我们要感谢科罗拉多州立大学的伊莎贝尔·布斯女士，她向协助加速测量数据分析的学生表示敬意。我们还要感谢NIH K12 HD055931和K01 HD096047-02向作者J.S.提供的资金。

所有研究程序均得到科罗拉多州立大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准，所有成年参与者在完成任何学习程序之前均表示书面知情同意。18岁以下参与者的父母提供了书面知情同意，未成年参与者在完成任何学习程序之前也提供了书面同意。
1. 修订后的双任务屏幕 （DTS）
<ol><li>下肢 （LE） 子任务<ol>
<li>启动单个电机条件。<ol>
<li>沿着 18 米的人行道将三个瑜伽块放在相距 4.5 米的水平位置。</li>
			<li>将智能设备牢固地连接到每个脚踝上，以检测脚跟撞击并获得步态特征。</li>
			<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>指示参与者在跨过障碍物时尽可能快地行走。在智能手机上开始数据收集，并同时大幅点击设备，以实现从左腿和右腿的两个独立数据流的后续时间对齐。</li>
			<li>使用手工操作的秒表测量完成时间。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>开始单一的认知状态。<ol>
<li>告诉参与者他/她为此情况分配的时间，使用从他/她的单个运动条件（四舍五入到一个完整的秒）的时间完成。</li>
			<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>指示参与者以特定字母（A 或 F） 开头的尽可能多的单词。 注:在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间，字母是反平衡的。数字在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间是反平衡的。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>启动双重任务条件。<ol>
<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>指示参与者在跨过障碍时尽可能快地行走，同时以特定字母 （A 或 F） 开头说出尽可能多的单词。快速点击两个加速度计以启动该条件。</li>
			<li>使用手工操作的秒表测量完成时间。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>上极端 （UE） 子任务<ol>
<li>启动单个电机条件。<ol>
<li>测量距离墙壁 1.5 米远的距离，用遮蔽胶带标记，并指示参与者站在磁带后面。</li>
			<li>在参与者旁边放一篮子网球。</li>
			<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>指示参与者用交替的手完成 30 s 的墙托。告诉参与者，如果他/她不能接住一个球，从网球篮子里获得一个新球。用秒表测量过去的时间。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>开始单一的认知状态。<ol>
<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>告诉参与者，他/她将被要求在 30 秒内按顺序从给定数字 （100 或 150） 中减去 7。用秒表测量过去的时间。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。 注:在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间，字母是反平衡的。数字在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间是反平衡的。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>启动双重任务条件。<ol>
<li>要求参与者站在离墙1.5米远的地方。</li>
			<li>在参与者旁边放一篮子网球。</li>
			<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
			<li>指示参与者用交替的手完成 30 秒的墙托。通知参与者，在投掷和接球时，将要求他/她按顺序从给定数字（100 或 150） 中减去 7 个 30 秒。告诉参与者，如果他/她不能接住一个球，从网球篮子里获得一个新球。用秒表测量过去的时间。</li>
			<li>停止视频录制。 注:在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间，字母是反平衡的。数字在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间是反平衡的。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 神经成像兼容双任务屏幕 （DTS）
<ol><li>设置 DTS<ol>
<li>将瑜伽块放置在垂直位置，以标记 15 米走道的起点和终点。</li>
		<li>沿着15米的人行道，将两个瑜伽块放在一个水平位置，相距正好5米。</li>
		<li>用遮蔽胶带测量和标记距离光滑的墙面 1.5 米远。</li>
		<li>在 15 米走道的起点设置三脚架。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将 fNIRS 设备放在参与者的头上。<ol>
<li>测量参与者的头部周长，并选择适当大小的 fNIRS 盖（材料表），并预置优化器和短通道探测器。</li>
		<li>打开专用收购笔记本电脑并连接到 fNIRS 设备的 WiFi 网络。</li>
		<li>打开 fNIRS 收购软件并选择 fNIRS 设备。</li>
		<li>执行校准以优化光强度并检查光电信号水平。信号级别应是可接受的或优秀的。</li>
		<li>通过从帽子上取下光电极并分离参与者的头发，确保光电与参与者头皮的直接连接，以修复信号水平低于可接受的所有光电。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在参与者的脚踝上放置加速度计。<ol>
<li>将智能设备牢固地连接到每个脚踝上，以检测脚跟撞击并获得步态特征。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>开始 LE 子任务数据采集。<ol><li>打开刺激演示软件（材料表）。</li>
		<li>选择 LE 子任务文件。</li>
		<li>要求参与者坐在椅子上，为60年代安静的休息时间做准备。</li>
		<li>返回到 fNIRS 收购软件，然后单击 "开始" 按钮开始收集 fNIRS 数据。将主题ID_LE、年龄和性别输入弹出窗口，然后单击 "开始"。</li>
		<li>返回到刺激演示软件，通知参与者将开始安静的休息，并按 空间 开始 60 年代休息期。</li>
		<li>在休息期结束时，确定哪些 LE 子任务条件（单个电机、单个认知或双任务）已选定用于第 1次 试验。为参与者提供该试验的说明。<ol>
<li>单电机说明:指示参与者在跨过障碍物时尽可能快地行走 30 s。告诉参与者，当主要研究人员说"开始"时，他/她将开始。这将发生在二级研究人员点击加速度计后立即发生。指示参与者，当主要研究人员说"停止"时，他/她应该停止行走。此外，当主要研究人员说"停止"时，参与者应该把他/她的脚放在一起，尽可能保持静止。此时，次要研究人员将第二次点击加速度计，并在参与者停止的地板上放置一个标记（便笺）。</li>
			<li>单一认知说明:指示参与者保持站在15米走道的起点。站立时，将要求他/她说出以特定字母开头的尽可能多的单词。</li>
			<li>双重任务说明:指示参与者在跨过障碍时尽可能快地行走，同时以特定字母开头说明尽可能多的单词。通知他/她，他/她也将有30秒的这种情况。告诉参与者，当主要研究人员说"开始"时，他/她将开始。这将发生在二级研究人员点击加速度计后立即发生。指示参与者，当主要研究人员说"停止"时，他/她应该停止行走。此外，当主要研究人员说"停止"时，参与者应该把他/她的脚放在一起，尽可能保持静止。此时，次要研究人员将第二次点击加速度计，并在参与者停止的地板上放置一个标记（便笺）。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
		<li>按 下空间 栏以开始第1次试用 。监视刺激演示软件上的 30 s 测时器;告诉参与者在30岁过去了的时候停下来。</li>
		<li>确定第二次 试验，并向参与者提供说明。重复该过程，直到参与者完成 LE 子任务的 15 项随机试验。</li>
		<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		<li>通知参与者，他/她将完成另一个60年代座位的休息时间。参与者就座后，按 "开始 "开始休息时间。</li>
		<li>剩余时间后，退出刺激演示软件中的 LE 子任务文件。停止在 fNIRS 数据采集软件中获取数据，但不要退出软件。 注:字母在试验之间随机（通过刺激演示软件），在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间进行反平衡。字母在难度水平上相似，包括:W、D、F、T、S、H、M、A、B 和 P。数字包括:185、225、220、175、205、165、170、180、245和240。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>从参与者的脚踝上取出加速度计。移动到为 UE 子任务指定的走廊中的部分。</li>
	<li>开始 UE 子任务数据采集。<ol>
<li>打开刺激演示软件。</li>
		<li>选择 UE 子任务文件。</li>
		<li>要求参与者坐在椅子上，为60年代安静的休息时间做准备。</li>
		<li>返回到 fNIRS 收购软件，然后单击 "开始" 按钮开始收集 fNIRS 数据。将主题ID_UE、年龄和性别输入弹出窗口，然后单击"开始"。</li>
		<li>返回到刺激演示软件，通知参与者静息休息期即将开始，并按 空间 开始 60 的休息期。</li>
		<li>在休息期结束时，确定哪些 UE 子任务条件（单个电机、单个认知或双重任务）已选定用于第 1次 试验。向参与者提供该试验的说明。<ol>
<li>单电机说明:指示参与者站在离墙壁 1.5 米远的地方。在参与者旁边放一篮子网球。指示参与者用交替的手完成 30 s 的墙托。告诉参与者，如果他/她不能接住一个球，从网球篮子里获得一个新球。</li>
			<li>单一认知说明:指示参与者保持站立告诉参与者，他/她将被要求按顺序从给定数字中减去 7 个 30 s。</li>
			<li>双重任务说明:指示参与者用交替的手完成 30 s 的墙托。通知参与者，在投掷和接球时，将要求他/她按顺序从给定的数字 2 中减去 7 个，以达到 30 s。告诉参与者，如果他/她不能接住一个球，从网球篮子里获得一个新球。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>开始用三脚架上的摄像机进行视频录制。</li>
		<li>按 下空间 栏以开始第1次试用 。监视刺激演示软件上的 30 s 测时器;告诉参与者在30岁过去的时候停下来。</li>
		<li>确定第二次 试验，并向参与者提供说明。重复这个过程，直到参与者完成15个UE子任务的随机试验。</li>
		<li>停止视频录制。</li>
		<li>通知参与者，他/她将完成另一个60年代座位的休息时间。参与者就座后，按 "开始 "开始休息时间。</li>
		<li>剩余时间后，退出刺激演示软件中的 UE 子任务文件。停止 fNIRS 数据采集软件中的数据采集，然后退出软件。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>从参与者的头上取下 fNIRS 帽。 注:字母在试验之间随机（通过刺激演示软件），在参与者之间以及单一任务和双重任务条件之间进行反平衡。字母在难度水平上相似，包括:W、D、F、T、S、H、M、A、B 和 P。数字包括:185、225、220、175、205、165、170、180、245和240。</li>
</ol>

