作者感谢劳里·冯·Melchner，伯尔尼大学医院的神经外科，伯尔尼，瑞士，校对和编辑稿件和Paskus耶利米，波士顿儿童医院，波士顿校对的初稿。我们赞赏动物护理，麻醉，并从丹尼尔·梅特勒，数字电压表，缪勒，数字电压表，丹尼尔Zalokar和Olgica Beslac，实验外科研究所临床研究部，伯尔尼大学，瑞士伯尔尼手术援助熟练的管理。我们感谢迈克尔·伦施，研究部主管护士，重症监护医学系，伯尔尼大学医院和伯尔尼大学，瑞士伯尔尼，对于生理参数的实时数据监控和后期处理。我们感谢艾丁Nevzati，卡尔·室井和莎乐美ERHARDT，其优秀的实验室技术和手术援助。 这项工作得到了强化班部支持ê病急救医学，伯尔尼大学医院和伯尔尼，瑞士伯尔尼，临床研究部，伯尔尼，瑞士伯尔尼大学的大学，并从Kantonsspital阿劳，阿劳，瑞士的研究基金。我们感谢爱思唯尔，对于图1和2转载的许可。

三个月大的雌性新西兰兔体重2.5 - 3.5千克的用于该过程。按照卫生指引，国家研究院​​实验动物的管理和使用，并与瑞士伯尔尼（批准105＃/ 13）的广的动物护理委员会的批准进行这项研究。所有的手术在无菌条件下，在临床研究部的实验外科研究所在伯尔尼大学医院在伯尔尼，瑞士被执行。兽医麻醉医师在手术和恢复整个监测的动物。 1，动物准备，定位和锁骨下动脉插管<ol><li>诱导全身麻醉的兔肌内注射氯胺酮（30毫克/千克;的Ketalar，50毫克/毫升）和甲苯噻嗪（6毫克/公斤; Xylapan 20毫克/毫升）和麻醉的控制深度通过检查兔子的响应有毒stimulat离子（ 如脚趾捏）。看到1.7的情况下积极响应。 </li><li>拉下两只眼睛的下眼睑，并涂抹少量药膏给眼皮，防止干燥和进一步的刺激。 </li><li>导尿侧耳静脉用20 Gbutterfly venflon（20克静脉插管），用胶布固定，并连接到含有0.9％氯化钠重力袋（500毫升/ 24小时）和氯胺酮（40毫克/千克/小时） /甲苯噻嗪（4毫克/千克/小时）的连续静脉注射（IV）麻醉。管理额外的止痛药，每15分钟静脉注射（芬太尼，1微克/千克）。注意：避免挥发性气体麻醉剂，其具有降低的CPP关联，增加脑血流量，降低脑代谢速率为氧气11静脉注射麻醉剂通过维持脑血流和脑血管收缩，12研究脑时这是最上层的重要性提供了神经外科麻醉更理想的特性。血管痉挛。另外，虽然死亡率在SPONT增加aneously呼吸的动物，它可以更好地模仿急性蛛网膜下腔出血的人的情况。 </li><li>提供氧气（1 - 2升/分钟）通过呼吸面罩，使潮气末二氧化碳（ETCO 2）监控。 </li><li>在兔子的腹侧面的三角排列安装一个3通道的心电图（ECG）.Place 3皮下电极;具体地，将一个电极在右midthoracic区域（用距离到无菌剃字段用于锁骨下动脉插管）和两个电极中的分布在两肢的下腹部。 </li><li>通过下面的呼吸频率，从所述ECG信号监测心脏速率（HR），而反应对伤害性刺激监测麻醉深度的手术过程中，每隔15分钟。 </li><li>如果对伤害性刺激（趾捏）积极响应，通过推注氯胺酮（6毫克/千克）和静脉推注甲苯噻嗪（0.05毫克/千克），IV和/或额外的镇痛推注芬太尼（1 MC调整麻醉深度克/公斤）四</li><li>修复兔中对身体加温板仰卧位置，倾斜头部20°下，使之略微对侧的侧面上的锁骨下动脉将被暴露。 </li><li>申请眼膏和剃头发上绕锁骨的中间三分之一的右胸肌准备区进行手术，并在frontal-，parietal-和枕骨，颈部，并在右股总动脉。 </li><li>皮肤消毒3分钟与广谱防腐剂， 如 ，聚维酮碘。 </li><li>盖兔用无菌床单。进行无菌条件下所有进一步的程序和频繁应用4％罂粟碱盐酸和抗生素溶液（硫酸新霉素5毫克/毫升）局部给药，以防止动脉血管痉挛由船只操纵和局部感染。 </li><li>渗入胸肌与局部麻醉剂（1％利多卡因最大6毫克/千克）。使胸骨旁切开皮肤和准备胸肌。使用显微镜，解剖锁骨下动脉和近端和远端结扎（4-0 polyfilament缝合线）在外露的末端固定。保留一条绑带靠近近端控制到位，以固定导管和结扎血管远侧。 </li><li>通过切割与弯曲microscissor动脉执行在锁骨下动脉的壁上的动脉切开术和导管插入锁骨下动脉逆行用小血管内三通活栓。固定导管由面向远端结扎双结结扎，以防止动脉扭曲或动脉的近侧部分的弯曲，并避免滑动或大​​量出血。 </li></ol> 2，血压和动脉血液气体监测<ol><li>连接3通止水栓，以便i）的血管内插管用于动脉血气（ABG）分析，pH值， 二氧化碳分压， 氧分压 ，碳酸氢盐，碱过量和SO 2，ⅱ）侵入动脉血压力测量装置，以及iii）在分流装置。 </li><li>收集血液样品用于ABG状态（ 二氧化碳分压， 氧分压 ）和连续监测标准心血管和呼吸参数（血压，心率，心电图，呼吸率和潮气末CO 2）和传输经模拟输出接口数据到的模拟电源数字转换器/数据记录器和存储。 注：压力会在心脏水平在每次会议后归零，该系列开始之前的模拟/数字转换器和数据记录系统的压力校准会做一次。 </li></ol> 3，基准线数字减影血管造影<ol><li>放置一个外部尺寸测量装置（小球）上既下颚角以校准血管造影。 注：这允许事后测量基线的精确比较及跟进血管直径。 </li><li>逆行内-A进行数字减影血管造影（DSA）rterial弹丸注射非离子型碘帕醇（0.6毫升/千克，为5毫升/秒，2秒）通过管状动脉，并为了防止后者的闭塞弹丸注射用生理盐水后立即冲洗套管。 </li><li>在5°左斜前方位置获得使用快速连续造影记录的椎基底动脉系统的图像（14秒7的图像）。 </li><li>渗透到右股总动脉与局部麻醉剂（利多卡因1％，最大6毫克/千克）周围的区域。做一个小腹股沟皮肤切口。使用显微镜进行可视化，解剖股总动脉和近端和远端结扎（4-0 polyfilament缝合线）在外露的末端固定。 </li><li>动脉切开后，导管插入股动脉与5-F护套。冲洗用生理盐水护套的侧端口。 </li><li>提前5-F导管插入通过透视下的套头臂动脉。创建一个路线图，然后推进导丝为thê椎基底动脉系统。注入非离子型碘帕醇的丸（0.6毫升/千克，为5毫升/秒2秒）的DSA的步骤3.2所述。 </li></ol> 4，旋转俯卧位<ol><li>以下基准DSA，重新兔子从仰卧到俯卧位。要小心，不要操作或放置动脉导管的位置。 </li><li>定位头的头架，在30°角，面向低着头。 </li></ol> 5，小脑延髓池穿刺<ol><li>皮肤消毒过的头部和颈部用聚维酮碘3次，每次1分钟，并盖上无菌片的外科手术区域。 </li><li>插入一个22克×40mm的小儿脊柱接近针经皮枕大池没有任何事先切开皮肤或肌肉移位。 </li><li>确认该动物是通过确保缺少脚趾捏响应沿骨枕外隆凸滑针下来才完全麻醉直到检测到一个间隙;针任何进一步的不推。 </li><li>通过观察脑脊液与兔子的头部倾斜向下以20°角为几分钟自发滴落确认针的正确位置。 </li></ol> 6，安装颅内压和脑血流监测<ol><li>后正中线皮肤和帽状切口，插入一个小的手术牵开。 </li><li>使三个圆形截骨（2毫米直径）使用根据颅骨外标头骨的额骨部分高速微型钻头（ 图1）9， 即在嗅球和双侧额叶的神经监测设备，如果放置有必要的。用毫米刻度标尺来确定钻孔位置的坐标如下：颅内压（ICP）监测的midpupillary线，一条从正中矢状线两条毫米;脑实质激光多普勒探头四点五十六mm前部和侧到前囟门（ 图1）。 </li><li>可视化的硬脑膜，并进行细致的止血：用骨蜡止血骨凭借其填塞作用，并使用硬脑膜双极电凝进行局部止血。 </li><li>将脑实质的颅内压（ICP）的显示器前端插入右侧嗅球至2mm的深度，然后进行校准。 </li><li>使用外部夹紧系统放置在两个激光多普勒血流仪微细针的探头，并将它们插入对应的毛刺的孔在两个左，右额叶脑半球外侧到脑室系统， 即 ，在正中线，以避免与脑脊液干扰。放置针探针，以2.5mm的深度。 </li><li>的神经监测探针放置后，密封所有毛刺的孔用厚插头骨蜡，以保持所述颅流体密封。 </li><li>测量的平均动脉血压的基准参数（MAP），ICP和使用多参数监测和四通道激光多普勒组织血流灌注监测脑血流量（CBF）。 </li></ol> 7，分流诱导<ol><li>在小脑延髓池连接脊椎接入针经血液充满压力监测管先前插管锁骨下动脉。使用上述活栓的血压测量和血液取样口3路。 注：蛛网膜下腔出血的严重程度取决于血液的量，并且可以通过蛛网膜下腔血块在脑收获5,11时的广泛性粗略估计。 </li><li>连续监测血压，心率，心电图，呼吸频率和潮气末CO 2在1赫兹的从6分钟之前的采样率，直到SAH后至少20分钟。 </li><li>确认该动物是通过确保缺少脚趾捏响应打开锁骨下动脉和小脑延髓池诱发蛛网膜下腔出血的压力gradie之间的分流器连接之前完全麻醉NT。 注：（ 例如 ，在ICP的期望水平的）的对照蛛网膜下腔出血可以通过关闭分流在任何时间点来实现。 </li><li>在大约15分钟的时间内录得稳定状态值。 </li><li>粤ICP备后达到高峰，保持脊椎的访问针到位，直到ICP备返回到稳定状态接近基准值。如果ICP备高原保持超过10秒，或者ICP备自发降低，关闭分流。 </li><li>除去CBF细针探针和ICP探针，插入颅骨钻孔用骨蜡，除去所有的导管（包括锁骨下导管，由于导管操作与连续出血是与高发病率和死亡率相关，并增加感染发生率），进行严格的伤口灌溉用硫酸新霉素和缝合皮肤。 </li></ol> 8，术后管理<ol><li>该过程持续约2小时。由于半衰期氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪，阴性特质的恢复时间的l为很短 - 大约1小时。该动物被关在恢复过程中的加热灯。不提供附加的流体。在此初始术后恢复阶段，申请丁丙诺啡0.02毫克/千克SC每8小时24小时。 </li><li>应用芬太尼透皮贴剂基质，在未来72小时释放出12.5微克/小时的动物进行有效的镇痛剃光颈部。 </li><li>不要让动物无人看管，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识来维持胸骨斜卧。 </li><li>不要将已动过手术在其他动物的公司，直到完全康复的动物。 </li></ol> 9跟进数字减影血管造影评估DCVS 3日<ol><li>如上所述执行步骤1.1到3.6。 </li><li>通过动脉内快速浓注的钠thiopenthal（40毫克/千克）安乐死的动物（硫喷妥钠，Ospedalia AG，Hünenberg，瑞士）。在情况下，组织学和immunohistochemistry是必要的，在室温下以100厘米的H 2 O的灌注压进行心内灌注固定</li></ol>

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American journal of neuroradiology. 27, 624-631 (2006).</li><li>Shao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+tetramethylpyrazine+on+nitric+oxide/cGMP+signaling+after+cerebral+vasospasm+in+rabbits.">Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on nitric oxide/cGMP signaling after cerebral vasospasm in rabbits.</a> Brain research. 1361, 67-75 (2010).</li><li>Bederson, J. B., Germano, I. M., Guarino, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+blood+flow+and+cerebral+perfusion+pressure+in+a+new+noncraniotomy+model+of+subarachnoid+hemorrhage+in+the+rat.">Cortical blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in a new noncraniotomy model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat.</a> Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 26, 1086-1091 (1995).</li><li>Veelken, J. A., Laing, R. J., Jakubowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sheffield+model+of+subarachnoid+hemorrhage+in+rats.">The Sheffield model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.</a> Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 26, 1279-1283 (1995).</li><li>Zakhartchenko, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-mediated+transgenesis+in+rabbits:+chimeric+and+nuclear+transfer+animals.">Cell-mediated transgenesis in rabbits: chimeric and nuclear transfer animals.</a> Biology of reproduction. 84, 229-237 (2011).</li><li>Capecchi, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+targeting+in+mice:+functional+analysis+of+the+mammalian+genome+for+the+twenty-first+century.">Gene targeting in mice: functional analysis of the mammalian genome for the twenty-first century.</a> Nature reviews. Genetics. 6, 507-512 (2005).</li><li>Flisikowska, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+immunoglobulin+gene+disruption+and+targeted+replacement+in+rabbit+using+zinc+finger+nucleases.">Efficient immunoglobulin gene disruption and targeted replacement in rabbit using zinc finger nucleases.</a> PloS one. 6, e21045 (2011).</li><li>Nakajima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aging+on+cerebral+vasospasm+after+subarachnoid+hemorrhage+in+rabbits.">Effects of aging on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits.</a> Stroke. 32, 620-628 (2001).</li></ol>

None. The authors have no financial or commercial interest in any of the drugs, materials, or equipment used. No specific funding was received for this work. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of the presented study and report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in the paper. They confirm the adherence of ethical standards. The study was performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals and with the approval of the Animal Care Committee of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland (approval #109/07 and #107/09).

分路模型产生病理类似于在急性SAH 3,8,10后人类观察。它已被提出，EBI可能会加剧，维持，甚至触发DCVS 12，因此该模型可在调查两种早期和晚期DCVS阶段，包括以下SAH EBI和DCVS相互作用帮助。特别的，可重复的体内 DCVS的监测技术包括DSA 13，计算机断层扫描血管造影14，和经颅多普勒15顷兔多readibly施加比在较小的实验室动物。除了让考官独立自发蛛网?...

蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）是最威胁生命的病理条件下，经常导致永久性神经损伤或死亡1之一。过去的研究主要集中于迟发性脑血管痉挛（DCVS）为蛛网膜下腔出血2相关的神经功能障碍的主要病因。但是，患者在治疗血管痉挛后，从患蛛网膜下腔出血的普遍较差的临床结果，导致了研究的重点扩展到包括早期脑损伤（EBI），蛛网膜下腔出血3后的效果。两个EBI和DCVS在SAH后造成不良的临床结果的意义更多的理解是更有效的治疗策略的发展是必不可少的。 截至目前，单双自体血液注射到小脑延髓池一直是蛛网膜下腔出血诱导的DCVS 2-6的研究的标准方法。尽管在以前的研究中常用的这种模式很可能不会重现蛛网膜下腔出血相关的病理变化主要诱发EBI 7。与此相反，腔内穿孔已知产生严重的急性病理生理改变部分地模仿EBI 7的症状。 这份报告描述蛛网膜下腔出血的一种新的动物模型，旨在使这两个EBI和DCVS的调查，从而使蛛网膜下腔出血引起的病理8-10更准确的描述。随着所描述的技术，标准小脑延髓池模式适于通过连接动脉系统锁骨下动脉和小脑延髓池通过体外分流。的血流量，从而与兔子的生理及由动脉血和颅内压之间的压力梯度驱动。出血停止时脑压（ICP）等于舒张期血压和血液中的分流系统凝固。利用主机＆＃8217;的生理减少考官依赖SAH诱导，导致蛛网膜下腔出血比较一致的模型，可靠地产生两个EBI和DCVS表型3,8-10。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="905">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:35px;width:279px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">operation microscope</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Zeiss, Jena, Germany</td>
			<td colspan="2">Zeiss, OPMI-MD surgical microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:279px;">surgical equipment</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">B. Braun, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">forceps medical n&#176;5, vessel sciccors 8cm, microclip 4mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">respirator</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Hugo Sachs</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">hair clipper</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">3M Surgical Clipper&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">&#160;Starter Kit 9667A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">body warm plate</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">FHC</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:279px;">blood gas analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">ABL 725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:279px;">cardiac monitoring</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Camino Multi-Parameter Monitor, Integra, Plainsboro, NJ, US</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">AP-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">software analysis</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">BIOPAC Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biopac MP100 and acqKnowledge software,version 3.8.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">software analysis</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">ImagePro Discovery, MediaCybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">image-Pro Plus version&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">angiography apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">DFP 2000 A-Toshiba</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">MIIXR0001EAA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">ICP monitor</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Camino Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">ICP monitor, Model 110-4B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">blood flow monitor</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Oxford Optronix Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">CAL KIT microsphere solution</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">laser-Doppler flowmetry fine needle probes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Oxford Optronix Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">MNP110XP, 0.48 mm diameter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pressure tube</td>
			<td>B. Braun, Germay</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">PE 1.0 mm &#215; 2.0 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">anesthesia monitor</td>
			<td>GE Medical Systems, Switzerland&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Datex S5 Monitor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Material</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20 G vascular catheter</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Smiths Medical</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Jelco i.v. catheter, REF 4057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">5.5F three-lumen central venous catheter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Connectors, Tagelswangen, Switzerland</td>
			<td>silicone catheter STH-C040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">22Gx40mm needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Emergo Group Inc., Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">high-speed microdrill</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Stryker, Solothurn, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5400-15&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">bone wax</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Ethicon, Johnson &#38; Johnson,NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">ETHW31G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">bipolar forceps</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Aesculap, Inc., PA, US</td>
			<td>US349SP&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">Ketamin</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fentanyl</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">transdermal fentanyl matrix patches&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lidocaine 1%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4% papaverin HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Neomycin sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Research Organics Inc., OH, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Povidone-iodine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.9% sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">Iopamidol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Abott Laboratories, IL, USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td>Any generic product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">3-0 resorbable suture</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Ethicon Inc., USA</td>
			<td>VCP824G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">5-0 non absorbable suture</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Ethicon Inc., USA</td>
			<td>8618G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:279px;">4-0 polyfilament sutures</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Ethicon Inc., USA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">VCP284G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rabbit blood-shunt model for the study of acute and late sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage: technical aspects

早期脑损伤和迟发性脑血管痉挛既有助于蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后的不良后果。在模拟两个条件重现性和可控性的动物模型是目前少见。因此，需要以模仿从蛛网膜下腔出血导致人体的病理生理条件的新车型。 这份报告描述了兔子的血液分流蛛网膜下腔出血模型，使颅内压（ICP）控制技术的细微差别。体外分流放置在动脉系统和蛛网膜下腔，它使检查者无关SAH在一个封闭的颅骨之间。一步一步的程序指令和必要的设备描述，以及技术方面的考虑，生产模式以最小的死亡率和发病率。需要手术成功创造这一功能强大，简单和一致ICP备控制蛛网膜下腔出血动物模型的重要细节进行了描述。

<html>蛛网膜下腔出血的兔血分流模式本报告中所述生产的海马EBI（ 图2A，B），基础皮层（ 图2A，B）和脑血管（ 图2C）的伤害，早在24小时后，显示出的特征血液分布（ 图2D）8。此外，该模型触发中度至第三天严重度DCVS的SAH诱导（ 图3）10后。死亡率为20 - 30％，因呼吸骤停或严重心动过缓急性蛛网膜下腔出血的时间?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects at JoVE.com

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

蛛网膜下腔出血急性和后遗症的研究兔血分流型号：技术问题

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

the-rabbit-blood-shunt-model-for-study-acute-late-sequelae

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.5K 次观看.  University and Bern University Hospital (Inselspital). The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures — subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

视频: The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials have shown disappointing long-term results with unacceptable high rates of aneurysm recanalization and delayed aneurysm rupture.2 To overcome these problems, animal experimental studies are crucial for the development of better endovascular devices.3-5
Several animal models in rats, rabbits, canines and swine are available.6-8 Comparisons of the different animal models showed the superiority of the rabbit model with regard to hemodynamics and comparability of the coagulation system and cost-effectiveness.9-11 
The venous pouch arterial bifurcation model in rabbits is formed by a venous pouch sutured into an artificially created true bifurcation of both common carotid arteries (CCA). The main advantage of this model are true bifurcational hemodynamics.12 The major drawbacks are the sofar high microsurgical technical demands and high morbidity and mortality rates of up to 50%.13 These limitations have resulted in less frequent use of this aneurysm model in the recent years. These shortcomings could be overcome with improved surgical procedures and modified peri- and postoperative analgetic management and anticoagulation.14-16 Our techniques reported in this paper demonstrate this optimized technique for microsurgical creation of arterial bifurcation aneurysms.

An optimized technique for the microsurgical creation of arterial bifurcation aneurysms mimicking bifurcation human cerebral aneurysms is described. A venous pouch is sutured into an artificially created true bifurcation of both common carotid arteries. Facilitated microsurgical techniques and aggressive postoperative anticoagulation and analgesia lead to minimized morbidity rates and high aneurysm patency rates.

显微静脉袋分岔动脉瘤在兔模型：技术问题

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials ...

科研

医学

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

NADH Fluorescence Imaging of Isolated Biventricular Working Rabbit Hearts

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited for studies of cardiac metabolism, which require the heart to perform work within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. Neely introduced modifications to the Langendorff technique to establish appropriate left ventricular (LV) preload and afterload pressures3. The model is known as the isolated LV working heart model and has been used extensively to study LV performance and metabolism4-6. This model, however, does not provide a properly loaded right ventricle (RV). Demmy et al. first reported a biventricular model as a modification of the LV working heart model7, 8. They found that stroke volume, cardiac output, and pressure development improved in hearts converted from working LV mode to biventricular working mode8. A properly loaded RV also diminishes abnormal pressure gradients across the septum to improve septal function. Biventricular working hearts have been shown to maintain aortic output, pulmonary flow, mean aortic pressure, heart rate, and myocardial ATP levels for up to 3 hours8.
When studying the metabolic effects of myocardial injury, such as ischemia, it is often necessary to identify the location of the affected tissue. This can be done by imaging the fluorescence of NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)9-11, a coenzyme found in large quantities in the mitochondria. NADH fluorescence (fNADH) displays a near linearly inverse relationship with local oxygen concentration12 and provides a measure of mitochondrial redox state13. fNADH imaging during hypoxic and ischemic conditions has been used as a dye-free method to identify hypoxic regions14, 15 and to monitor the progression of hypoxic conditions over time10.
The objective of the method is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of biventricular working hearts during protocols that alter the rate of myocyte metabolism or induce hypoxia or create a combination of the two. Hearts from New Zealand white rabbits were connected to a biventricular working heart system (Hugo Sachs Elektronik) and perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution16 at 37 &deg;C. Aortic, LV, pulmonary artery, and left &amp; right atrial pressures were recorded. Electrical activity was measured using a monophasic action potential electrode. To image fNADH, light from a mercury lamp was filtered (350&plusmn;25 nm) and used to illuminate the epicardium. Emitted light was filtered (460&plusmn;20 nm) and imaged using a CCD camera. Changes in the epicardial fNADH of biventricular working hearts during different pacing rates are presented. The combination of the heart model and fNADH imaging provides a new and valuable experimental tool for studying acute cardiac pathologies within the context of realistic physiological conditions.

The objective is to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of isolated hearts within the context of physiologic preload and afterload pressures. A biventricular working rabbit heart model is presented. High spatiotemporal resolution fluorescence imaging of NADH is used to monitor the mitochondrial redox state of epicardial tissue.

NADH的荧光成像隔离双心室工作离体兔心

Since its inception by Langendorff1, the isolated perfused heart remains a prominent tool for studying cardiac physiology2. However, it is not well-suited ...

A Low Mortality Rat Model to Assess Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, in order to identify the initiating events, pathophysiological changes and potential targets for treatment.
Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 - 300 g) were arbitrarily assigned to one of two groups - SAH or saline control. Rat subarachnoid hemorrhage in the SAH group (n=15) was induced by double injection of autologous blood, 48 hr apart, into the cisterna magna. Similarly, normal saline (n=13) was injected into the cisterna magna of the saline control group. Rats were sacrificed on day five after the second blood injection and the brains were preserved for histological analysis. The degree of vasospasm was measured using sections of the basilar artery, by measuring the internal luminal cross sectional area using NIH Image-J software. The significance was tested using Tukey/Kramer's statistical analysis.
Results: After analysis of histological sections, basilar artery luminal cross sectional area were smaller in the SAH than in the saline group, consistent with cerebral vasospasm in the former group. In the SAH group, basilar artery internal area (.056 &mu;m &plusmn; 3) were significantly smaller from vasospasm five days after the second blood injection (seven days after the initial blood injection), compared to the saline control group with internal area (.069 &plusmn; 3; p=0.004). There were no mortalities from cerebral vasospasm.
Conclusion: The rat double SAH model induces a mild, survivable, basilar artery vasospasm that can be used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm in a small animal model. A low and acceptable mortality rate is a significant criterion to be satisfied for an ideal SAH animal model so that the mechanisms of vasospasm can be elucidated 7, 8. Further modifications of the model can be made to adjust for increased severity of vasospasm and neurological exams.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding that occurs into the subarachnoid space when an aneurysm ruptures. While the morbidity and mortality from this event has been on a decline due to improved treatment approaches, the risk of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to be the same as it was several years ago. The importance of establishing a comprehensive and reproducible animal model to identify initiating events of cerebral vasospasm has been the focus of research since the first use of rats in an experimental vasospasm model in 1979 by Barry et al. Early work in rats demonstrated that a single injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna led to acute (within minutes) but not delayed cerebral vasospasm 3, 6, 14. Here we characterize a low mortality SAH rat model that results in reproducible delayed vasospasm.

死亡率低大鼠模型的实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛评估

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

人类神经内分泌肿瘤细胞株为研究人类神经内分泌肿瘤治疗的三维模型

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

颈动脉支架植入再狭窄的研究的小鼠模型

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

在的鼠标Aortocaval瘘的技术方面

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

蛛网膜下腔出血的小鼠模型

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

动脉再狭窄小鼠模型：股导线损伤的技术方面

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...