This study was supported by grants from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. The authors would like to acknowledge and show our appreciation for our undergraduate research students including David Lawton, Drew Gardner, Mark Sundman, Kelsey Evans, Graham Cochrane, Jordan Cottle and Jack Halligan for their assistance in data collection over the past four years.

下面描述的所有程序已经批准伊隆的机构审查委员会。 1.电脑神经认知测试<ol><li>要求参与者在电脑前坐下。登录到系统的参与者和指导他们完成电脑神经心理测试，由人口和背景信息部分，自报症状自评量表，以及6个模块（字歧视，设计内存，X和O的，符号匹配，色彩搭配，以及三个字母）。 </li><li>下载总结报告，并进入四复合分数言语记忆，视觉记忆，反应时间和电机的处理速度。 </li></ol> 2.事件相关电位<ol><li>测量头围使用卷尺，以确定要使用的脑电图净的大小。通过测量解剖标志确定EEG网布局。 </li><li>浸泡EEG网等lution氯化钠和婴儿洗发水5分钟。 </li><li>将EEG网对参与者的头上。我们使用的系统包括32个频道。 </li><li>检查电脑上的网站阻抗水平。对于我们的系统，低于100欧姆的阻抗被认为是可以接受的。 </li><li>解释认知任务，让参与者练习每一个任务。 <ol><li>听觉穿着或行为古怪任务：指示参与者戴上耳机，坐在舒适的桌子。告诉他们，他们会听到一连串的低音和高音，并通过点击一个按钮，高频听觉语气快速而准确地做出反应。 </li><li>侧卫任务：指导参与者坐在电脑屏幕前，他们将获得一系列的箭头投射到屏幕上的。指导参与者通过点击鼠标左键，如果它是指向左边或单击如果它是指向钻机鼠标右键来应对中间箭头方向HT迅速和准确地。 </li></ol></li><li>指导学员完成这两个听觉古怪的任务和侧卫任务两项试验。 </li><li>去除EEG净额参与者和浸泡在消毒液杀菌10分钟清洁EEG网。 </li></ol> 3.体感知觉回应<ol><li>舒适座位参与者的人用左手以俯卧位休息感官刺激的设备上和他们的手指沿着装置具有放置成与刺激探针接触位数2和3的衬垫尖端的轮廓位置23 </li><li>请参与者查看计算机显示器上的任务相关的说明和提示，并采用两键鼠标进入应答。项目5个不同的测试：2简单单活性中心反应时间的任务，一个双位点幅度鉴别，24与单个站点适配刺激，24和一个双位点振幅任务一时间顺序判断的任务。25 </li><li>前每个测试运行开始时，在计算机上的线索将指示参与者完成练习试验，以与任务熟习。电脑会给出每个测试后，学员表现的意见（ 如正确的，不正确的）。 </li></ol> 4.平衡协议<ol><li>指导参与者穿上防滑袜，然后站在平衡系统上，成为熟悉的工具。 </li><li>指示参与者站立在一个舒适的位置，与屏幕上的中央点相匹配的压力点的中心。研究人员记录下这舒适的起始位置，这样所有的测试发生在同一只脚的位置，而站在设备上。 </li><li>请参与者静置30秒，每四个条件（睁眼/坚硬的表面，闭着眼睛/坚硬的表面，睁眼/泡沫表面，闭眼/泡沫表面）。提供参与者每个条件和每个记录开始前3秒倒计时之间的10秒休息。 </li><li>同时完成次要任务重复各条件。指导他们向后7开始从给他们（ 例如 843）随机3位数字计算。 </li><li>记录一个摇摆指数得分，摇摆的每个条件和压力数据中心后用于进一步分析的量的标准偏差的量度。 </li></ol> 5.步态评估<ol><li> &#39;使用便携式15步态&#39;长地毯仪表步态分析系统在整个地毯的长度存在来检测参与者的脚步声的压力传感器评估的参与者。 </li><li>要求参与者在整个垫赤脚走在一个舒适的速度五倍离开垫后“垫子和3开始前&#39;的距离为3起。 </li><li>指示PARTICIPANTS完成五个附加步行试验，而从随机3位数字倒数七的并发认知双重任务。 </li><li>获得从步态分析输出的因变量包括几个时空参数，如速度，节奏和步长绝对值和变化的措施。 </li></ol> 6.遗传学<ol><li>请参与者谨慎从无菌容器中取出棉签棒（小心只触摸棉签棒的棒结束），将拭子放入嘴里，大力搓拭双颊内总共20秒。 </li><li>手棉签粘谁是戴乳胶或丁腈手套的技师。仅握住棒端，然后将拭子末端放入无菌1.7毫升管（标记有唯一的识别号码），它被立即置于冰上。 </li><li>在24小时内转移样品到-20℃的冰箱中。 </li><li> DNA提取使用根据制造商的协议的标准的DNA纯化试剂盒。为了获得更浓缩的样品，萃取后，执行一个异丙醇沉淀步骤和在20μl的EDTA缓冲液（pH 8.0）中再水化的DNA。 </li><li>储存在-80℃下提取的DNA，直至使用标准聚合酶链反应（PCR）测定用荧光标记的基因分型分析。 </li><li> “呼”的基因型PCR软件，然后通过观察PCR扩增曲线手动验证。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这种多层面的方式来基准测试震荡的目标是双重的：1），以更好地了解神经肌肉系统的脑震荡（急性和长期）的影响; 2）帮助运动医学人员对回波发挥决定（他们主要使用神经认知测试，已建议由麦克罗伊）。26这个多面的方法来评价震荡提供相关的病因，功能的变化，并从震荡恢复有价值的信息。很少了解有关脑震荡的系统的综合影响，作为一个整体，该协议允许从多个学科的科学家?...

