-tubules and other changes to surface topography in ventricular myocytes from failing human and rat heart.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (16), 6854-6859 (2009).</li><li>Crossman, D. J., Ruygrok, P. N., Soeller, C., Cannell, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+organization+of+excitation-contraction+coupling+structures+in+failing+human+heart.">Changes in the organization of excitation-contraction coupling structures in failing human heart.</a> PLoS One. 6 (3), e17901 (2011).</li><li>Kemi, O. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+exercise+training+on+transverse+tubules+in+normal,+remodeled,+and+reverse+remodeled+hearts.">The effect of exercise training on transverse tubules in normal, remodeled, and reverse remodeled hearts.</a> J Cell Physiol. 226 (9), 2235-2243 (2011).</li><li>Sachse, F. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+structures+and+function+of+myocytes+impaired+during+heart+failure+are+restored+by+cardiac+resynchronization+therapy.">Subcellular structures and function of myocytes impaired during heart failure are restored by cardiac resynchronization therapy.</a> Circ Res. 110 (4), 588-597 (2012).</li><li>Arakel, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+the+electrical+properties+of+the+heart+by+differential+trafficking+of+KATP+ion+channel+complexes.">Tuning the electrical properties of the heart by differential trafficking of KATP ion channel complexes.</a> J Cell Sciences. 127 (Pt 9), 2106-2119 (2014).</li><li>Richards, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+tubules+are+a+common+feature+in+large+mammalian+atrial+myocytes+including+human.">Transverse tubules are a common feature in large mammalian atrial myocytes including human.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 301 (5), H1996-H2005 (2011).</li><li>Trafford, A. W., Clarke, J. D., Richards, M. A., Eisner, D. A., Dibb, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+signalling+microdomains+and+the+t-tubular+system+in+atrial+mycoytes+potential+roles+in+cardiac+disease+and+arrhythmias.">Calcium signalling microdomains and the t-tubular system in atrial mycoytes potential roles in cardiac disease and arrhythmias.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 98 (2), 192-203 (2013).</li><li>Greiser, M., Schotten, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+remodeling+of+intracellular+Ca2++signaling+during+atrial+fibrillation.">Dynamic remodeling of intracellular Ca2+ signaling during atrial fibrillation.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 58, 134-142 (2013).</li><li>Voigt, N., Zhou, X. B., Dobrev, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+atrial+myocytes+for+simultaneous+measurements+of+Ca2++transients+and+membrane+currents.">Isolation of human atrial myocytes for simultaneous measurements of Ca2+ transients and membrane currents.</a> J Vis Exp. (77), 10-3791 (2013).</li><li>Kaestner, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+genetic+manipulation+of+adult+cardiac+myocytes+for+confocal+imaging.">Isolation and genetic manipulation of adult cardiac myocytes for confocal imaging.</a> J Vis Exp. (31), (2009).</li><li>Louch, W. E., Sheehan, K. A., Wolska, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+in+cardiomyocyte+isolation,+culture,+and+gene+transfer.">Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 51 (3), 288-298 (2011).</li><li>King, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+intact+cardiac+myocyte+mechanics+cross-bridge+and+titin-based+stress+in+unactivated+cells.">Mouse intact cardiac myocyte mechanics cross-bridge and titin-based stress in unactivated cells.</a> J Gen Physiol. 137 (1), 81-91 (2011).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji,+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji, an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Arganda-Carreras, I., Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Munoz-Barrutia, A., Ortiz-De-Solorzano, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+reconstruction+of+histological+sections+Application+to+mammary+gland+tissue.">3D reconstruction of histological sections Application to mammary gland tissue.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 73 (11), 1019-1029 (2010).</li><li>Liu, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scale+space+approach+to+directional+analysis+of+images.">Scale space approach to directional analysis of images.</a> Appl Opt. 30 (11), 1369-1373 (1991).</li><li>Powell, T., Twist, V. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+technique+for+the+isolation+and+purification+of+adult+cardiac+muscle+cells+having+respiratory+control+and+a+tolerance+to+calcium.">A rapid technique for the isolation and purification of adult cardiac muscle cells having respiratory control and a tolerance to calcium.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 72 (1), 327-333 (1976).</li><li>Watanabe, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+effect+of+2,3-butanedione+monoxime+(BDM)+on+Na(+)/Ca(2+)+exchange+current+in+guinea-pig+cardiac+ventricular+myocytes.">Inhibitory effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 132 (6), 1317-1325 (2001).</li><li>Kohl, T., Westphal, V., Hell, S. W., Lehnart, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superresolution+microscopy+in+heart+-+cardiac+nanoscopy.">Superresolution microscopy in heart - cardiac nanoscopy.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 58, 13-21 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

虽然心肌细胞已被分离，并研究了几十年的32，最近一次检讨的结论是一致的高质量的心肌细胞的隔离仍然充满挑战27。这反映了主要的心肌细胞VIS-à-VIS缺乏共同的标准方法，共享的元数据，而透明细胞质量文件的隔离相对复杂的协议。细胞分离的协议通常是由单独的组定制，产生可变结果的细胞株，取决于个体模式设置（ 例如 ，物种，年龄，并存心脏疾病），通常调整为特定的实验条件。在定量TATS膜的研究和协议这里提出，质量评估和文档的基本水平的情况下涉及单个细胞的膜结构容易出现代谢和隔离协议相关变动或共聚焦显微镜超高分辨率，无论是在上午或VM。重要的是，即使细胞株高产建议健康完好的细胞，研究人员需要记录和批判仔细判断每个细胞对抗与非特异性损害表面和TATS细胞膜的完整性，由于分离过程对由于不同类型的具体变化形态标准干预措施相比，控制的条件。在心肌细胞的分离的一个重要变量是一个给定的胶原酶大量的特定活性。以选择一组新的胶原酶，胶原酶几个样品的酶活性，应互相通过评估心肌细胞产率和质量，并根据制造商的说明书进行试验。理想情况下，一个新的大量的胶原酶是确定与类似于以前成功地使用大量的胶原酶活性（对可能的酶活性进一步评估是指在材料和方法表中的"胶原酶很多选择工具"）。牛逼阿肯一起的TATS膜的可视化定量方法严重依赖于细胞的分离和质量，反之亦然，心肌细胞隔离导致非特异性膜破坏记录在案的TATS显微镜应触发的隔离程序，严格审查和纠正。由于细胞分离质量和TATS膜的可视化和量化有着内在的联系，本文所讨论的协议，涵盖所有主要方面作为一个连续的策略。 一个额外的挑战和心脏研究中，细胞损伤和/或细胞损失的常见问题的发生是由于代谢损害的干预，例如 ，心肌梗死后如图9所示 ，还需要针对潜在的意外损坏，例如判断，下列过程中细胞分离忽视空气栓塞。从患病心脏的心肌细胞的分离可能导致额外的，显著细胞损失和降低细胞的产量。因此，对比例如果细胞的分离和计数是通过标准化的协议一致地施加控制和病态心脏之间分离的完整细胞的总数的ISON可以是有意义的。因此，重要的是通过适当的对照组，这反映了最佳的心肌细胞的分离的质量来判断细胞的完整性。重要的是，单个细胞的质量和健康与患病细胞与活细胞显微镜的分离过程中不慎损坏，可能显著影响TATS膜的网络分析。这里介绍的协议，在细胞的分离和胎膜完整的活细胞显微因此强调生理膜元件的完整性和稳定性。整个工作流被设计为一个连续的策略来实现并保持完好TATS膜元件同时排除损伤的细胞，因为这些将表现出隔离依赖性膜器物等破坏膜小管，卷材胶粘ê泡，并改变TATS网络错误地控制条件和损害进一步定量分析。反之，同样的策略是至关重要的与潜在的干预研究扰乱TATS膜，它主要取决于真正健康与同TATS膜变化真患病细胞之间进行有意义的比较对照。 此外，我们要解决的程序，实现了技术上更有挑战性的隔离上午细胞。尽管进步和改善的协议，它强调的是，这是不平凡重现虚拟机的高品质小区隔离，甚至不太可靠的肺泡是很重要的。这是由于整体产量较低AM的细胞，其中在细胞的分离，即使小的误差或变化可能导致完全的调幅细胞分离失败，而VM的细胞损伤轻微程度可能是在细胞悬浮液中不那么明显，由于相对高的细胞数字相比，PM。由于上午细胞可能成为ç分离后urved，通过几个感兴趣区分析可能是有利的根据步骤4.3所概述。继细胞分离步骤的详细过程，我们提供了一个协议，直接整合膜染色和共聚焦或TATS都为虚拟机和AMS网络的STED超分辨成像。这些协议使通过先前建立的参数定量分析和TATS膜的选择组件的分化。相比于虚拟机，三维组织和肺泡心房TATS网络功能的行为是目前还不了解。 该程序形象TATS膜在活细胞中（步骤3.1至3.7）的开发与商业焦（表材料/设备）和定制的受激发射损耗荧光显微镜9。以优化荧光图像生成和定量分析TATS显微镜设置，以下几点是具有普遍意义: <ul><li> 目的 </str翁&gt; 为了解决TATS膜结构的小细节，实证检验的目标提供最高的图像质量，同时注重几个微米深的细胞。某些共焦显微镜可以与水或甘油的目标，以此处使用的63X 1.4 NA油浸物镜有更好的表现，与此相反。目标与100X的放大倍率用于STED超分辨显微术，权衡的视场较小的纳米级分辨率的34。 </li><li> 激发和增益 励磁功率和检测器增益的最佳设置取决于显微镜光路，激光表演和样本性质上。理想情况下，激光功率和增益调节以利用全范围的检测器的，但避免图像的饱和度。商业显微镜软件包通常提供了可视化的动态范围的下限和上限的查找表。此外，为了最小化染料漂白采用尽可能低的升ASER电源仍然提供足够的结构TATS膜的详细信息。此外，激励功率应足够低，以避免导致心肌细胞挛缩和死亡的累积光损伤。 </li><li> 像素大小 使用像素大小与奈奎斯特采样兼容，大约有一半实现了与给定设置的分辨率。对于共焦成像的100纳米×100nm的像素大小是兼容的，这也将限制漂白。对于超分辨率显微镜显著更小的像素尺寸，例如使用20纳米×20纳米的STED显微镜9。 </li><li> 停留时间 共焦显微镜提供了一个平均功能。在一般情况下，用最短的像素停留时间，以避免漂白结合信号平均化，例如 ，线路均≥8，以改善信号噪声比。 </li><li> 文档的应用显微设置通过元数据 一旦设置如何TATS膜结构的图像细节进行了优化，在一个特定的激光共聚焦显微镜，安全和/或文档的设置（协议的元数据）。掌握细胞内的（或间）组（S）的所有图像具有相同的目标，激励功率，增益，像素尺寸，像素停留时间和平均功能。平等的成像条件允许的范围内细胞（或间）组（S）直接比较和定量。 </li><li>对于一般的指导和有关原则和共聚焦显微镜的应用程序的详细信息请参阅生物共轭焦显微镜（帕利JB，第3版，2006年，施普林格科学+商业媒体有限责任公司）的手册。 </li></ul>相反，这里介绍的直接分析的策略，描述TATS膜与疾病相关的变化以前的出版物中，使用了T型小管密度区域总读数定量策略16,17，或间接的区域战略基于傅立叶互感器纹状的膜的信号，以评估T-细管部件规律性7本署可能分析。相反，此处所描述的定量方法是直接关系到个人TATS组件，并提供了一​​些额外的参数，包括膜的网络性能和像的A-肾小管的百分数特定组件。此外，TATS网络密度可被量化为每ROI区域的整个提取骨架的归一化长度。三个单独的三联点数目，连续地连接小管组件可以用来作为TATS膜网络的分支的复杂性的度量。我们注意到，最小TATS组件的任何分析依赖于染色程序。根据我们的经验，800微升的50微米二8 ANEPPS解决方案，足以完成染色TATS网络，包含50000 VM 9细胞的细胞沉淀。但是，如果将细胞沉淀中含有心肌细胞的下数如果强大的荧光检测器是可用的，并且如果根据经验测试可以使用整体TATS网络分布的共焦成像，而不是最小的膜细节和量的变化是感兴趣的，低级的染料浓度。最后，所描述的分析编写的软件的宏可用于自动化图像处理步骤，以促进分析的更大的数据集，这对于不同的治疗组（ 例如 ，药物），细胞类型之间的比较是特别有用的（ 例如 ，AM与VM ），和病理生理干预（ 例如 ，假与心肌梗死）。 为TATS网络的图像分析，主要步骤如下顺序应用:1）滚动的球背景减法（4.5.1），以除去在背景强度的空间变化; 2）局部对比度增强（4.5.2）; 3）图像平滑（4.5.3）; 4）统计区域合并（4.5.4）; 5）定义图像二值化的阈值（4.5.6）;和6）计算该骨架数据的（4.5.8）。的荧光TATS图像的骨架化过程中的一个关键步骤是在图6所示的图像的二值化的阈值相关联的步骤，最终确定被检测到表示底层TATS部件与从背景噪声确定错误可能的错误结构，其真正的膜结构。正确的阈值进行二值化图像分析，识别要与真实TATS膜结构，它依赖于足够高的信号 - 噪声（SNR）的各比值为共焦和超高分辨率显微镜方法对应。因此，足够的图像质量，应首先建立，随后结合单个细胞的质量包括亮场图像文件的关键判断，概括。替代方案，以适应图像分割协议对于给定的显微镜数据输出和/或物理iological问题包括图像去卷积和像"大津"或"ISO数据"作为ImageJ的插件，其他的阈值程序。不管最终的分割过程中，我们考虑了图像叠加的强制性质量控制步骤提取原始数据之间的比较。总之，个人的离体心肌细胞，足以染色细胞TATS膜，用于荧光成像参数优化，并提取骨​​架数据的叠加控制形态和膜的完整性都将有助于荧光TATS图像和定量结果的质量。 如果较大的物种比小鼠用于细胞的分离，该协议可以很容易地修改为适当的。为下一个较大的物种，大鼠心脏可插管的钝地下14套管（外2.1mm直径），并灌注以8毫升/分钟。显著年长或患病的心脏，可能需要更大的套管尺寸。在基因拉尔，心脏灌注可以或者由恒压例如进行，使用储层和主动脉之间或通过使用蠕动泵恒定流动的高1米水柱。用于从小型啮齿动物的心像小鼠和大鼠细胞分离恒定流可能是有利的，因为胶原酶消化最终将破坏冠状动脉阻力血管，导致过度的灌注速度漏出血管床将由恒定流的协议来控制到某种程度。与此相反，恒压灌注是有利的，如果监视的流量和正确的插管是一个优先，这是有利的干预模式具有改变血管阻力的行为，以及用于在细胞分离程序的培训。 如以上概述的，足够的细胞质量为内源性膜系统的定量研究很重要。然而，在心脏灌注和胶原酶消化众多因素CRitically影响细胞的分离，这不应该在协议优化和故障排除27被低估的质量。特别是，在给定的胶原酶大量的活性应为兴趣如心房或在执行前的实验真正研究建立隔离条件心室的特定组织被确定为保持在整个研究的剩余部分。此外，水的质量，pH值，温度，灌注设置的优化和清洗会无意中破坏污染物和栓塞的风险最小化，并有可能附加因素必须被监视，以在细胞分离建立最佳稳态条件。 BDM（2,3 - 丁二酮-肟）肌球蛋白ATP横桥可逆抑制剂的组织解剖和消化过程中是常用的，以维持心脏肌肉松弛，从而增加细胞分离物的产率。不过，调查人员需要吨ö意识到BDM可能施加导致脱靶效应，例如 ，在某些条件下33抑制钠 / 钙交换电流的非特异性磷酸酶的活性。对于一些实验中，可能有利的由II型肌球蛋白的心脏停搏液，抑制剂与肌球蛋白在微摩尔浓度的高亲和性然而这是，中毒性且相对昂贵的更换BDM，并且可以具有其他的脱靶效应。搁健康心肌不应显示在没有电刺激与这些细胞的任何收缩应被排除在进一步分析。另一方面，响应于在生理细胞外的 Ca 2 +浓度的电刺激心肌细胞的收缩和舒张，可用于建立正常的收缩行为作为一种附加措施来评估心脏疾病与健康控制功能单元的质量和/或反常的行为细胞。 9和AM单元21以及用于微管网络在定量分析定心肌细胞（数据未示出）。的协议，这些和未来的应用可能会打开渠道，多种实验问题，如TATS膜在不同发育阶段的特征或相关膜蛋白或细胞器结构的联系TATS网络的分析，以发挥高度本地化的，特定的域信号功能在上午和VM细胞。

在健康横纹肌细胞，管状膜结构与"横向"方向（T管）垂直于主细胞轴是丰富的。因此，T管已被定性为肌肉细胞主要的"横向"的表膜（肌膜）持续扩展，深入渗透朝小区中心的细胞质。的T管连续的外表面的膜的生理作用是通过SER细胞器接触结构域在整个较大的心肌细胞体积的电压活化的L-型Ca纳米邻近耦合形成远程胞内区室的快速电耦合离子通道（Cav1.2）内向电流（I Ca）的激活相邻兰尼碱受体（RyR2的）SER的钙离子释放。在交界SER域和T之间的心室肌细胞（虚拟机）中，非连续的膜的接触（"结"）-tubules被认为控制数千个体细胞内的 Ca 2 +释放纳米畴的每个单元1中。 对于任何给定的接触领域，在并置的膜的每个T形小管和外周（连接）的SER的部分是大约彼此接近15纳米，因此定义为nanodomain。因此，极个别小细胞质子空间隔离这使准小区自治仓行为。当传入的动作电位活化的T管虚拟机，一个相对较小的Ca Cav1.2 离子通道内向电流会迅速增加的子空间中钙离子浓度的钙离子浓度S IN的attoliter大小nanodomain 1。接下来，[ 钙 ] S增加激活钙离子门控的兰尼碱受体（RyR2的）中的并列SER膜纳米路口附近，并且这种耦合过程发生在所有电连接ð心肌细胞纳米畴。 RyR2s发生致密多通道簇的1 Cav1.2通道的估计的化学计量为5-10的RyR2通道2。由于SER到胞浆钙离子浓度梯度很陡（10比4:1）和RyR2s作为高电导钙离子的功能结合型集群的释放渠道，在数量上大RyR2的钙激活导致2 +释放的T小管加上交界的SER域增加局部子空间的[Ca 2 +] S以100微米或更高在1-2毫秒3,4电流。这种心脏信号放大行为也被称为钙离子诱导的Ca 2 +释放（CICR）。总之，T管是必要的膜结构，可以快速激活兴奋收缩（EC）的耦合过程中通过交界nanodomain SER的接触和细胞性CICR ​​钙释放的信号。 除了T管，轴向细管S（A-小管）平行于主（纵向）细胞轴的显著不同的方向已经证实了通过电子显微镜（EM），共聚焦和双光子显微镜的研究。举例来说，肌原纤维相互连接的带T管附近肌Z-线之间的A-肾小管细胞的宽连续晶格所表现出细胞外示踪剂和固定豚鼠虚拟机5的EM图像。使用外葡聚糖联荧光素染色和生活大鼠虚拟机的双光子成像，复杂的三维网状小管网络中包含可视〜60％T管和〜40％，小管6。这项研究不仅导致了大量的A-小管三维可视化，同时也实现了切片的EM可视化本质上是有限的复杂和动态膜网络，如横向轴小管系统（TATS）的分析。因此，TATS膜的共聚焦活细胞成像直接沾上二8 ANNEPS开发。如果活细胞TATS网络由傅里叶变换分析，经常出现在靠近肌Z-线空间的T-细管部件是通过从条纹信号7的区域中的集合功率谱反射。这种间接的分析策略已经被用于检测在疾病模型7中TATS成分规律性小区宽的区域的变化。例如，shRNA的介导junctophilin-2击倒导致心脏衰竭和亚型特异性蛋白质不足造成的T小管重组与nanodomain 钙释放功能障碍8。我们通过直接定量方法，并进一步利用受激发射损耗（STED）纳米显微镜9在小鼠单独的虚拟机TATS组件的活细胞超高分辨率显微镜最近延长TATS膜网的分析。允许直接分析较小的单个TATS组件，其中接近50:50的横向分布的纳米图像分辨率与小管的轴向方向，定量确定2丰富的差异还面向个人TATS在健康小鼠心脏9成分。这些策略将在下面的协议部分中进一步概述的。 而丰富的A-小管组成部分，在成人心脏的生理作用仍然神秘莫测，新兴市场的研究已经证明了A-小管提示内源性钙豚鼠和大鼠的VM 5,10释放纳米畴相关的SER膜结构。 Cav1.2和RyR2的共聚焦分析发现，高度共存的A-小管路口10。由于自发钙火花在大鼠虚拟机起源比较远的地方，从T管，通常会出现Z线条纹〜20％，有一个参数一直是A-小管相关的纳米畴可能确实存在，并作为钙释放位点11,12。有趣的是，T-细管形成和成熟OC只有出生后小人和P5平行心脏细胞， 例如生长，通过对前体肌膜内陷发芽和未成熟的支TATS网络组件在P10小鼠13。看来，Junctophilin-2是产后TATS网络成熟特别重要，因为的shRNA敲除抑制T型小管膜锚定到SER路口，导致延迟钙释放及病理TATS组织，在不成熟的A-小管为主的架构一致虚拟机13。这些意见最终可能导致验证性的概念，T管通过膜内陷的过程，而A-小管形成可变形通过额外的，甚至替代细胞内的机制14。 在心脏疾病TATS膜特性的变化已成为一个重要的研究领域病理生理问题。在起搏诱发心脏failu狗模型初步报告再次表明了T管和Cav1.2电流（I Ca）的 15亏损。缺血性心肌病的动物模型表现出减少的T小管密度和细胞内钙的减少同步离子释放16。采用自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）模型心脏衰竭中，T管的亏损与Cav1.2和RyR2的的减少nanodomain耦合关联由"RyR2的孤儿"所提出的机制7。的T管的亏损也已缺血，扩张型，肥厚型心肌病样17表明在人类的虚拟机。此外，增加了在A-肾小管报道，在人的扩张型心肌病18的组织切片。心肌梗死后，我们发现TATS重组小鼠虚拟机与T管对比显著降低差分机制中的A-小管组件9的增加。重要的是，改善了当地的膜对比，通过活细胞superre实现解决方案STED显微镜启用了详细的定量成分分析通过直接测量，这表明了A-小管与TATS网络长度的整体增加，复杂的分支9显著增殖。此外，还表明，运动训练可逆转大鼠的T-细管重塑后心肌梗死19和心脏再同步治疗可能导致反向的T管重构犬心房快速起搏诱导的心脏衰竭20。合在一起，无论是在患病的人和动物的VM以及潜在的治疗性干预的研究将可以说从高质量细胞分离程序和详细的定量分析策略受益在协议中所概述和下面的效果的部分。 此外，最近由侧面证明了对ATP敏感性钾通道的TATS膜贩运亚型21，考虑心房m是重要的yocytes（AMS）作为生物鲜明以及比较心肌细胞模型与虚拟机。 T管最近被记录在羊和人的肺泡22。目前的证据表明，存在于细胞上午几个T管，通常像羊和人类，而不是较大的哺乳动物在小型啮齿动物23。相反，虚拟机，在肺泡巨细胞内的 Ca 2 +释放出现从细胞表面传播通过向小区中心其导致标记的空间和时间的 Ca 2 +梯度23扩散发生。在这个框架内就阐明细胞内Ca2 +信号不稳的常见病，多发病形式的机制，如房颤24显得重要。总之，无论是上午和VM细胞的分离和分别用于健康和患病的心是常用的协议。只有当细胞分离做正确作为判断的足够的细胞质量的微观文件，AM和虚拟机的样品应该是CArried向前定量TATS分析。因此，下面的协议部分是极其依赖于高质量细胞从小鼠或其它物种接着活细胞显微术来分析完整TATS膜分离。正如前面所指出的，TATS膜的特性是有倾向的固定和编制文物6时，由于渗透压的改变细胞膜的变化，传统的光学显微镜9的分辨率限制，一个具有挑战性的研究领域。我们注意到，国家的最先进的最新协议，对人类肺泡大鼠虚拟机用于细胞培养的钙成像和膜片钳和隔离此前已发表 ​​在该刊25,26。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1552">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Chemicals and enzymes</td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td style="width:759px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">2,3-Butanedione monoxime</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">B0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Bovine calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SH30073</td>
			<td>Triple 0.1 &#181;m sterile filtered.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">21115</td>
			<td style="width:759px;">Diluted 1:10 in MQ water to obtain 100 mM CaCl2 stock concentration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Collagenase type II</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Worthington via Cell Systems, Troisdorf, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">on request</td>
			<td>Enzymatic activity depends on individual collagenase batches. Collagenase II&#160; and other enzyme activities (Caseinase, Clostripain, Tryptic) can be assessed in the &#34;collagenase lot selection tool&#34;. Determine cell yield and quality individually for each new lot of collagenase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">HN06.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Rotexmedica, Trittau, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">PZN-03862340</td>
			<td>Diluted in 0,9 % NaCl and injected subcutaneuosly in abdominal skin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">9105.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Forene 100% (V/V)</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Abbott, Libertyville, IL, USA</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">B506</td>
			<td>Active agent: isoflurane, 250 ml. Use approximately 2 Vol% in air/oxygen dispenser instrument.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">6781.3</td>
			<td style="width:759px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">3904.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Laminin (2 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">354232</td>
			<td>Lamination is described under step 2.1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">MgCl2 &#183; 6 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">2189.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">MgSO4 &#183; 7 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">8283.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Na2HPO4 &#183; 2 H2O</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">4984.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">HN01.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Taurin</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">4721.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;"></td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Dyes</td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Di-8-ANEPPS</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">D-3167</td>
			<td>Stock solution 2 mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">T8154</td>
			<td>Trypan blue is gently mixed 1:1 via tip-cut 1 ml plastic pipette with cell suspension prior to cell counting in Neubauer cytometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;"></td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Langendorff perfusion setup</td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Circulation thermostat</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Lauda, Lauda-K&#246;nigshofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td>Please refer to Louch et al. (JMCC 2011). Heat up thermostat und buffers in perfusion tubing to 37 &#176;C 15 min prior to use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Flexible silicone tubing Tygon for peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">224-2252</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Tubing needs to be changed regularly.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Flexible silicone tubing Tygon for thermostat</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">228-4340</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:43px;width:304px;">Heating coil surroundung perfusion tubing</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Rettberg, G&#246;ttingen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">custom-made</td>
			<td style="width:759px;">Heating coil and tubing needs to be cleaned thoroughly via MQ water after using. Do not use detergents. Glass components should be bathed regularly&#160; in 10 mM NaOH overnight.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Ismatec, Wertheim, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">ISM830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Three way stop cock Discofix C Luer Lock 10 cm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Braun, Melsungen, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">16500C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Three way stop cock Discofix 3SC</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Braun, Melsungen, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">4095146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;"></td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:376px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">42 mm glass coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Menzel Gl&#228;ser via Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">on request</td>
			<td>0.13 - 0.16 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Cannula 21G</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lake, NY, USA</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">304432</td>
			<td>Cut to a length of ~ 5 mm, roughened with sandpaper.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Coverslips for Neubauer cytometer 24 x 24 mm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Menzel Gl&#228;ser via Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">on request</td>
			<td>0.38 - 0.42 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Graefe forceps, 0.5 mm tips, slight curve</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>11151-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">LSM 710 NLO</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td>63x 1.4 NA oil objective</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:304px;">Neubauer improved cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Labor Optik, Friedrichsdorf, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">1100000</td>
			<td style="width:759px;">Counting procedure: Wipe cytometer and coverslip provided with the counting chamber with 70 % ethanol. Press coverslip gently on the counting chamber so that the two glass surfaces are in contact and Newton&#39;s rings can be observed. Subsequently, 10 - 20 &#181;l cell suspension can be applied to the edge of the coverslip to be sucked into the void by capillary action. Count the intact vs. defect myocytes using the squares of the cytometer grid which reflects 100 nl. Repeat counting procedure on the second grid provided on the cytometer. Calculate the density of cells in your original cell suspension by taking account of any dlutions and counting shortcuts.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">POC-R2 Imaging Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Pecon, Erbach, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td>Cell suspension volume: 800 &#181;l; desired plating density: ~ 1000 AM and ~ 10,000 VM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Spring scissors, 8 mm blades straight, blunt</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">15025-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Student dumont #7 forceps, inox</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>91197-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Student iris scissors, curved, 11.5 cm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>91461-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Student iris scissors, straight, 11.5 cm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Student surcigal scissors, straight, sharp, 12 cm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>91402-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:304px;">Tissue forceps, 1x2 teeth, slim, 10 cm</td>
			<td style="width:376px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>11023-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of tubular membrane networks in cardiac myocytes from atria and ventricles

In cardiac myocytes a complex network of membrane tubules - the transverse-axial tubule system (TATS) - controls deep intracellular signaling functions. While the outer surface membrane and associated TATS membrane components appear to be continuous, there are substantial differences in lipid and protein content. In ventricular myocytes (VMs), certain TATS components are highly abundant contributing to rectilinear tubule networks and regular branching 3D architectures. It is thought that peripheral TATS components propagate action potentials from the cell surface to thousands of remote intracellular sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SER) membrane contact domains, thereby activating intracellular Ca2+ release units (CRUs). In contrast to VMs, the organization and functional role of TATS membranes in atrial myocytes (AMs) is significantly different and much less understood. Taken together, quantitative structural characterization of TATS membrane networks in healthy and diseased myocytes is an essential prerequisite towards better understanding of functional plasticity and pathophysiological reorganization. Here, we present a strategic combination of protocols for direct quantitative analysis of TATS membrane networks in living VMs and AMs. For this, we accompany primary cell isolations of mouse VMs and/or AMs with critical quality control steps and direct membrane staining protocols for fluorescence imaging of TATS membranes. Using an optimized workflow for confocal or superresolution TATS image processing, binarized and skeletonized data are generated for quantitative analysis of the TATS network and its components. Unlike previously published indirect regional aggregate image analysis strategies, our protocols enable direct characterization of specific components and derive complex physiological properties of TATS membrane networks in living myocytes with high throughput and open access software tools. In summary, the combined protocol strategy can be readily applied for quantitative TATS network studies during physiological myocyte adaptation or disease changes, comparison of different cardiac or skeletal muscle cell types, phenotyping of transgenic models, and pharmacological or therapeutic interventions.

此外，向TATS膜网络分析若干像细胞内的 Ca 2 +成像，膜片钳电生理学或药理学剂量反应研究中常用的细胞生物学技术从心房或心室严重地依赖于高品质的初级细胞分离或选择心脏组织的部分，以使成熟的分化，结构和生理完好心肌细胞的表征。因此，隔离和质量评估第1节上午和VM细胞是许多不同的问题，包括这里所描述TATS网络分析，这主要取决于完整的膜和细胞的完整性，最终很有用。 图1提供了图像的逐步手册如何进行心脏组织解剖开始，在小鼠心脏的心房室。随后，心室腔和隔膜都准备了ð需要解剖。可靠地建立调幅和VM隔离以足够的细胞纯度精确选择和制备正确的组织部位是很重要的。以下胶原酶消化它可以是相对难以确定心房和心室组织之间夹层的正确路线，但一旦AM和VM细胞混合不受控制的细胞悬浮液中，这是不可能的扭转混合细胞群。因此，解剖定位，三维组织可视化，足够的经验与消化的组织处理，正确识别的特定组织部位及其解剖线将所有向细胞分离的成功。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5.75in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> 心房组织的图1.Dissection。 （一）面对心脏的前部，两种手术Šutures修复近端主动脉到21克钢套管的残肢末端（B）对剩余肺组织解剖阻碍在心房腔心切的心脏基础影音浏览。洛杉矶，左心房;类风湿性关节炎，右心房（C）剩余lungtissue及大血管被拆除访问心房室。填充黑色三角形，肺动脉;三角纹，肺静脉;填充白色三角形，上腔静脉;盒装三角形，下部腔静脉（D）首先，在右心房壁被切开，而钳握住心耳（E）查看进入右心房室腔。黑色三角形标记完好房间隔（F）的解剖继续进入左心房室腔（G）以下的左，右心房的完全剥离，房室瓣变得可见。纤维气门传动装置被解剖并丢弃到SUBSEQuently收获仅心室肌肉组织。分离的左和右心房（H）的后视图。洛杉矶，左心房;类风湿性关节炎，右atrium.Scale条:700微米。 以确定细胞隔离的质量， 图2提供了典型的细胞的例子的产率和典型的杆或砖状横纹肌完整细胞的存活力的评估过程中，无论是用于AMS和VM。小损坏，在视觉上不明显，以及与异常过度弯曲的形态，或不规则球面状细胞严重受损的细胞，可以容易地确定包括台盼蓝排除在1.11节中描述。虽然完整的细胞保持明亮，均匀条纹，当暴露于外台盼蓝，受损细胞通常显示多个小泡膜和/或迅速积累台盼蓝细胞内表明膜的损伤。不过，台盼蓝本身会伤害过unnecessari细胞LY长潜伏期和直接的细胞质量评估，因此强制性的。对像肌丝挛缩或总表面损伤影响细胞的完整性细胞损伤较为明显的实例是如图4C和4D， <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig2highres.jpg" width="700" /> 如图2台盼蓝排除细胞染色。隔离（A） 的 AM和（B）中的VM的细胞混合在悬浮液用锥虫蓝和通过在40Xmagnification所示的倒置光学显微镜下观察。注意thatabnormal球形细胞（A）和（B）占台盼蓝，这indicatesmembrane leakaGE和结构损坏。与此相反，centralAM和VM细胞与完整的膜排斥台盼蓝，如图所示。此外，请注意，完整的AM和VM细胞显示肌条纹整个细胞体积，nomembrane泡，并在两侧边尖锐的边缘和两闰盘。比例尺为20μm。 下面的VM的成功分离，细胞产量从5×5月 10日至6月 10日可从单个小鼠心脏消化可以预期的。 AMS产率是在3×10 3〜3×10 4个杆形，台盼蓝排除单元的顺序显著更低。相反，虚拟机，甚至有经验的人员隔离偶尔失败。步骤1.11总结程序如何估计分离的健康细胞在悬浮液中的产率。另外，判断为如图3所示的单个AM或VM细胞株通过步骤1.13的平均泡孔尺寸<html>或者比较调幅与VM的细胞群并排侧（如需要）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig3highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图心肌细胞3.Bright场形态分析，虚拟机的轮廓由下步1.13中描述的图像分析工具检测到。使用多边形选择工具以可视记号和定义由外表面的膜用于分析所定义的细胞的细胞外边界。广告的感兴趣区域（ROI）的投资回报率管理器所选择的区域接着1D距离测量。宽度比调幅与VM尺寸的比较研究，它以记录单元的长度，宽度和面积，并计算出的长度是有用的。 NT"&gt;要荧光染色TATS膜无论是在AM或VM的细胞中，整合膜染料二- 8-ANEPPS是如在第2随后通过共聚焦显微镜，导致TATS网络在图4A中所示的代表图像和描述用于4B，此外， 图4A示出一个完整的调幅边并排的共焦TATS图像的相应的透射光的图像（图像采集见第3节）。正如所描述的步骤1.12，活的形态和表面细胞膜的完整性健康VM的细胞是通过所发射的光的图像进行判断。二 - 8-ANEPPS信号的放大区域突出在肺泡的TATS网络的基本形态，其特征在于丰富的轴向（纵向）膜小管。相反，TATS形态如图4B所示 ，其特征在于由大约相同的数字轴向的中ð横向部件。与此相反， 图中应排除在进一步分析受损心肌细胞4C和4D示出的例子。特别地，在图4C中的调幅细胞收缩，就证明了1.2微米的异常短肌节长度和不规则的，扭曲的TATS网络，而在图4D中的VM的细胞表现出的多个膜泡（部分强调红色三角形）表示膜破坏，这可能发生在外表面上的膜，而且在TATS膜。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig4highres.jpg" width="600" /> 完整的心房和心室肌的图4.Live膜染色核细胞。对应的透射光及生活的共焦图象二- 8-ANEPPS染色的完整的（A）的 AM和（B）VM细胞。相反，部分收缩，并可能损坏调幅为1.2微米的肌节长度显示在（C）。承包细胞通常显示异常缩短，因而扭曲TATS结构，排除进一步分析。对于细胞膜缺陷另一个重要指标是膜泡（红色三角形）所示在虚拟机中（D）。膜泡代表破坏表面的膜结构和细胞泡应排除进一步TATS分析。此外，虚拟机显示了毛损坏显然缺少其左下部分的整个部分（标以星号）。总之，通过比较透射光及共焦图象，细胞形态和表面完整性是记录和结合荧光信号的信息。 "N"标记NUCLEI从TATS膜染色的分析被删去。黄色柱线表示从上面介绍的相同的共聚焦图像放大投资回报。比例尺:10微米<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> 如示于图4A和4B TATS膜具有足够的信号-噪声比的共焦图象接受进一步的定量分析。该TATS膜的分析是基于从荧光直线的信号分量导出镂空的内容图5示出了这是由以下步骤进行详细说明4.3至4.5的个别图像的处理步骤的流程图。这些步骤产生代表直线TATS膜网镂空图像，示出了每个独立的虚拟机（ 图5A）和AM的细胞（ 连接gure 5B）。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig5highres.jpg" width="700" /> 有图5.Workflow的荧光TATS图像骨架。图像处理步骤，这导致TATS网络的骷髅图像由单独的一步一步的图像例子都为二-8-ANEPPS代表的虚拟机染色（A）和AM （B）。对于单个图像处理步骤，请参见第4。注意比例尺的不同:20微米（A）和10微米（ 二） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图像处理过程中的关键步骤，确定合适的阈值二值化数据如第4.5节所述。6，得到的二进制图像应包括TATS网络唯一真正的膜信号，但不是从背景信号中的噪声阈值的错误虚假的衍生结构。然而，重要的是，该阈值是足够的低，以检测所有真TATS结构使得真TATS组件不会错误地在图像分析丢失。 图6示出的过程中如何选择数据进行二值化时的阈值。而40的阈值， 如图6B和6C似 ​​乎是恰当的，以检测所有真TATS结构单独地，选择较高的阈值，例如 ，60， 如图6A中没有检测到微弱的轴向膜结构（AT）的由黄色三角形所指示。与此相反，选择一个较低的阈值，例如 ，20， 如图6D导致误检测的本底噪声视为假阳性TATS结构由所指示的黄色三角形。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig6highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图6.How确定skeletonizing TATS图像数据的过程中的信号的阈值的例子显示每个所产生的数据进行二值化过程中不同的阈值（在步骤4.5中所述）TATS骨架。上图片:显示阈值调整使用斐济。下图片:骷髅图像与相应的输入荧光图像和放大区域的覆盖所示。高门槛，例如 ，60英寸采用（A）是显然不适合检测所有真正的TATS结构，由黄色三角形的放大部分所示。 40中的（B）和（C）应用阈值检测所有TATS结构和正确不检测背景噪音，而低门槛，例如，在20（D）的误识别的背景噪声如TATS结构及由此产生的不存在的膜结构的假阳性信号。假阳性信号由黄色三角形的放大的插图所示。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> "分析骷髅（2D / 3D）"插件支持镂空TATS结构的详细分析。一旦执行，该插件生成一个数据表具有以下骨架参数:#branches，#junctions，＃终点体素，平均枝长，#triple点，#quadruple点，最大分支长度。对于所有可能的输出参数的详细说明，请参考tohttp://fiji.sc/wiki/index.php/AnalyzeSkeleton及相关物品29-31。一个典型的数据表的输出被示于图7A。 <p类="jove_content"&gt;参数可以进一步用于导出每个区域的总骨架长度或单位面积结的数目。分支乘以平均分支长度的数目的示例性的计算给出了连续的骨架中的2D的总长度: 总长度为骨架每投资回报率: Σ（#branches点¯x平均枝长）= 5155像素= 515.5微米骨架的总长度可以是归一化的图像区域。对于图7中的归一化的骨架长度0.64μm的中所示的示例个/μm2和所有路口的总和来计算，如下所示: 归骨架长度: 515.5微米/ 803.6微米2 = 0.64微米/微米2 归号路口: 155路口/ 803.6微米2 </SUP&gt; = 0.19路口/微米2 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig7highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图从镂空的图像输出7.Automated数据。 （一）由"分析骨架（2D / 3D）"插件从（B）所示的镂空图像生成一个典型的数据表格。对于可能的输出参数的详细说明请参考<a href="http://fiji.sc/wiki/index.php/AnalyzeSkeleton">http://fiji.sc/wiki/index.php/AnalyzeSkeleton</a> 。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> 在图5中在4.5中描述和图示的图像处理步骤，可以使用作为补充代码文件斐济宏实现自动化</str翁&gt;。该命令通过反复的步骤定义图像处理的重复。宏可以应用来完成堆叠通过以下步骤4.3和4.4产生的输入图像。宏可以通过制备单独的输入图像栈用于使用宏命令每个独立治疗组用于自动分析是有利的完整的数据集组的分析，例如。 概述的软件战略进一步使TATS网络导向分析的所有组件。为此，使用"方向性"插件（http://fiji.sc/Directionality）29,31产生直方图数据显示所有TATS组件取向的取向分布。如果输入图像的x轴对应于一个给定的AM或​​虚拟小区的主轴线，轴向（纵向）TATS部件将由0°仓表示，而横向的部件用90来表示＃176;宾图8显示了镂空TATS图像的虚拟机（8A）与调幅（8B）电池示范方向性直方图。而典型的VM的方向性的直方图示出了在0°和90°的双峰值分布，则AM直方图显示在0℃显性单峰。这些实施例中与先前观察该虚拟机的单个TATS分量几乎相等的T-管和A-肾小管间分布，而在肺泡的TATS组分可以主要成分的A-肾小管协议。 <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig8highres.jpg" width="600" /> 图8.Representative方向性直方图从单个细胞TATS网络从单个VM（一 ）与AM的骷髅图像产生方向性直方图（B </STRONG&gt;）TATS网络。因为所分析的图像的x轴对应于如图所示的心肌细胞的主要（纵）轴，A小管部件由0°仓表示，而T-细管部件用90°的槽来表示。高斯只适合于大型直方图peakasshown作为背景图。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51823/51823fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 灌注缓冲 </td><td> 毫 </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钠</td><td> 120.4 </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钾</td><td> 14.7 </td></tr><tr><td> KH 2 PO 4的</td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td>的Na 2 HPO 4 </td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 硫酸镁 </td><td> 1.2 </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 碳酸氢钠 </td><td> 4.6 </td></tr><tr><td>牛磺酸</td><td> 30 </td></tr><tr><td> 2,3 - 丁二酮，肟</td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td>血糖</td><td> 5.5 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> pH值7.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 消化缓冲液 </td><td> 毫（如果未指定） </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钠</td><td> 120.4 </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钾</td><td> 14.7 </td></tr><tr><td> KH 2 PO 4的</td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td>的Na 2 HPO 4 </td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 硫酸镁 </td><td> 1.2 </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 碳酸氢钠 </td><td> 4.6 </td></tr><tr><td>牛磺酸</td><td> 30 </td></tr><tr><td> 2,3 - 丁二酮，肟</td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td>血糖</td><td> 5.5 </td></tr><tr><td>胶原酶II型</td><td> 600 U / ml的</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> pH值7.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 挡车器 </td><td> 毫（如果未指定） </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钠</td><td> 120.4 </td></tr><tr><td>氯化钾</td><td> 14.7 </td></tr><tr><td> KH 2 PO 4的</td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td>的Na 2 HPO 4 </td><td> 0.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 硫酸镁 </td><td> 1.2 </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 碳酸氢钠 </td><td> 4.6 </td></tr><tr><td>牛磺酸</td><td> 30 </td></tr><tr><td> 2,3 - 丁二酮，肟</td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td>血糖</td><td> 5.5 </td></tr><tr><td> 氯化钙 </td><td> 0.0125 </td></tr><tr><td>小牛血清</td><td> 10％ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> pH值7.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.Buffer SOLUT离子。三种不同的生理缓冲液的细胞分离和成像的内容进行了总结。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Tubular Membrane Networks in Cardiac Myocytes from Atria and Ventricles at JoVE.com

Analysis of Tubular Membrane Networks in Cardiac Myocytes from Atria and Ventricles

在心肌细胞，管式膜结构形成细胞内的网络。我们描述了优化方案从小鼠心脏肌细胞I）的隔离，包括质量控制，二）活细胞染色国家的最先进的荧光显微镜，及iii）直接图像分析来量化成分的复杂性和膜细胞的可塑性网络。

管式膜网络在心肌细胞的心房和心室分析

In cardiac myocytes a complex network of membrane tubules - the transverse-axial tubule system (TATS) - controls deep intracellular signaling functions. ...

analysis-tubular-membrane-networks-cardiac-myocytes-from-atria

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

20.5K 次观看.  Heart Research Center Goettingen. 在心肌细胞，管式膜结构形成细胞内的网络。我们描述了优化方案从小鼠心脏肌细胞I）的隔离，包括质量控制，二）活细胞染色国家的最先进的荧光显微镜，及iii）直接图像分析来量化成分的复杂性和膜细胞的可塑性网络。 

视频: Analysis of Tubular Membrane Networks in Cardiac Myocytes from Atria and Ventricles

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

Systematic manipulation of a cell microenvironment with micro- and nanoscale resolution is often required for deciphering various cellular and molecular phenomena. To address this requirement, we have developed a plasma lithography technique to manipulate the cellular microenvironment by creating a patterned surface with feature sizes ranging from 100 nm to millimeters. The goal of this technique is to be able to study, in a controlled way, the behaviors of individual cells as well as groups of cells and their interactions.
This plasma lithography method is based on selective modification of the surface chemistry on a substrate by means of shielding the contact of low-temperature plasma with a physical mold. This selective shielding leaves a chemical pattern which can guide cell attachment and movement. This pattern, or surface template, can then be used to create networks of cells whose structure can mimic that found in nature and produces a controllable environment for experimental investigations. The technique is well suited to studying biological phenomenon as it produces stable surface patterns on transparent polymeric substrates in a biocompatible manner. The surface patterns last for weeks to months and can thus guide interaction with cells for long time periods which facilitates the study of long-term cellular processes, such as differentiation and adaption. The modification to the surface is primarily chemical in nature and thus does not introduce topographical or physical interference for interpretation of results. It also does not involve any harsh or toxic substances to achieve patterning and is compatible for tissue culture. Furthermore, it can be applied to modify various types of polymeric substrates, which due to the ability to tune their properties are ideal for and are widely used in biological applications. The resolution achievable is also beneficial, as isolation of specific processes such as migration, adhesion, or binding allows for discrete, clear observations at the single to multicell level.
This method has been employed to form diverse networks of different cell types for investigations involving migration, signaling, tissue formation, and the behavior and interactions of neurons arraigned in a network.

A versatile plasma lithography technique has been developed to generate stable surface patterns for guiding cellular attachment. This technique can be applied to create cell networks including those that mimic natural tissues and has been used for studying several, distinct cell types.

等离子体表面图案光刻技术的蜂窝网络创作

Systematic manipulation of a cell microenvironment with micro- and nanoscale resolution is often required for deciphering various cellular and molecular ...

科研

生物工程

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised the only means available, the development of noninvasive imaging modalities (echocardiography, MRI, CT) having high temporal and spatial resolution provide a new window for quantitative diastolic function assessment. Echocardiography is the agreed upon standard for diastolic function assessment, but indexes in current clinical use merely utilize selected features of chamber dimension (M-mode) or blood/tissue motion (Doppler) waveforms without incorporating the physiologic causal determinants of the motion itself.&#160;The recognition that all left ventricles (LV) initiate filling by serving as mechanical suction pumps allows global diastolic function to be assessed based on laws of motion that apply to all chambers. What differentiates one heart from another are the parameters of the equation of motion that governs filling. Accordingly, development of the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism&#160;has shown that the entire range of clinically observed early transmitral flow (Doppler E-wave) patterns are extremely well fit by the laws of damped oscillatory motion.&#160;This permits analysis of individual E-waves in accordance with a causal mechanism (recoil-initiated suction) that yields three (numerically) unique lumped parameters whose physiologic analogues are chamber stiffness (k), viscoelasticity/relaxation (c), and load (xo).&#160;The recording of transmitral flow (Doppler E-waves) is standard practice in clinical cardiology and, therefore, the echocardiographic recording method is only briefly reviewed. Our focus is on determination of the PDF parameters from routinely recorded E-wave data.&#160;As the highlighted results indicate, once the PDF parameters have been obtained from a suitable number of load varying E-waves, the investigator is free to use the parameters or construct indexes from the parameters (such as stored energy 1/2kxo2, maximum A-V pressure gradient kxo, load independent index of diastolic function, etc.) and select the aspect of physiology or pathophysiology to be quantified.

Accurate, causality-based quantification of global diastolic function has been achieved by kinematic modeling-based analysis of transmitral flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism. PDF generates unique stiffness, relaxation,&#160;and load parameters and elucidates &#39;new&#39; physiology while providing sensitive and specific indexes of dysfunction.

全球舒张功能通过静脉流的通过参数化舒张形式主义运动学建模为基础的定量分析

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 &#197;. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.

We describe here an improved Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) method where we introduce a protease cleavage site between the donor and acceptor fluorophore sites. This modification allows us to obtain specific LRET signals arising from membrane proteins of interest, allowing for the study of membrane proteins without protein purification.

荧光共振能量转移研究构象变化的膜蛋白在哺乳动物细胞中表达

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Automated Contraction Analysis of Human Engineered Heart Tissue for Cardiac Drug Safety Screening

Cardiac tissue engineering describes techniques to constitute three dimensional force-generating engineered tissues. For the implementation of these procedures in basic research and preclinical drug development, it is important to develop protocols for automated generation and analysis under standardized conditions. Here, we present a technique to generate engineered heart tissue (EHT) from cardiomyocytes of different species (rat, mouse, human). The technique relies on the assembly of a fibrin-gel containing dissociated cardiomyocytes between elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts in a 24-well format. Three-dimensional, force-generating EHTs constitute within two weeks after casting. This procedure allows for the generation of several hundred EHTs per week and is technically limited only by the availability of cardiomyocytes (0.4-1.0 x 106/EHT). Evaluation of auxotonic muscle contractions is performed in a modified incubation chamber with a mechanical interlock for 24-well plates and a camera placed on top of this chamber. A software controls a camera moved on an XYZ axis system to each EHT. EHT contractions are detected by an automated figure recognition algorithm, and force is calculated based on shortening of the EHT and the elastic propensity and geometry of the PDMS posts. This procedure allows for automated analysis of high numbers of EHT under standardized and sterile conditions. The reliable detection of drug effects on cardiomyocyte contraction is crucial for cardiac drug development and safety pharmacology. We demonstrate, with the example of the hERG channel inhibitor E-4031, that the human EHT system replicates drug responses on contraction kinetics of the human heart, indicating it to be a promising tool for cardiac drug safety screening.

Here, we show the generation of human engineered heart tissue from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. We present a method to analyze contraction force and exemplary alteration of contraction pattern by the hERG channel inhibitor E-4031. This method shows high level of robustness and suitability for cardiac drug screening.

人工程心脏组织的收缩自动分析心脏药物安全筛选

Cardiac tissue engineering describes techniques to constitute three dimensional force-generating engineered tissues. For the implementation of these ...

Protocol for MicroRNA Transfer into Adult Bone Marrow-derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Enable Cell Engineering Combined with Magnetic Targeting

While CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) have been proven to provide high potential in the field of regenerative medicine, their low retention rates after injection into injured tissues as well as the observed massive cell death rates lead to very restricted therapeutic effects. To overcome these limitations, we sought to establish a non-viral based protocol for suitable cell engineering prior to their administration. The modification of human CD133+ expressing SCs using microRNA (miR) loaded magnetic polyplexes was addressed with respect to uptake efficiency and safety as well as the targeting potential of the cells. Relying on our protocol, we can achieve high miR uptake rates of 80&#8211;90% while the CD133+ stem cell properties remain unaffected. Moreover, these modified cells offer the option of magnetic targeting. We describe here a safe and highly efficient procedure for the modification of CD133+ SCs. We expect this approach to provide a standard technology for optimization of therapeutic stem cell effects and for monitoring of the administered cell product via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

This protocol illustrates a safe and efficient procedure to modify CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells. The presented non-viral, magnetic polyplex-based approach may provide a basis for the optimization of therapeutic stem cell effects as well as for monitoring the administered cell product via magnetic resonance imaging.

MicroRNA 移植成人骨髓造血干细胞促进细胞工程与磁性靶向结合的协议

While CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) have been proven to provide high potential in the field of regenerative medicine, their low retention rates ...

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of core/shell filaments allows direct fabrication of channel structures with a stable shell that is cross-linked at the interface with a liquid core. The latter is removed post-printing, leaving behind a hollow tube. Integrating an additive manufacturing technique (like the one described here with tailor-made [bio]inks, which structurally and biochemically mimic the native extracellular matrix [ECM]) is an important step towards advanced tissue engineering. However, precise fabrication of well-defined structures requires tailored fabrication strategies optimized for the material in use. Therefore, it is sensible to begin with a set-up that is customizable, simple-to-use, and compatible with a broad spectrum of materials and applications. This work presents an easy-to-manufacture core/shell nozzle with luer-compatibility to explore core/shell printing of woodpile structures, tested with a well-defined, alginate-based scaffold material formulation.

Presented here is a simple-to-use, core/shell, three-dimensional bioprinting set-up for one-step fabrication of hollow scaffolds, suitable for tissue engineering of vascular and other tubular structures.

管状结构组织工程的核心/壳印刷支架

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of core/shell filaments allows direct fabrication of channel structures with a stable shell that is cross-linked at the ...

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances in calcium sensitive dyes have permitted the robust optical recording of single cell calcium dynamics, recording of robust transmembrane optical voltage signals has remained difficult. Arguably, this is because of the low single to noise ratio, phototoxicity, and photobleaching of traditional potentiometric dyes. Therefore, single cell voltage measurements have long been confined to the patch clamp technique which while the gold standard, is technically demanding and low throughput. However, with the development of novel potentiometric dyes, large, fast optical responses to changes in voltage can be obtained with little to no phototoxicity and photobleaching. This protocol describes in detail how to isolate adult murine myocytes which can be used for cellular shortening, calcium, and optical voltage measurements. Specifically, the protocol describes how to use a ratiometric calcium dye, a single-excitation calcium dye, and a single excitation voltage dye. This approach can be used to assess the cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity of various chemical agents. While phototoxicity is still an issue at the single cell level, methodology is discussed on how to reduce it.

We present the methodology for the isolation of murine myocytes and how to obtain voltage or calcium traces simultaneously with sarcomere shortening traces using fluorescence photometry with simultaneous digital cell geometry measurements.

分离的月毛心室肌细胞的光学成像

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...

Substructure Analyzer: A User-Friendly Workflow for Rapid Exploration and Accurate Analysis of Cellular Bodies in Fluorescence Microscopy Images

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in live-cell imaging and high-throughput microscopy techniques. This led to a constant increase in the amount and complexity of the microscopy data for a single experiment. Because manual analysis of microscopy data is very time consuming, subjective, and prohibits quantitative analyses, automation of bioimage analysis is becoming almost unavoidable. We built an informatics workflow called Substructure Analyzer to fully automate signal analysis in bioimages from fluorescent microscopy. This workflow is developed on the user-friendly open-source platform Icy and is completed by functionalities from ImageJ. It includes the pre-processing of images to improve the signal to noise ratio, the individual segmentation of cells (detection of cell boundaries) and the detection/quantification of cell bodies enriched in specific cell compartments. The main advantage of this workflow is to propose complex bio-imaging functionalities to users without image analysis expertise through a user-friendly interface. Moreover, it is highly modular and adapted to several issues from the characterization of nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation to the comparative analysis of different cell bodies in different cellular sub-structures. The functionality of this workflow is illustrated through the study of the Cajal (coiled) Bodies under oxidative stress (OS) conditions. Data from fluorescence microscopy show that their integrity in human cells is impacted a few hours after the induction of OS. This effect is characterized by a decrease of coilin nucleation into characteristic Cajal Bodies, associated with a nucleoplasmic redistribution of coilin into an increased number of smaller foci. The central role of coilin in the exchange between CB components and the surrounding nucleoplasm suggests that OS induced redistribution of coilin could affect the composition and the functionality of Cajal Bodies.

We present a freely available workflow built for rapid exploration and accurate analysis of cellular bodies in specific cell compartments in fluorescence microscopy images. This user-friendly workflow is designed on the open-source software Icy and also uses ImageJ functionalities. The pipeline is affordable without knowledge in image analysis.

子结构分析仪:用于荧光显微镜图像中细胞体快速探索和精确分析的用户友好型工作流程

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in ...

Preparation of Mesh-Shaped Engineered Cardiac Tissues Derived from Human iPS Cells for In Vivo Myocardial Repair

The current protocol describes methods to generate scalable, mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) composed of cardiovascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which are developed towards the goal of clinical use. HiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells are mixed with gel matrix and then poured into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tissue mold with rectangular internal staggered posts. By culture day 14 ECTs mature into a 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm mesh structure with 0.5 mm diameter myofiber bundles. Cardiomyocytes align to the long-axis of each bundle and spontaneously beat synchronously. This approach can be scaled up to a larger (3.0 cm x 3.0 cm) mesh ECT while preserving construct maturation and function. Thus, mesh-shaped ECTs generated from hiPSC-derived cardiac cells may be feasible for cardiac regeneration paradigms.

The present protocol generates mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues containing cardiovascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to allow the investigation of cell implantation therapy for heart diseases.

从人体 iPS 细胞中提取的网状工程心脏组织用于活体心肌修复

The current protocol describes methods to generate scalable, mesh-shaped engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) composed of cardiovascular cells derived from ...

Fabrication of 3D Cardiac Microtissue Arrays using Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes, Cardiac Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay among different cardiovascular cell types that drives tissue development and disease. In the area of cardiac tissue models, several sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) approaches use induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to mimic physiological relevance and native tissue environment with a combination of extracellular matrices and crosslinkers. However, these systems are complex to fabricate without microfabrication expertise and require several weeks to self-assemble. Most importantly, many of these systems lack vascular cells and cardiac fibroblasts that make up over 60% of the nonmyocytes in the human heart. Here we describe the derivation of all three cardiac cell types from iPSCs to fabricate cardiac microtissues. This facile replica molding technique allows cardiac microtissue culture in standard multi-well cell culture plates for several weeks. The platform allows user-defined control over microtissue sizes based on initial seeding density and requires less than 3 days for self-assembly to achieve observable cardiac microtissue contractions. Furthermore, the cardiac microtissues can be easily digested while maintaining high cell viability for single-cell interrogation with the use of flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We envision that this in vitro model of cardiac microtissues will help accelerate validation studies in drug discovery and disease modeling.

Here, we describe an easy-to-use methodology to generate 3D self-assembled cardiac microtissue arrays composed of pre-differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. This user-friendly and low cell requiring technique to generate cardiac microtissues can be implemented for disease modeling and early stages of drug development.

使用人iPSC衍生的心肌细胞，心脏成纤维细胞和内皮细胞制造3D心脏微组织阵列

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided ...