Supported in part by NIH R01 CA121258, R01 CA125244, R01 CA154256, NIH/NCATS UCLA CTSI Grant Number UL1TR000124, USAMRMC W81XWH-08-1-0734, and the Joan S. Holmes Memorial Research Fund. MJH and GCO received supported from the Joan S. Holmes Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship at UCLA. The CSM device was obtained from Creative Scientific Methods: www.creative-sci.com. The lentiviral vector was received from the UCLA Vector Core, which is supported by CURE/P30 DK041301.

1. Slide Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Insert Cell Sedimentation Manifold slides into sterilization pouches and seal with autoclave tape. Face the Teflon-coated side of the slide the paper-side of the pouch to avoid plastic deposits on the wells.</li>
	<li>Autoclave pouches for 15 min at 121 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Remove slide from sterilization pouch inside a biosafety cabinet and place in a sterile 150 x 15 mm sterile Petri dish. Up to four slides can fit per dish. Place a 35 x 10 mm Petri dish next to the slides. Add 2-3 ml of ...

<ol>
	<li>Hwang, J. H., Smith, C. A., Salhia, B., Rutka, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+fascin+in+the+migration+and+invasiveness+of+malignant+glioma+cells.">The role of fascin in the migration and invasiveness of malignant glioma cells.</a> Neoplasia. 10 (2), 149-159 (2008).</li><li>Valster, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+migration+and+invasion+assays.">Cell migration and invasion assays.</a> Methods. 37 (2), 208-215 (2005).</li><li>Berens, M. E., Rief, M. D., Loo, M. 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C., Kasahara, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-shot,+multicycle+suicide+gene+therapy+by+replication-competent+retrovirus+vectors+achieves+long-term+survival+benefit+in+experimental+glioma.">Single-shot, multicycle suicide gene therapy by replication-competent retrovirus vectors achieves long-term survival benefit in experimental glioma.</a> Mol Ther. 12, 842-851 (2005).</li><li>Logg, C. R., Baranick, B. T., Lemp, N. 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F., Shimizu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ICAM-1-dependent+homotypic+aggregates+regulate+CD8+T+cell+effector+function+and+differentiation+during+T+cell+activation.">ICAM-1-dependent homotypic aggregates regulate CD8 T cell effector function and differentiation during T cell activation.</a> J Immunol. 191 (7), 3681-3693 (2013).</li><li>Campbell, C. B., Cukierman, E., Artym, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-D+extracellular+matrix+from+sectioned+human+tissues.">3-D extracellular matrix from sectioned human tissues.</a> Curr Protocol Cell Biol. 62 (Unit 19), 11-20 (2014).</li><li>Prevention, C. f. D. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ability+of+polymorphonuclear+leukocytes+to+orient+in+gradients+of+chemotactic+factors.">Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors.</a> J Cell Biol. 75 (2 Pt 1), 606-616 (1977).</li><li>Alstergren, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+and+directed+migration+of+murine+neutrophils+is+dependent+on+cell+surface+expression+of+CD44.">Polarization and directed migration of murine neutrophils is dependent on cell surface expression of CD44.</a> Cell Immunol. 231 (1-2), 146-257 (2004).</li><li>Nelson, R. D., Quie, P. G., Simmons, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotaxis+under+agarose:+a+new+and+simple+method+for+measuring+chemotaxis+and+spontaneous+migration+of+human+polymorphonuclear+leukocytes+and+monocytes.">Chemotaxis under agarose: a new and simple method for measuring chemotaxis and spontaneous migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes.</a> J Immunol. 115 (6), 1650-1656 (1975).</li><li>Yin, X., Knecht, D. A., Lynes, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metallothionein+mediates+leukocyte+chemotaxis.">Metallothionein mediates leukocyte chemotaxis.</a> BMC Immunol. 6 (12), 21 (2005).</li><li>Hadjout, N., Laevsky, G., Knecht, D. A., Lynes, M. 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Tumor cells in a single cell suspension were pipetted into the wells of a Teflon-masked slide. The cells were allowed to adhere and then formed monolayers in a humidified 5% CO2, 37&#176;C incubator (Figure 1A). Established monolayers or ECM proteins derived from the monolayer could be harvested for these assays (Figure 1B). Effector T lymphocytes labeled with vital fluorescent dyes or transduced with vectors coding for EMD were seeded into the center of the well using a CSM. ...

The Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay was originally developed to measure the infiltrative properties of adherent tumor cells1-4 on slides coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins5-7 or with individual ECM components, such as fibronectin or laminin1,2. The technique involved seeding a single cell suspension of tumor cells in the center of wells using a stainless steel cell sedimentation manifold (CSM). After sedimentation, the tumor cells would adhere to the bottom of the well and the change in the diameter of the initial cell population over time was used to establish a rate of horizontal motility. The Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay provided a visual advantage over other existing methods that employed transwell plates to assay the in vitro migratory capabilities of cells; these assays are non-conducive to imaging8. As well, it also provided a great amount of freedom in choosing the timepoints when migration is assessed, with no limit on the number of timepoints a researcher could choose to image after sedimentation.
Because the ability to migrate is an important functionality for non-adherent cells, especially in the area of immunotherapy or where they may be used as delivery vehicles for viral vectors, we adapted the use of the CSM to evaluate the migration of non-adherent cell types on tumor cell monolayers, in addition to ECM proteins. The added benefit of microscopically visualizing the migration of non-adherent cells on viable tumor cell monolayers, on complex ECM isolated from the tumor, or on individual ECM components makes this assay versatile. Assays that employ wells coated with a single extracellular protein do not reflect accurately the ECM tissue substrate or tumor the cells would migrate through in vivo.
Here, we used alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (alloCTL), sensitized to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins using one-way mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reactions (MLTR) or mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR)9, as our representative non-adherent cell type. We tested cells of both human and murine origin. When migration was measured on tumor monolayers, the tumor cells employed were either partially relevant targets, displaying some of the same MHC proteins found on the cell population used to sensitize the effectors, or fully relevant targets, with a full set of MHC molecules that the effectors had been sensitized towards. In some experiments, we used fluorescent CellTracker Red CMPTX or cell proliferation dye eFluor 670 to differentiate between effector and target cells. We also used transduction with viral vectors encoding for fluorescent proteins as an additional way to visualize the cells. For certain assays, we transduced the alloCTL with retroviral replicating vectors (RRV) coding for Emerald Green (EMD) fluorescent protein10,11; for others, tumor cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors coding for mStrawberry.
The alloCTL were seeded through a channel of the manifold into the center of either tumor cell monolayers or ECM harvested from tumor cell monolayers. Adherent and non-adherent cell interactions were visualized by light and/or by fluorescence microscopy over time. Disruption in the tumor cell monolayer at low power, or tumor cells with fragmented nuclei at high power were indicators of cell injury by lysis and apoptosis, respectively. We digitally created surface intensity fluorescent maps showing the migration of non-adherent fluorescing T cells over the monolayer cultures. We also noted the cytotoxicity engendered to the adherent glioma cell monolayer after cluster formation of the overlaid non-adherent alloCTL. As well, horizontal transduction of RRV-EMD from the alloCTL to the glioma monolayer was observed.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="920">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:312px;">Teflon-masked microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Creative Scientific Methods</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">CSM002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:312px;">Cell Sedimentation Manifold</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Creative Scientific Methods</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">CSM001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Petri Dish, 150mm</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">430597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Petri Dish, 35mm</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">430588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">21-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">20 &#956;L Pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">F123600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">200 &#956;L Pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">200 &#956;L pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">89003-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Distilled, deionized water (sterile)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-054-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Celltracker Red CMPTX</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">C34552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">TrypLE Express (optional)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">12604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Tumor cell culture media (e.g. DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">10-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">AIM-V serum-free media</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">12055-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">FB-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">SPOT Advanced</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Diagnostic Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Poly-D-Lysine</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">A-003-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">354008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:312px;">31/2 x 51/4 Autoclave Pouches</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Crosstex</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">SCXS2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-900-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Cell Proliferation eFluor 670</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">65-0840-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

radial mobility and cytotoxic function of retroviral replicating vector transduced, non-adherent alloresponsive t lymphocytes

We report a novel adaptation of the Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay, first reported to measure the radial migration of adherent tumor cells on extracellular matrix proteins, for measuring the motility of fluorescently-labeled, non-adherent human or murine effector immune cells. This technique employs a stainless steel manifold and 10-well Teflon slide to focally deposit non-adherent T cells into wells prepared with either confluent tumor cell monolayers or extracellular matrix proteins. Light and/or multi-channel fluorescence microscopy is used to track the movement and behavior of the effector cells over time. Fluorescent dyes and/or viral vectors that code for fluorescent transgenes are used to differentially label the cell types for imaging. This method is distinct from similar-type in vitro assays that track horizontal or vertical migration/invasion utilizing slide chambers, agar or transwell plates. The assay allows detailed imaging data to be collected with different cell types distinguished by specific fluorescent markers; even specific subpopulations of cells (i.e., transduced/nontransduced) can be monitored. Surface intensity fluorescence plots are generated using specific fluorescence channels that correspond to the migrating cell type. This allows for better visualization of the non-adherent immune cell mobility at specific times. It is possible to gather evidence of other effector cell functions, such as cytotoxicity or transfer of viral vectors from effector to target cells, as well. Thus, the method allows researchers to microscopically document cell-to-cell interactions of differentially-labeled, non-adherent with adherent cells of various types. Such information may be especially relevant in the assessment of biologically-manipulated or activated immune cell types, where visual proof of functionality is desired with tumor target cells before their use for cancer therapy.

Viral vectors encoding for fluorescent proteins can be used in addition to, or instead of, fluorescent dye. Viral transduction should be performed in advance of the motility assay. Both adherent and non-adherent cell types can be differentially-labeled. The protocol for transduction will depend on the type of vector employed. Here, we transduced the alloCTL in Figures 3, 5 and 6 with RRV-EMD at least two days in advance of the assay using the protocol described12</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes at JoVE.com

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

We describe a protocol to monitor radial mobility of non-adherent immune cells in vitro using a cell sedimentation manifold/slide apparatus. Cell migration is tracked on monolayers of tumor cells or on extracellular matrix proteins. Examination by light and fluorescence microscopy allows for observation of cell mobility and cytotoxic functionality.

We report a novel adaptation of the Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay, first reported to measure the radial migration of adherent tumor cells on ...

radial-mobility-cytotoxic-function-retroviral-replicating-vector

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.7K 次观看.  UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. We describe a protocol to monitor radial mobility of non-adherent immune cells in vitro using a cell sedimentation manifold/slide apparatus. Cell migration is tracked on monolayers of tumor cells or on extracellular matrix proteins. Examination by light and fluorescence microscopy allows for observation of cell mobility and cytotoxic functionality. 