脑震荡是发生在美国惊人的速度，并囊括了不少关注的公共健康问题。1-3美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）的估计，1.6至380万的脑震荡发生在体育和娱乐活动每年，由2013年的震荡共识声明2定义4,5震荡“可能造成或者通过直接打击对身体的头部，面部，颈部或其他与传送到头上的&#39;冲动&#39;的力量。”震荡可能导致神经病理学和/或子结构的变化可能会导致功能障碍的。2，这些缺陷可能会持续数周。这种情况并不少见。运动员遇到增加自我报告的症状，递减在姿势控制，降低神经认知功能甚至后14天的初始损伤6症状的长期性质，在一致的鉴定脑震荡，并在受伤前的能力的可变性常常导致复杂的和非标准化的返回到播放决定由医师，不确定的恢复时间，并有可能长期后遗症。7-9 经过震荡，个人可能会遇到的短期和长期影响。运动相关的脑震荡短期影响可能包括改变播放能力，思维混乱，记忆障碍，意识丧失，反应时间慢，协调，头痛，头晕，呕吐的丧失，睡眠方式的改变和情绪变化。这些症状通常解决天的事。2,10然而，尽管一些人从一个单一的脑震荡中恢复相当快，很多经验挥之不去的影响，可以持续数周或数月后的伤害。10,11,12这些症状的扰动日常功能可以通过认知和性能与量化ð测试。虽然没有一个单一的测试应该确定脑震荡，测试电池的诊断和测试之间的已知关系可以做出诊断帮助医务人员，回到教室，并返回到播放的决定。2 有一个在个人的风险冲击及其相应的恢复很大差异。11〜震荡易感性和恢复时间课程相关的因素没有得到很好的已知或理解的。几个因素已经提出了可能影响个体的震荡易感性和恢复。这些因素包括个体的震荡历史，初始损伤的严重程度，偏头痛史，学习障碍的病史，精神病合并症的历史，以及可能的遗传因素。7，第9，第13，14 许多研究已经调查了单独的具体因素对两者的短期和长期影响脑震荡，恢复时间当然和遗传学作为脑震荡的一个因素。4,8,15-17什么还没有明确规定是一种有效的多方面的方法来评价震荡，将产生相关的病因，功能改变有价值的信息，并恢复从脑震荡。由于各种症状和恢复的不确定当然，从多方面震荡的评价是必要的，这应该包括所有的运动员在参赛前的练习和比赛基准测试以及及时评估后受伤。最近的审查表明，神经认知评估可能是从震荡比单独监控症状更加敏感复苏。18这可能是有其他目的的措施，可能是从震荡复苏的更好的指标。 此协议中，我们使用几个任务，以评估该系统的各种部件，看看它们是如何影响B雅震荡。计算机化的神经认知测试可以评估的内存，处理速度快，解决问题的能力，认知效率和冲动控制。6 EEG与听觉和视觉处理任务，可以使用通过事件相关电位的检查，以评估neuroefficiency。19将体感识别任务可以用于评估外周和中枢感觉处理能力。20余额和步态措施可以用来评估功能表现能力。6,21此外，我们评估，可能有关系到震荡历史，震荡恢复和认知功能的各种基因型。22，我们在这组测试基准测试我们校队的学生运动员，重复测试，如果他们收取震荡时无症状。 本项目的目的是利用基因，neuroc评估性能震荡的结果潜在的短期和长期的递减ognitive，电生理，行为，体感，平衡和步态的措施。了解这可能与脑震荡发生在推动我们对震荡的知识很重要的各种症状和损伤的潜在机制。这些变化可能在震荡诊断未来援助大knowledgle以及脑震荡的管理，因为它涉及到回到赛场，回到学术界。 下面描述的所有措施都采取了在基准（前体育学生运动员参与）。我们目前的协议来完成电脑的神经认知测试在48小时伴随着平衡的协议，因为我们相信这些提供关于恢复和可能返回到播放，并返回到学者的有用信息。当学生运动员报告无症状，他们再次返回到除了基因检测再次进行的所有基本措施，实验室。完整的协议，BASELINE和无症状，大约需要90分钟才能完成一个测试阶段。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">ImPACT</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">ImPACT, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Neurocognitive concussion testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">EGI, Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>EEG 32-channel system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stim2</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Compumedics Neuroscan, Charlotte, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Software for task presentation for flanker task and auditory oddball</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NetStation</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">EGI, Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Software for data collection and analysis of EEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:216px;">Sensory Device</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Cortical Metrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Sensory testing</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Balance System SD</td>
			<td>Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>balance testing</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Force Plate</td>
			<td>AMTI Corp., Watertown, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait Initiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Movement Analysis</td>
			<td>Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">GAITRite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">CIR systems, Inc., Sparta, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:216px;">PCR</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Genetic Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait and balance analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Visual 3D</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">C Motion, Inc, Germantown, MD, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>3D analysis&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a neuroscientific approach to the examination of concussions in student-athletes

脑震荡是发生在美国惊人的速度，已经成为一个严​​重的公共卫生问题。疾病预防控制中心估计，1.6至380万，每年脑震荡发生在体育和娱乐活动。震荡的2013震荡共识声明定义为“可能造成或者通过直接打击头部，面部，颈部或身体其他部位有传送到头上的&#39;冲动&#39;的力量。”脑震荡留下个人提供短期和长期影响。运动相关的脑震荡短期影响可能包括改变播放能力，思维混乱，记忆障碍，意识丧失，反应时间慢，协调，头痛，头晕，呕吐的丧失，睡眠方式的改变和情绪变化。这些症状通常解决天的事。然而，尽管一些人从一个单一的震荡而迅速恢复，许多经验挥之不去的影响，可以持续数周或数月。该因素相关的震荡易感性和随后的恢复时间是不为人所熟知或理解，在这个时候。几个因素已经提出，它们包括个人的历史震荡，初始损伤的严重程度，偏头痛史，学习障碍的病史，精神病合并症的历史，以及可能的话，遗传因素。许多研究都单独调查某些因素均震荡，恢复时间当然，易感性和复苏的短期和长期影响。什么还没有明确规定是一种有效的多方面的方法来评价震荡，将产生相关的病因，功能改变和恢复有价值的信息。这份手稿的目的是要表明这样一个多层面的接触使用电脑的神经认知测试，事件相关电位，体感知觉反应会检查脑震荡，平衡驴sment，步态评估和基因检测。

计算机化神经认知测试 结果计算机化神经认知测试的一个例子可以看出，在图1中的计算机程序引发综合得分上言语记忆，视觉记忆，可视电动机速度和其经常被用来使返回到播放并返回到反应时间-learn震荡的管理协议。在语言和视觉记忆力的复合材料评估注意过程，学习和记忆。视觉电机速度的措施视觉处理，学习记忆和视觉运动反应速度（影响?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes at JoVE.com

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

有一个在个人的风险冲击及其相应的恢复极大的可变性。从多方面入手，以震荡评价是必要的;包括运动员参与体育运动，及时的评估后受伤之前的基准测试。此协议的目的是提供一个合适的多方面的方法来检查脑震荡。

一个神经科学方法脑震荡的学生运动员的考试

Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 ...

a-neuroscientific-approach-to-examination-concussions-student

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.6K 次观看.  Elon University. 有一个在个人的风险冲击及其相应的恢复极大的可变性。从多方面入手，以震荡评价是必要的;包括运动员参与体育运动，及时的评估后受伤之前的基准测试。此协议的目的是提供一个合适的多方面的方法来检查脑震荡。 

视频: A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Bronchial Thermoplasty:  A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks. Bronchial thermoplasty is delivered by the Alair System and is performed in three outpatient procedure visits, each scheduled approximately three weeks apart. The first procedure treats the airways of the right lower lobe, the second treats the airways of the left lower lobe and the third and final procedure treats the airways in both upper lobes. After all three procedures are performed the bronchial thermoplasty treatment is complete.
Bronchial thermoplasty is performed during bronchoscopy with the patient under moderate sedation. All accessible airways distal to the mainstem bronchi between 3 and 10 mm in diameter, with the exception of the right middle lobe, are treated under bronchoscopic visualization. Contiguous and non-overlapping activations of the device are used, moving from distal to proximal along the length of the airway, and systematically from airway to airway as described previously. Although conceptually straightforward, the actual execution of bronchial thermoplasty is quite intricate and procedural duration for the treatment of a single lobe is often substantially longer than encountered during routine bronchoscopy. As such, bronchial thermoplasty should be considered a complex interventional bronchoscopy and is intended for the experienced bronchoscopist. Optimal patient management is critical in any such complex and longer duration bronchoscopic procedure. This article discusses the importance of careful patient selection, patient preparation, patient management, procedure duration, postoperative care and follow-up to ensure that bronchial thermoplasty is performed safely.
Bronchial thermoplasty is expected to complement asthma maintenance medications by providing long-lasting asthma control and improving asthma-related quality of life of patients with severe asthma. In addition, bronchial thermoplasty has been demonstrated to reduce severe exacerbations (asthma attacks) emergency rooms visits for respiratory symptoms, and time lost from work, school and other daily activities due to asthma.

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks.

支气管Thermoplasty：严重哮喘的一种新的治疗方法

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled ...

科研

医学

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1 and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4&#x2013;6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.

Molecular genetic strategy for finding de novo mutations causing common disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.

一项战略，以确定在常见的疾病，如自闭症和精神分裂症的新突变

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated prion protein by post mortem tests. Unless a random sample of the sheep or goat population is actively monitored for scrapie, identification of scrapie cases relies on the reporting of clinical suspects, which is dependent on the individual&#39;s familiarization with the disease and ability to recognize clinical signs associated with scrapie. Scrapie may not be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases in small ruminants, particularly in countries with low scrapie prevalence, or not recognized&#160;if it presents as nonpruritic form like atypical scrapie. To aid in the identification of clinical suspects, a short examination protocol is presented to assess the display of specific clinical signs associated with pruritic and nonpruritic forms of TSEs in sheep, which could also be applied to goats. This includes assessment of behavior, vision (by testing of the menace response), pruritus (by testing the response to scratching), and movement (with and without blindfolding). This may lead to a more detailed neurologic examination&#160;of reporting animals as scrapie suspects. It&#160;could also be used in experimental TSE studies of sheep or goats to evaluate disease progression or to identify clinical end-point.

A short clinical examination protocol is presented to aid in the detection of classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats.

临床检查协议检测非典型和经典刮在绵羊

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

超声心动图与小鼠心脏形态学的组织学检查

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

An In Vitro Approach to Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light photoactivation to induce cell apoptosis. The Federal Drug Administration has approved PDT for the treatment of actinic keratosis, and clinical guidelines recommend PDT as a treatment for certain non-melanoma skin cancers and acne vulgaris. PDT is an advantageous therapeutic modality as it is low cost, non-invasive, and associated with minimal adverse events and scaring. In the first step of PDT, a PS is applied and allowed to accumulate intracellularly. Subsequent light irradiation induces reactive oxygen species formation, which may ultimately lead to cell apoptosis, membrane disruption, mitochondrial damage, immune modulation, keratinocyte proliferation, and collagen turnover. Herein, we present an in vitro method to study PDT in an adherent cell line. This treatment protocol is designed to simulate PDT and may be adjusted to studying the use of PDT with various cell lines, photosensitizers, incubation temperatures, or photoactivation wavelengths. Squamous cell carcinoma cells were incubated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for 30 min and photoactivated with 417 nm blue light for 1,000 s. The primary outcome measure was apoptosis and necrosis, as measured by annexin-V and 7-aminoactinomycin D flow cytometry. There was a dose-dependent increase in cell apoptosis following thirty-minute incubation of 5-ALA. To achieve high inter-test validity, it is important to maintain consistent incubation and light parameters when performing in vitro PDT experiments. PDT is a useful clinical procedure and in vitro research may allow for the development of novel PSs, optimization of protocols, and new indications for PDT.