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<li>Ptak, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+frontoparietal+attention+network+of+the+human+brain%3A+action%2C+saliency%2C+and+a+priority+map+of+the+environment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuroscientist%22%5BJournal%5D)">The frontoparietal attention network of the human brain: action, saliency, and a priority map of the environment.</a> Neuroscientist. 18 (5), 502-515 (2012).</li>
<li>Jasper, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Report+of+the+committee+on+methods+of+clinical+examination+in+electroencephalography%3A+1957%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography: 1957.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 10 (2), 370-375 (1958).</li>
<li>Brigadoi, S., Cooper, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((How+short+is+short%3F+Optimum+source-detector+distance+for+short-separation+channels+in+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurophotonics%22%5BJournal%5D)">How short is short? Optimum source-detector distance for short-separation channels in functional near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Neurophotonics. 2 (2), 025005(2015).</li>
<li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Reduction+of+global+interference+of+scalp-hemodynamics+in+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+using+short+distance+probes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuroimage%22%5BJournal%5D)">Reduction of global interference of scalp-hemodynamics in functional near-infrared spectroscopy using short distance probes.</a> Neuroimage. 141, 120-132 (2016).</li>
<li>Scholkmann, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+review+on+continuous+wave+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+and+imaging+instrumentation+and+methodology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuroimage%22%5BJournal%5D)">A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology.</a> Neuroimage. 85, Pt 1 6-27 (2014).</li>
<li>Baker, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modified+Beer-Lambert+law+for+blood+flow%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomedical+Optics+Express%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modified Beer-Lambert law for blood flow.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 5 (11), 4053-4075 (2014).</li>
<li>Barker, J. W., Aarabi, A., Huppert, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Autoregressive+model+based+algorithm+for+correcting+motion+and+serially+correlated+errors+in+fNIRS%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomedical+Optics+Express%22%5BJournal%5D)">Autoregressive model based algorithm for correcting motion and serially correlated errors in fNIRS.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 4 (8), 1366-1379 (2013).</li>
<li>Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., D'Esposito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+variability+of+human%2C+BOLD+hemodynamic+responses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuroimage%22%5BJournal%5D)">The variability of human, BOLD hemodynamic responses.</a> Neuroimage. 8 (4), 360-369 (1998).</li>
<li>Stephens, J. A., Liu, P., Lu, H., Suskauer, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cerebral+Blood+Flow+after+Mild+Traumatic+Brain+Injury%3A+Associations+between+Symptoms+and+Post-Injury+Perfusion%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Neurotrauma%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cerebral Blood Flow after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations between Symptoms and Post-Injury Perfusion.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 35 (2), 241-248 (2018).</li>
</ol>

作者没有利益冲突可以披露。

在此手稿中，我们描述了新修订的双任务屏幕 （DTS） 的管理协议。完成这些修订是为了解决原始 DTS15中确定的限制，包括添加单一认知条件来测试双重任务认知成本。它还包括基于智能设备的加速度计，以更精确地测量步态特征。我们包括具有代表性的结果，说明可以通过 DTS 获得的临床数据类型。我们还描述了神经成像兼容双任务屏幕 （DTS） 的研究协议，我们设计用于评估?...

每年，全世界有4200万人遭受轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）1.虽然一旦被认为是良性的，新的研究表明，mTBI，特别是重复的mTBI，可以引起持久的负面后果，如身体，认知和睡眠障碍2，3，4。随后，研究人员和临床医生正在寻求更好的评估和治疗方法，以了解和解决mTBI。
迄今为止，mTBI评估的最佳实践包括自我报告的症状和神经认知和运动功能的客观测量5。然而，一些个人，如竞技大学级别的运动员，已知低估了mTBI相关的症状6，限制了症状报告的效用。客观的神经认知和运动功能测量也有局限性，包括测试重试可靠性差，依赖基线测试，或高性能运动员7，8，9难度不足。然而，双重任务范式 - 同时评估运动和认知能力 - 可以检测细微的，残余的损伤，并可能特别有用的评价高性能运动员10，11，12，13，14。
过去使用双重任务范式的研究往往包括繁琐、昂贵的实验室设备，如运动捕捉系统14，以评估高绩效运动员。虽然这些系统可以准确测量细微的运动损伤，但由于设备成本高、便携性有限和管理时间长（即每人≥ 45 分钟），因此在日常 mTBI 评估中使用它们是不切实际的。此外，许多过去的双重任务范式研究只侧重于下半身或下肢技能，如平衡或步态11，12，13，14。可以说，上肢功能和手眼协调对于许多运动中表现优美的运动员也很重要。因此，我们开发了双任务屏幕 （DTS），这是一个简短的措施，旨在用便携式低成本仪器在 10 分钟内管理和评分。这个原始的DTS包括下肢（LE）和上肢（UE）子任务，它评估步态速度（使用秒表）和手眼协调下单电机和双任务条件15。
在第一次可行性研究中，32名健康、女性青少年参与者完成了最初的DTS。这项研究旨在确定 DTS 可能会导致双重任务电机成本，这在双重任务与单个电机条件下降低电机性能就表明了这一点。我们还试图确定 DTS 可以在 10 分钟内管理和得分。我们发现，所有参与者在至少一个子任务上双任务电机性能较差。此外，我们能够在平均5.63分钟内管理DTS，并在2-3分钟15分钟内完成测试。
虽然第一次可行性研究是成功的，但暴露出一些局限性。最值得注意的是，步态速度是用秒表测量的，秒表容易出现自然的人为错误。因此，在修订后的 DTS 中，我们使用智能设备，每个脚踝上都带有内置加速度计（材料表）。这一补充保持了便携式低成本仪器的使用，同时仍然提供步态速度、步数总数、平均步长、平均步长和步长变化的复杂测量。原始 DTS 的另一个局限性是缺乏单一的认知条件，这妨碍了对双重任务认知成本的评估。双重任务认知成本被定义为在双重任务与单一认知状态期间认知性能较差。随后，对于 LE 和 UE 子任务，我们添加了一个单一的认知条件（在协议中描述）。
除了为未来的临床应用制定衡量标准外，该团队的长期目标之一是评估健康运动员单项和双任务表现的神经基础，并将这些发现与运动诱发的 mTBI 运动员进行对比。因此，我们创建了一个神经成像兼容版本的 DTS。我们寻求确定 DTS 是否可以成功修改，用于同时功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS） 测量，我们使用的移动 fNIRS 设备专门设计用于通过减少运动伪影的影响来适应总电机运动。此外，据我们所知，对于目前可用于研究目的的移动设备，此设备的头部覆盖范围最大（材料表）。
总之，研究协议旨在执行以下工作:
<ol><li>描述修订后的双任务屏幕 （DTS） 的管理协议，这是我们为解决原始 DTS15 的局限性而重新设计的一项措施，也是供将来临床使用的措施。</li>
	<li>描述神经成像兼容双任务屏幕 （DTS） 的研究协议，我们设计用于评估单任务和双任务性能的神经基础。</li>
</ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Hardware (in alphabetical order)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIRx NIRSport2 Device: NSP2-CORE1616</td><td>NIRx</td><td>Reference #: GC359</td><td>&quot;The NIRSport 2 is a user-friendly, modular, and robust wireless functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) platform which measures hemodynamic responses to neuroactivation via oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin changes in the cerebral cortex.The NIRSport 2 comes with a host of ready-to-implement upgrades and modules to meet the needs of a broad range of cognitive neuroscience applications.&quot; (Direct quote from nirx.net/nirsport)</td></tr><tr><td>NIRx NIRSCap (available in 5 difference sizes)</td><td>NIRx</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;The NIRScap consists of a measuring cap and optode holders. The optode holders fit into the slits of the measuring cap.&quot; (Direct quote from NIRx&#039;s NIRScap Getting Started Guide)</td></tr><tr><td>NIRx Optode Sources (x 2)</td><td>NIRx</td><td>Reference #: GC359</td><td>&quot;8-source active source bundel for fiberless optical illumination with dual tip; 240 cm long.&quot; (Direct quote from NIRx Packing List Description)</td></tr><tr><td>NIRx Optode Detectors (x 2)</td><td>NIRx</td><td>Reference #: GC359</td><td>&quot;Bundle of 8x active sensores for fiberless optical detection; dual tip; 240 cm long.&quot; (Direct quote from NIRx Packing List Description)</td></tr><tr><td>NIRx Short Distance Detector Probes</td><td>NIRx</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;The probes come in a bundle of eight detector clips that allows coupling of short-distance data from eight independent sources sites to one common detector channel on the instrument.&quot; (Direct quote from NIRx&#039;s Short Distance Detector Probes Getting Started Guide)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software (in alphabetical order)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aurora</td><td>NIRx</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;NIRSport 2 Acquistion Software. Aurora fNIRS connects to your NIRSport 2 device via Wi-Fi or USB and can set-up a complete experimental configuration in only several clicks. Thanks to the automated signal optimization algorithm, Aurora fNIRS ensures optimal signal quality before a measurement is started. Raw data, HbO and Hb concentration changtes can be visualized in real-time in several display modes. In addition, high-end whole head visualizations are immediately available. Recorded data can be exported over the integrate Lab Streaming Layer (LSL) protocol, allowing for real-time processing in Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) and Neurofeedback paradigms.&quot; (Direct quote from nirx.net/software)</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Math Works</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;MATLAB&amp;reg; combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis and design processes with a programming language that expresses matrix and array mathematics directly. It includes the Live Editor for creating scripts that combine code, output, and formatted text in an executable notebook.&quot; (Direct quote from mathworks.com)</td></tr><tr><td>NIRS Toolbox</td><td>Developed by Huppert Brain Imaging Lab</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;NIRS toolbox is a Matlab based analysis program.&quot; (Direct quote from huppertlab.net/nirs-toolbox-2/)</td></tr><tr><td>PsychoPy</td><td>Python</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;PsychoPy is an open source software package written in the Python program,ming language primarily for us in neuroscience and experimntal psychology research.&quot; (Direct quote from psychopy.org)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lower Tech/Cost Research Supplies* (in alphabetical order)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AmazonBasics 60-Inch Lightweight Tripod with Bag</td><td>Amazon</td><td>Item Model #: WT3540</td><td>This lightweight tripod is perfect for most cameras up to 6.6 pounds. Setup is quick and easy. The included bag makes storage and transport a snap.The tripod&amp;rsquo;s legs can extend from 20&amp;rdquo; to 48&amp;rdquo;. Leg locks release smoothly and glide easily to your desired height. Crank up the center post for a tripod that is 60&amp;rdquo; tall. (Direct quote from Amazon.com)</td></tr><tr><td>iPod Touch x 2</td><td>Apple</td><td>N/A</td><td>Smart device with built-in accelerometer.</td></tr><tr><td>Panasonic Full HD Video Camera Camcorder HC-V180K, 50X Optical Zoom, 1/5.8-Inch BSI Sensor, Touch Enabled 2.7-Inch LCD Display (Black)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>Item Model #: HC-V180K</td><td>Compact, lightweight and easy to use, the Panasonic Full HD Camcorder HC-V180K brings a fun, worry-free experience to high-resolution video capture. Featuring a 5-axis image stabilizer for maximum handheld stability, this 1080p camera&amp;rsquo;s super-long 50X optical zoom and up to 90X intelligent zoom quickly bring distant objects in focus. A convenient 28mm wide-angle lens allows you to fit more people and scenery into settings like weddings, reunions and vacations. An advanced BSI sensor assures low-light video image quality while Panasonic&amp;rsquo;s Level Shot function automatically detects and compensates for distracting camera tilting. For added fun, the camera includes creative filter effects like 8mm Movie, Silent Movie, Miniature Effect and Time Lapse Recording, all easily accessible on the 2.7-inch LCD touch screen. A two-channel zoom microphone works in tandem with the zoom to ensure crisp, clear audio up close or at any distance.&quot; (Direct quote from Amazon.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Post-it Notes, 3&quot; x 3&quot;, Canary Yellow, Pack Of 18 Pads</td><td>Office Depot/Office Max</td><td>Item # 1230652</td><td>&quot;Post it&amp;reg; Notes stick securely and remove cleanly, featuring a unique adhesive designed for use on paper.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Scotch 232 Masking Tape, 1&quot; x 60 Yd</td><td>Office Depot/Office Max</td><td>Item # 910588</td><td>&quot;High-performance paper masking tape produces sharp paint lines in medium-temperature paint bake operations. Scotch tape provides clean removal every time, even on traditionally difficult-to-remove surfaces.&quot; (Direct quote from officedepot.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Stanley Tools Leverlock Tape Measure, Standard, 25&#039; x 1&quot; Blade</td><td>Office Depot/Office Max</td><td>Item #389512</td><td>&quot;Tape rule features a power return with automatic bottom lock for easy operation. High-visibility case color makes it easy to find. Special Tru-Zero hook allows use of nail as pivot to draw circles and arcs. Tape rule offers a multiple riveted hook and polymer-coated blade for longer life, blade wear guard and comfortable rubber grip. Protected blade resists abrasion, oils, dirt and most solvents. Tape rule has Imperial ruling with consecutive feet on top and consecutive inches on bottom after the first foot. Its belt clip allows easy carrying.&quot; (Direct quote from officedepot.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Stopwatch</td><td>Office Depot/Office Max</td><td>Item # 357698</td><td>&quot;Offers split timing, precise to 1/100 of a second. Includes 6 functions &amp;mdash; hour, minute, second, day, month and year.&quot; (Direct quote from officedepot.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Tourna Ballport Deluxe Tennis Ball Hopper with Wheels - Holds 80 Balls</td><td>Amazon</td><td>Item Model #: BPD-80W</td><td>&quot;Balloon port 80 deluxe holds 80 balls and comes with wheels for easy Maneuverability. The handles are an extra long 33 inch for more convenient feed and pickup. Very lightweight yet durable makes this one of the most premium hoppers on the market. Loaded with patented features: legs lock in up and down position. Bars at the top slide closed so your the balls don&#039;t fall out during transport. Bars roll at the bottom so the ball slips in the hopper easily.&quot; (Direct quote from Amazon.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Tourna Pressureless Tennis Balls with Vinyl Tote (45 pack of balls)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>Item Model #: EPTB-45</td><td>&quot;45 Pressure less tennis balls in a vinyl tote bag. Bag has a zipper for secure closure. Balls are regulation size and durable. Suitable for practice or tennis ball machines. Balls are pressure less so they never go dead. Pressure-less means they never go dead, which makes them great for tennis practice, ball machines, filling up ball baskets and hoppers, or just making sure your pet has hours of fun chasing these balls. They fit Chuck-it style dog ball launchers and automatic ball launchers. Durable rubber and a premium felt ensures their use can be universal, whether your a budding tennis player or a pet owner.&quot; (Direct quote from Amazon.com)</td></tr><tr><td>Velcro</td><td>Velcro</td><td>N/A</td><td>Self-adhesive strips and wraps; used to secure smart devices.</td></tr><tr><td>Yoga Block 2 Pack &amp;ndash; 2 High Density Light Weight Exercise Blocks 4 x 6 x 9 Inches Support All Poses - Lightweight Versatile Fitness and Balance Odor Free Bricks (Note: 6 blocks are needed for Dual Task Screen)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>N/A</td><td>&quot;These blocks are made from recycled high density EVA foam and provide firm support in a wide range of different yoga poses. This will improve your posture and you can stay in challenging poses for longer.&quot; (Direct quote from Amazon.com)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;*These items or comparable items can be obtained from a number of other sources&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

revised and neuroimaging-compatible versions of the dual task screen

双重任务范式同时评估运动和认知能力，它们可以检测最近患有轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）的运动员的细微残余损伤。然而，过去的双重任务范式只注重下肢技能，并依赖繁琐、昂贵的实验室设备，从而限制了日常 mTBI 评估的实用性。随后，我们开发了双任务屏幕 （DTS），该屏幕需要 lt;10 分钟才能管理和评分，使用低成本便携式设备，包括下肢 （LE） 和上肢 （UE） 子任务。这份手稿的目的是双重的。首先，我们描述了修订后的 DTS 的管理协议，我们修订了该议定书以解决原始 DTS 的局限性。具体来说，修订包括增加智能设备，以获取更详细的步态数据，并包括单一认知条件，以测试在双重任务条件下中断的认知表现。重要的是，修订后的DTS是一项旨在供将来临床使用的措施，我们介绍了三名男性运动员的代表性结果，以说明从该测量中可以获得的临床数据类型。重要的是，我们尚未评估修订后的DTS在运动员与mTBI的敏感性和特殊性，这是下一个研究倡议。此手稿的第二个目的是描述与神经成像兼容的 DTS 版本。我们开发了这个版本，以便我们可以评估单任务和双任务性能的神经基础，以便更好地了解与 mTBI 相关的行为缺陷。因此，本手稿还描述了我们在 DTS 期间为实现同时功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS） 测量而采取的步骤，以及我们如何获取和完成 fNIRS 数据的一级处理。

参与者 参赛者是从当地高中队和大学校际和俱乐部运动队中招募的，他们使用口碑和广告传单。参加者年龄在15-22岁之间，并定期参加有组织的接触运动。接触式运动包括所有运动，在常规比赛期间需要与队友或对手进行身体接触。根据自我报告，参与者还必须有正常或矫正的视力和听力，没有神经或精神病史，也没有中度或严重创伤性脑损伤史。
我们包括来...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen at JoVE.com

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

我们开发了原来的双任务屏幕 （DTS） 作为便携式，低成本的措施，可以评估运动员与运动引起的轻度创伤性脑损伤。我们修订了原始 DTS 以供将来临床使用，并开发了与神经成像兼容的 DTS 版本，以测量单任务和双任务性能的神经基础。

双任务屏幕的修订和神经成像兼容版本

Dual task paradigms simultaneously assess motor and cognitive abilities, and they can detect subtle, residual impairments in athletes with recent mild ...

revised-and-neuroimaging-compatible-versions-of-the-dual-task-screen

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

3.5K 次观看.  Colorado State University. 我们开发了原来的双任务屏幕 （DTS） 作为便携式，低成本的措施，可以评估运动员与运动引起的轻度创伤性脑损伤。我们修订了原始 DTS 以供将来临床使用，并开发了与神经成像兼容的 DTS 版本，以测量单任务和双任务性能的神经基础。

视频: Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

科研

行为学

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals&#39; neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant&#39;s level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants&#39; brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

利用脑电图测量任务特定神经效率的比较:空间智能任务

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

人类癫痫患者同步眼动追踪和单神经记录

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

Motor Dual-Tasks for Gait Analysis and Evaluation in Post-Stroke Patients

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask gait analysis consisted of a single walking task (Task 0), a simple motor dual-task (water-holding, Task 1), and a complex motor dual-task (crossing obstacles, Task 2). The task of crossing obstacles was considered to be equivalent to the combination of a simple walking task and a complex motor task as it involved more nervous system, skeletal movement, and cognitive resources. To eliminate heterogeneity in the results of the gait analysis of the stroke patients, the dual-task gait cost values were calculated for various kinematic parameters. The major differences were observed in the proximal joint angles, especially in the angles of the trunk, pelvis, and hip joints, which were significantly larger in the dual motor tasks than in the single walking task. This research protocol aims to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of gait function and an in-depth study of motor control in stroke patients with motor control deficits through the analyses of dual-motor walking tasks.

This paper presents a protocol specifically for dual motor task gait analysis in stroke patients with motor control deficits.

用于中风后患者步态分析和评估的运动双任务

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask ...

神经科学

Virtual Reality Tools for Assessing Unilateral Spatial Neglect: A Novel Opportunity for Data Collection

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a syndrome characterized by inattention to or inaction in one side of space and affects between 23-46% of acute stroke survivors. The diagnosis and characterization of these symptoms in individual patients can be challenging and often requires skilled clinical staff. Virtual reality (VR) presents an opportunity to develop novel assessment tools for patients with USN.
We aimed to design and build a VR tool to detect and characterize subtle USN symptoms, and to test the tool on subjects treated with inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of cortical regions associated with USN.
We created three experimental conditions by applying TMS to two distinct regions of cortex associated with visuospatial processing- the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) - and applied sham TMS as a control. We then placed subjects in a virtual reality environment in which they were asked to identify the flowers with lateral asymmetries of flowers distributed across bushes in both hemispaces, with dynamic difficulty adjustment based on each subject's performance. 
We found significant differences in average head yaw between subjects stimulated at the STG and those stimulated at the SMG and marginally significant effects in the average visual axis.
VR technology is becoming more accessible, affordable, and robust, presenting an exciting opportunity to create useful and novel game-like tools. In conjunction with TMS, these tools could be used to study specific, isolated, artificial neurological deficits in healthy subjects, informing the creation of VR-based diagnostic tools for patients with deficits due to acquired brain injury. This study is the first to our knowledge in which artificially generated USN symptoms have been evaluated with a VR task.

The goal was to design, build, and pilot a novel virtual reality task to detect and characterize unilateral spatial neglect, a syndrome affecting 23-46% of acute stroke survivors, expanding the role of virtual reality in the study and management of neurologic disease.

用于评估单边空间忽视的虚拟现实工具:数据收集的新机遇

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a syndrome characterized by inattention to or inaction in one side of space and affects between 23-46% of acute stroke ...

医学

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

检测高功能卒中患者认知缺陷的双任务斯特鲁普范式

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Scalp Acupuncture Synchronizing Dual Task Gait for Enhancing Prefrontal Cortex Response

Studies have shown that motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function. However, the therapeutic effect of motor-cognitive dual task is still limited. How to improve dual-task performance is the key to solving this problem. Scalp acupuncture is a non-drug intervention method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat brain-derived diseases by acupuncturing the corresponding projection area of cerebral cortex function on the scalp. Studies have shown that scalp acupuncture helps improve neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction and plays a neuroprotective function in central nervous system diseases. However, no relevant studies have discussed the synergistic gain effect of motor-cognitive dual task and scalp acupuncture. Therefore, this protocol aims to demonstrate the standardized operation of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task and compares the differences between these two tasks in healthy subjects through a randomized cross-over trial. This protocol initially revealed the possible influence mechanism of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task on cognitive performance, gait control, and cortical brain function, which can provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for clinical exploration of new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

This protocol demonstrates the standardized procedure of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task. This can provide an important reference for the clinical exploration of the new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

头皮针灸同步双任务步态增强前额叶皮层反应

Studies have shown that motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function. However, the therapeutic effect of motor-cognitive dual ...