An In Vitro Approach to Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light photoactivation to induce apoptosis. We present an in vitro PDT protocol designed to simulate PDT that may be used to study differences in PS incubation and light treatment parameters.

一种体外光动力治疗方法的研究

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical procedure that involves incubation of an exogenously applied photosensitizer (PS) followed by visible light ...

A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts

Clinical case reports (CCRs) are a valuable means of sharing observations and insights in medicine. The form of these documents varies, and their content includes descriptions of numerous, novel disease presentations and treatments. Thus far, the text data within CCRs is largely unstructured, requiring significant human and computational effort to render these data useful for in-depth analysis. In this protocol, we describe methods for identifying metadata corresponding to specific biomedical concepts frequently observed within CCRs. We provide a metadata template as a guide for document annotation, recognizing that imposing structure on CCRs may be pursued by combinations of manual and automated effort. The approach presented here is appropriate for organization of concept-related text from a large literature corpus (e.g., thousands of CCRs) but may be easily adapted to facilitate more focused tasks or small sets of reports. The resulting structured text data includes sufficient semantic context to support a variety of subsequent text analysis workflows: meta-analyses to determine how to maximize CCR detail, epidemiological studies of rare diseases, and the development of models of medical language may all be made more realizable and manageable through the use of structured text data.

We present a protocol and associated metadata template for the extraction of text describing biomedical concepts in clinical case reports. The structured text values produced through this protocol can support deep analysis of thousands of clinical narratives.

一种用于临床病例报告的元数据抽取方法, 以实现对生物医学概念的深入了解

Clinical case reports (CCRs) are a valuable means of sharing observations and insights in medicine. The form of these documents varies, and their content ...

A Novel Approach to Monitoring Graft Neovascularization in the Human Gingiva

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a novel method for measuring superficial blood perfusion over large areas. Since it is non-invasive and avoids direct contact with the measured area, it is suitable for monitoring blood flow changes during wound healing in human patients. Vestibuloplasty is periodontal surgery to the oral vestibule, aiming to restore vestibular depth with simultaneous enlargement of the keratinized gingiva. In this special clinical case, a split thickness flap was elevated at the first upper premolar and a xenogenic collagen matrix was adapted to the resulting recipient bed. LSCI was used to monitor the re- and neovascularization of the graft and the surrounding mucosa for one year. A protocol is introduced for the correct adjustment of microcirculation measurement in the oral mucosa, highlighting difficulties and possible failures.
The clinical case study presented demonstrated that &#8212; following the appropriate protocol &#8212; LSCI is a suitable and reliable method for following up microcirculation in a healing wound in the human oral mucosa and gives useful information on graft integration.

This study introduces a protocol for measuring microcirculation in human oral mucosa by laser speckle contrast imaging. The monitoring of wound healing after vestibuloplasty combined with a xenogenic collagen graft is presented on a clinical case.

一种监测人牙龈移植新生血管的新方法

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a novel method for measuring superficial blood perfusion over large areas. Since it is non-invasive and avoids ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

兔子模型中的跨胸超声心动图检查

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...

研究人类微血管功能障碍的新机制

Intradermal Microdialysis: An Approach to Investigating Novel Mechanisms of Microvascular Dysfunction in Humans

The cutaneous vasculature is an accessible tissue that can be used to assess microvascular function in humans. Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique used to investigate mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial function in the cutaneous circulation. This technique allows for the pharmacological dissection of the pathophysiology of microvascular endothelial dysfunction as indexed by decreased nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, an indicator of cardiovascular disease development risk. In this technique, a microdialysis probe is placed in the dermal layer of the skin, and a local heating unit with a laser Doppler flowmetry probe is placed over the probe to measure the red blood cell flux. The local skin temperature is clamped or stimulated with direct heat application, and pharmacological agents are perfused through the probe to stimulate or inhibit intracellular signaling pathways in order to induce vasodilation or vasoconstriction or to interrogate mechanisms of interest (co-factors, antioxidants, etc.). The cutaneous vascular conductance is quantified, and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in disease states can be delineated.

作者聚焦：一种揭示心血管疾病风险人群机制的药物解剖方法 

Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique used to investigate microvascular function in health and disease. Both dose-response and local heating protocols can be utilized for this technique to explore mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the cutaneous circulation.

皮内微透析：研究人类微血管功能障碍新机制的方法

The cutaneous vasculature is an accessible tissue that can be used to assess microvascular function in humans. Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally ...