Supportato in parte dal NIH R01 CA121258, R01 CA125244, R01 CA154256, NIH / NCATS UCLA CTSI Concessione Numero UL1TR000124, USAMRMC W81XWH-08-1-0734, e Joan S. Holmes Memorial Fund Research. MJH e GCO ricevuti sostenuto dalla Joan S. Holmes Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship presso la UCLA. Il dispositivo CSM è stato ottenuto da creativi metodi scientifici: www.creative-sci.com. Il vettore lentivirale è stato ricevuto dal UCLA Vector core, che è supportato da CURE / P30 DK041301.

1. Far scorrere Preparazione <ol><li> Inserire sedimentazione cellulare slide collettore in sacchetti di sterilizzazione e sigillare con nastro autoclave. Affrontare il lato rivestito di teflon della slitta della carta lato del sacchetto per evitare depositi di plastica sui pozzetti. </li><li> Sacchetti autoclave per 15 min a 121 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere il vetrino dalla busta di sterilizzazione in un armadio biosicurezza e posto in un 150 x 15 mm piastra di Petri sterile sterile. Fino a quattro diapositive può andare bene per ogni piatto. Inserire un piatto 35 x 10 mm Petri accanto alle diapositive. Aggiungere 2-3 ml di H 2 O sterile per fornire umidificazione. </li><li> Vetrini pre-cappotto con poli-D-lisina a 100 mcg / ml usando un volume sufficiente per coprire bene l&#39;intero. Dopo un ora a RT, aspirare la soluzione e risciacquare la superficie del pozzetto due volte pipettando 1x PBS sulla superficie dei pozzetti. </li><li> Facoltativamente, aggiungere fibronectina o altri componenti ECM per garantire maggiore aderenza del tumore delle cellule. Aggiungi fibronectina a 5 mg / ml in un volume sufficiente that pozzetti non sarà asciutto entro un breve periodo di tempo a temperatura ambiente. <ol><li> Dopo 1 ora, aspirare la soluzione rimanente e lavare due volte pipettando su e giù con 1x PBS. </li></ol></li><li> Mantenere PBS sui pozzetti fino tumore è pronta per la placcatura. Utilizzare scorre lo stesso giorno. </li><li> Raccolto un pallone confluente del aderenti tipo cellula tumorale desiderato. Contare cellule vitali utilizzando Trypan Blue dye esclusione di microscopia ottica e risospendere a 5 x 10 6 cellule / ml in crescita esempio medio per adeguatamente-buffered, mezzo essenziale minimo di Dulbecco (DMEM) con siero fetale bovino 10% (FBS), L- glutamina e piruvato di sodio. </li><li> Se si desidera l&#39;imaging fluorescente della popolazione di cellule aderenti, etichettare la popolazione di cellule aderenti con un colorante fluorescente vitale o un colorante proliferazione cellulare seguendo i protocolli forniti dal produttore. </li><li> Uniformemente pipetta 10 ml di terreno completo in ogni pozzetto della cura slitta prendere per evitare di creare bolle in wells, in quanto questi può prevenire uniforme adesione delle cellule tumorali. </li><li> Aggiungere 2,5-5,0 x 10 4 cellule (5-10 microlitri di sospensione cellulare) al mezzo in ogni pozzetto (Figura 1A). Regolare il numero ottimale a seconda del tipo di cellule tumorali e il numero di giorni di crescita desiderati. Cellule tumorali più grandi o cellule in rapida crescita potrebbero richiedere un minor numero di cellule inizialmente. Portare il volume ben fino a 40 microlitri aggiungendo medio e pipetta su e giù per assicurare una distribuzione uniforme delle cellule. </li><li> Dopo tutti i pozzetti sono teste di serie, permette alle cellule tumorali di aderire a RT, quindi posizionare il coperchio sulla piastra di Petri di 150 x 15 mm e con attenzione spostare il piatto per un 37 ° C / 5% di CO 2 incubatore umidificato per almeno 24 ore. </li><li> Cambiare il terreno di coltura quotidiano. Pipettare attentamente una porzione del mezzo esaurito dal monostrato e sostituirlo con terreno fresco completa. NOTA: A causa di evaporazione, più volume dovrà essere aggiunto che è stato tolto. Wells sarà pronto per il dosaggio quando ancora, conflconfluente strato di cellule è presente. Questo è in genere 1-3 giorni dopo la semina iniziale. </li><li> Lavare monostrato delicatamente una volta con PBS come descritto al punto 1.4 e sia passare al punto 2, se si desiderano monostrati, o al punto 1.13 sotto per estrarre proteine ​​ECM dal monostrato. </li><li> Fare un (v / v) 0,5% Triton-X in mezzo completo e aggiungere 30 microlitri di ogni bene. Lasciate monostrato digerire in cappuccio per 2 minuti, poi lavare due volte con terreno completo pipettando come descritto sopra. NOTA: Lo strato ECM può essere visibile al microscopio ottico (Figura 2). Utilizzare vetrini subito, o di tenere in terreno completo in umidificata CO 2 incubatore per 1-2 giorni. Evitare che i pozzetti si asciughino. </li></ol> 2. La sedimentazione di cellule T non aderenti su diapositive <ol><li> Se si desidera l&#39;imaging a fluorescenza della popolazione di cellule non-aderenti, etichettare le popolazioni di cellule non-aderenti con un colorante fluorescente vitale, come CFSE, Tracker Red Cell CMPTX, o eFluor670 seguendo i protocolli forniti dal produttore di almeno 1 ora prima del test. In alternativa, manipolare le cellule di esprimere proteine ​​fluorescenti codificate dai vettori virali. </li><li> Autoclavare collettore sedimentazione delle cellule in un sacchetto autoclave descritta sopra 1.2. </li><li> Rimuovere la camera umidificata contenente vetrini rivestiti in teflon dal termostato e posto in cella di sicurezza biologica. </li><li> Lavare i pozzetti con PBS 1x pipettando su e giù, poi aggiungere 45 ml di terreno completo contenente% di siero di almeno 10. </li><li> Rimuovere il collettore dalla busta di sterilizzazione e far scorrere con attenzione in oltre pozzetti fino al &#39;gancio&#39; alla fine del collettore tocca la parte inferiore della slitta (Figura 1B). </li><li> Assicurarsi che il terreno di coltura è visibile in ciascuno dei canali. Se non si vede, togliere il collettore e aggiungere più medio corrispondente bene, quindi sostituire e controllare di nuovo. </li><li> Ripetere il passaggio 2.5 per ogni chanNel del collettore, o a molti pozzi lo desideri. </li><li> Contare le cellule non aderenti e risospendere a non meno di 1,0-2,0 x 10 5 / ml. Redigere 1 ml di cellule e lentamente li pipetta nel canale (Figura 1C). Fate questo per ogni bene desiderato. </li><li> Lasciare l&#39;intera cella apparecchiatura caricata, cioè, collettore e scorrevole, all&#39;interno della bio-cappuccio per 20-30 minuti per consentire alle cellule nel canale di stabilirsi. </li><li> Rimuovere il collettore toccando entrambe le estremità e delicatamente sollevandolo verso l&#39;alto dalla slitta in modo da non disturbare le cellule focally seminate nel centro dei pozzi (Figura 1D). </li><li> Controllare ciascun pozzetto per assicurare che le cellule non aderenti sono state seminate con successo al centro del pozzo rimanere all&#39;interno della circonferenza del canale collettore. Le cellule non aderenti saranno idealmente leggermente aderire al monostrato o ECM e tra loro, quindi spostando delicatamente il vetrino attorno non causerà la pelle cellulet per disperdere. Non jostle la diapositiva. </li></ol> 3. microscopia a fluorescenza <ol><li> Con adeguate attrezzature sperimentali, eseguire imaging dopo sedimentazione è confermato. Idealmente, utilizzare un microscopio che è dotato di una camera di CO 2 e umidità. Immagine a bassa potenza, cioè, 4X o 10X, per consentire più immagini da prendere di un&#39;area più grande in modo che la totalità del pozzo può essere visto. </li><li> Acquisire le immagini digitali utilizzando il software di acquisizione delle immagini. Eseguire campo chiaro e / o multi-canale di imaging di fluorescenza. </li><li> Se lo si desidera, impostare un time-lapse di registrare immagini in canali diversi su una determinata zona, o mantenere la diapositiva umidificata e in un / 5% di CO 2 incubatore 37 ° C e manualmente togliere all&#39;immagine nei momenti desiderati (Figura 1E e F, consigliato per i punti di tempo più lungo). </li></ol> 4. Analisi e display <ol><li> Utilizzando immagini software di editing, fondere luce e flimmagini fluorescenti in un livello in modo più tipi di cellule e marcatori possono essere visti nella stessa immagine. Trascinare i file di immagine per ogni singolo colore nel programma e, quando richiesto, selezionare l&#39;opzione &#39;Aggiungi Layer&#39; per creare un file immagine con più livelli. <ol><li> A maggiore ingrandimento, prendere, allineare e cucire insieme le immagini di tutto il bene digitale. Allineate file cercando in regioni conservate tra due immagini e sovrapponendo un&#39;immagine sopra l&#39;altra fino viene generato un quadro completo. </li></ol></li><li> Aggiungere bar micron alle immagini durante l&#39;acquisizione utilizzando il software di cattura per determinare la distanza singole celle sono migrati. </li><li> Per determinare la migrazione delle cellule in vari momenti, fare mappe fluorescenza intensità superficie con software di immagini, cioè, ImageJ, per quantificare l&#39;aggregazione delle cellule T fluorescente o diffusi nel corso del tempo. <ol><li> Per generare grafici di superficie, prendere un&#39;immagine stratificata generato nella fase 4.1 e sotto la finestra Livelli,deselezionare tutti i livelli tranne quelle corrispondenti al canale desiderato. Per esempio, se un grafico della superficie si desidera visualizzare espressione EMD, solo gli strati &quot;verdi&quot; corrispondenti al filtro utilizzato per questo marcatore dovrebbero essere visibili. </li><li> Appiattire l&#39;immagine e salvarla in un formato di file riconosciuti (ad esempio, .png) e caricare l&#39;immagine nel programma. Per generare la trama della superficie, modificare il tipo di immagine a 8-bit, modificare la luminosità / contrasto come necessario per ridurre il fondo, e selezionare l&#39;opzione &#39;Analizza / Surface Plot&#39;. Le immagini in figura 5 sono stati generati controllando il &#39;Ombra&#39;, &#39;Draw Axis&#39;, &#39;un poligono Per Line&#39;, e caselle di controllo &#39;liscio&#39;. </li><li> In alternativa, prendere misurazioni utilizzando il raggio o il diametro dal deposito cellulare focale al tempo zero e confrontarle con le cellule al punto più esterno in tempi diversi. Il diametro del Teflon pozzi è del 6,0 mm. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Le cellule tumorali in una sospensione di cellule singole sono stati pipettati nei pozzetti di una slitta Teflon mascherato. Le cellule potevano aderire e poi formate monostrati in un umidificata al 5% di CO 2, 37 ° C incubatore (Figura 1A). Monostrati affermati o proteine ​​ECM derivati ​​dal monostrato potrebbero essere raccolti per questi test (Figura 1B). T effettrici linfociti marcati con coloranti fluorescenti vitali o trasdotte con vettori codificanti per EMD ...

Il test di migrazione cellulare monostrato Radial è stato originariamente sviluppato per misurare le proprietà infiltrative delle cellule tumorali aderenti 1-4 su vetrini rivestiti con matrice extracellulare (ECM) proteine ​​5-7 o con i componenti ECM individuali, come la fibronectina o laminina 1,2. La tecnica coinvolto seminare una sospensione di cellule singole cellule tumorali nel centro di pozzetti usando un collettore sedimentazione cellulare acciaio inossidabile (CSM). Dopo sedimentazione, le cellule tumorali sarebbero aderire al fondo del pozzo e la variazione del diametro della popolazione cellulare iniziale nel tempo usato per stabilire un tasso di motilità orizzontale. Il test di migrazione cellulare monostrato Radial ha fornito un vantaggio visivo rispetto ad altri metodi esistenti che impiegavano transwell piastre per saggio le capacità migratorie in vitro di cellule; questi test non sono favorevoli alla formazione immagine 8. Come pure, ha fornito anche una grande quantità di libertà nella scelta del timepoints in sede di valutazione della migrazione, senza alcun limite al numero di timepoints un ricercatore potrebbe scegliere di immagine dopo la sedimentazione. Poiché la capacità di migrare è una funzionalità importante per le cellule non aderenti, soprattutto nella zona di immunoterapia o dove possono essere utilizzate come veicoli di consegna per vettori virali, abbiamo adattato l&#39;uso del CSM per valutare la migrazione di cellule non aderenti tipi su monostrati di cellule tumorali, in aggiunta alle proteine ​​ECM. Il vantaggio di microscopicamente visualizzare la migrazione delle cellule non aderenti su monostrati di cellule tumorali vitali, il ECM complesso isolato dal tumore, o sui componenti ECM singoli rende questo test versatile. Saggi che utilizzano pozzi rivestiti con una singola proteina extracellulare non riflettono accuratamente il substrato tessuti ECM o tumore delle cellule sarebbero migrare attraverso in vivo. Qui, abbiamo usato alloreattivi linfociti T citotossici (alloCTL), sensibilizzati ai principali histocompcomplesso atibilità (MHC) proteine ​​utilizzando reazioni a senso unico di cellule tumorali linfocitaria mista (MLTR) o reazioni linfociti misti (MLR) 9, come il nostro tipo di cella non aderente rappresentante. Abbiamo testato le celle sia di origine umana e murina. Quando la migrazione è stata misurata su monostrati tumorali, le cellule tumorali sono state impiegate obiettivi parzialmente rilevanti, mostrando alcune delle stesse proteine ​​MHC presenti nella popolazione cellulare utilizzato per sensibilizzare gli effettori, o obiettivi pienamente rilevanti, con una serie completa di molecole MHC che la effettori erano stati sensibilizzati verso. In alcuni esperimenti, abbiamo usato CellTracker fluorescente Red CMPTX o proliferazione cellulare dye eFluor 670 di distinguere tra cellule effettrici e di destinazione. Abbiamo anche utilizzato la trasduzione con codifica vettori virali per proteine ​​fluorescenti come un ulteriore modo per visualizzare le cellule. Per alcuni test, abbiamo transdotte la alloCTL con vettori retrovirali replicanti (RRV) che codificano per Emerald Green (EMD) proteina fluorescente 10,11; per OTHERS, le cellule tumorali sono state trasdotte con vettori lentivirali codificanti per mStrawberry. Il alloCTL sono stati seminati attraverso un canale del collettore al centro di entrambi i monostrati di cellule tumorali o ECM raccolti da monostrati cellulari tumorali. Interazioni delle cellule aderenti e non aderenti sono state visualizzate mediante luce e / o mediante microscopia a fluorescenza nel tempo. Turbativa in monostrato cellula tumorale a bassa potenza, o tumore cellule con nuclei frammentati ad alta potenza sono indicatori di danno cellulare da lisi e apoptosi, rispettivamente. Abbiamo creato digitalmente mappe fluorescenti di intensità superficie che mostrano la migrazione di cellule fluorescenti T non aderenti sulle colture monostrato. Abbiamo notato anche la citotossicità generato per l&#39;aderente monostrato cellulare glioma dopo la formazione di cluster del sovrapposto alloCTL non aderente. Come pure, è stato osservato trasduzione orizzontale RRV-EMD dalla alloCTL al monostrato glioma.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="920">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:312px;">Teflon-masked microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Creative Scientific Methods</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">CSM002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:312px;">Cell Sedimentation Manifold</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Creative Scientific Methods</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">CSM001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Petri Dish, 150mm</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">430597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Petri Dish, 35mm</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">430588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">21-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">20 &#956;L Pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">F123600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">200 &#956;L Pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">200 &#956;L pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">89003-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Distilled, deionized water (sterile)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-054-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Celltracker Red CMPTX</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">C34552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">TrypLE Express (optional)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">12604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Tumor cell culture media (e.g. DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">10-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">AIM-V serum-free media</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">12055-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">FB-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">SPOT Advanced</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Diagnostic Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Poly-D-Lysine</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">A-003-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">354008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:312px;">31/2 x 51/4 Autoclave Pouches</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Crosstex</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">SCXS2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">25-900-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">Cell Proliferation eFluor 670</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">65-0840-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:312px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

radial mobility and cytotoxic function of retroviral replicating vector transduced, non-adherent alloresponsive t lymphocytes

Riportiamo un romanzo adattamento del dosaggio migrazione cellulare Monolayer radiale, prima riferito a misurare la migrazione radiale delle cellule tumorali aderenti su proteine ​​della matrice extracellulare, per misurare la motilità, umane non aderente o effettrici murine cellule immunitarie fluorescenza marcata. Questa tecnica utilizza un collettore in acciaio inox e 10 ben scorrevole in Teflon per depositare focally cellule T non aderenti nei pozzetti preparati sia con monostrati confluenti di cellule tumorali o proteine ​​della matrice extracellulare. Luce e / o multicanale microscopia a fluorescenza viene utilizzato per monitorare il movimento e il comportamento delle cellule effettrici nel tempo. Coloranti fluorescenti e / o vettori virali che codificano per transgeni fluorescenti sono usati per etichettare in modo differenziato i tipi di cellule per l&#39;imaging. Questo metodo è distinto da simile tipo in vitro che traccia orizzontale o verticale migrazione / invasione utilizzando camere di diapositive, agar o transwell piatti. Il test permette di dati dettagliati di imaging a Be raccolti con differenti tipi cellulari caratterizzati da marcatori fluorescenti specifici; anche sottopopolazioni di cellule specifiche (ad esempio, trasdotte / nontransduced) possono essere monitorati. Superficie trame fluorescenza intensità vengono generati utilizzando i canali di fluorescenza specifici corrispondenti al tipo di cellula migrazione. Questo permette una migliore visualizzazione della mobilità non aderenti delle cellule immunitarie in momenti specifici. È possibile raccogliere prove di altre funzioni delle cellule effettrici, quali citotossicità o il trasferimento di vettori virali da effettore alle cellule bersaglio, pure. Così, il metodo permette ai ricercatori di documentare microscopicamente cellula-cellula interazioni di differenzialmente-marcato, non aderente con cellule aderenti di vario tipo. Tali informazioni possono essere particolarmente rilevanti nella valutazione di tipi di cellule immunitarie biologicamente manipolati o attivati, in cui la prova visiva della funzionalità si desideri con cellule bersaglio tumorale prima di utilizzarli per la terapia del cancro.

Vettori virali codificanti per proteine ​​fluorescenti possono essere utilizzati in aggiunta o al posto di, colorante fluorescente. Trasduzione virale deve essere eseguita prima del dosaggio motilità. Entrambi i tipi di cellule aderenti e non aderenti possono essere differenzialmente etichettati. Il protocollo per la trasduzione dipenderà dal tipo di vettore impiegato. Qui, trasdotte il alloCTL nelle figure 3, 5 e 6 con RRV-EMD almeno due giorni di anticipo del test utilizzando il...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes at JoVE.com

Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

We describe a protocol to monitor radial mobility of non-adherent immune cells in vitro using a cell sedimentation manifold/slide apparatus. Cell migration is tracked on monolayers of tumor cells or on extracellular matrix proteins. Examination by light and fluorescence microscopy allows for observation of cell mobility and cytotoxic functionality.

Radial Mobilità e citotossico Funzione retrovirale Replica vettoriale trasdotte, non aderente Alloresponsive Linfociti T

We report a novel adaptation of the Radial Monolayer Cell Migration assay, first reported to measure the radial migration of adherent tumor cells on ...

radial-mobility-cytotoxic-function-retroviral-replicating-vector

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.7K Views.  UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. We describe a protocol to monitor radial mobility of non-adherent immune cells in vitro using a cell sedimentation manifold/slide apparatus. Cell migration is tracked on monolayers of tumor cells or on extracellular matrix proteins. Examination by light and fluorescence microscopy allows for observation of cell mobility and cytotoxic functionality. 

Video: Radial Mobility and Cytotoxic Function of Retroviral Replicating Vector Transduced, Non-adherent Alloresponsive T Lymphocytes

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Trasduzione retrovirale di recettori delle cellule T nel topo le cellule T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

Preparazione e utilizzo di HIV-1 CD4 infetti primaria + T-Cells come cellule bersaglio nei test di cellule Natural Killer citotossici

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

Metodi per valutare la morte delle cellule beta Mediata da linfociti T citotossici

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection.1-4 We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective.5-8 However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. 
In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of na&iuml;ve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus.9 At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15.10 At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. 
From 50x106 CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 106 virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation.11 These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.

Here we describe the first good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant method of producing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from umbilical cord blood, a source of predominantly na&#238;ve T cells.

Espansione linfociti T citotossici da sangue del cordone ombelicale che Target Citomegalovirus, virus di Epstein-Barr virus, e Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising treatment for a variety of malignancies 1. CTLs can recognize malignant cells by interacting tumor antigens with the T cell receptors (TCR), and release cytotoxins as well as cytokines to kill malignant cells. It is known that less-differentiated and central-memory-like (termed highly reactive) CTLs are the optimal population for ACT-based immunotherapy, because these CTLs have a high proliferative potential, are less prone to apoptosis than more differentiated cells and have a higher ability to respond to homeostatic cytokines 2-7. However, due to difficulties in obtaining a high number of such CTLs from patients, there is an urgent need to find a new approach to generate highly reactive Ag-specific CTLs for successful ACT-based therapies.
TCR transduction of the self-renewable stem cells for immune reconstitution has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases 8-10. However, the approach to obtain embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from patients is not feasible. Although the use of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for therapeutic purposes has been widely applied in clinic 11-13, HSCs have reduced differentiation and proliferative capacities, and HSCs are difficult to expand in in vitro cell culture 14-16. Recent iPS cell technology and the development of an in vitro system for gene delivery are capable of generating iPS cells from patients without any surgical approach. In addition, like ESCs, iPS cells possess indefinite proliferative capacity in vitro, and have been shown to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. Thus, iPS cells have greater potential to be used in ACT-based immunotherapy compared to ESCs or HSCs.
Here, we present methods for the generation of T lymphocytes from iPS cells in vitro, and in vivo programming of antigen-specific CTLs from iPS cells for promoting cancer immune surveillance. Stimulation in vitro with a Notch ligand drives T cell differentiation from iPS cells, and TCR gene transduction results in iPS cells differentiating into antigen-specific T cells in vivo, which prevents tumor growth. Thus, we demonstrate antigen-specific T cell differentiation from iPS cells. Our studies provide a potentially more efficient approach for generating antigen-specific CTLs for ACT-based therapies and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for diseases.

Generation of T lymphocytes from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells gives an alternative approach of using embryonic stem cells for T cell-based immunotherapy. The method shows that by utilizing either in vitro or in vivo induction system, iPS cells are able to differentiate into both conventional and antigen-specific T lymphocytes.

Differenziazione Regia di cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte verso Linfociti T

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of antigen-specific CD8+  cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising treatment for a variety of  malignancies 1. CTLs can  ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

Isolamento e differenziazione di Th17 Naïve linfociti T CD4

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes

T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with antigen presenting cells. T cells accomplish regulated adhesion by controlling the adhesive properties of integrins, a class of cell adhesion molecules consisting of heterodimeric pairs of transmembrane proteins that interact with target molecules on partner cells or extracellular matrix. The most prominent T cell integrin is lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1, composed of subunits &#945;L and &#946;2, whose target is the intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. The ability of a T cell to control adhesion derives from the ability to regulate the affinity states of individual integrins. Inside-out signaling describes the process whereby signals inside a cell cause the external domains of integrins to assume an activated state. Much of our knowledge of these complex phenomena is based on mechanistic studies performed in simplified in&#160;vitro model systems. The T lymphocyte adhesion assay described here is an excellent tool that allows T cells to adhere to target molecules, under static conditions, and then utilizes a fluorescent plate reader to quantify adhesiveness. This assay has been useful in defining adhesion-stimulatory or inhibitory substances that act on lymphocytes, as well as characterizing the signaling events involved. Although described here for LFA-1 - ICAM-1 mediated adhesion; this assay can be readily adapted to allow for the study of other adhesive interactions (e.g.&#160;VLA-4 - fibronectin).

Static adhesion assay is a powerful tool that can be used to model the interactions between T lymphocytes and other cell types. Interactions are generated by injecting labeled T cells into wells coated with adhesion molecules, while a plate reader is used to quantify the number of adherent cells following serial washes.

Static Adesione saggio per lo Studio della integrina attivazione nei linfociti T

T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with ...

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.

Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

Efficiente protocollo Isolamento da B e T linfociti umani da Palatine Tonsille

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. The vast array of TCRs proves studying a specific antigenic response difficult. Therefore, TCR transgenic mice were made to study positive and negative selection in the thymus as well as peripheral T cell activation, proliferation and tolerance. However, relatively few TCR transgenic mice have been generated specific to any given antigen. Thus, studies involving TCRs of varying affinities for the same antigenic peptide have been lacking. The generation of a new TCR transgenic line can take six or more months. Additionally, any specific backcrosses can take an additional six months. In order to allow faster generation and screening of multiple TCRs, a protocol for retroviral transduction of bone marrow was established with stoichiometric expression of the TCR&#945; and TCR&#946; chains and the generation of retrogenic mice. Each retrogenic mouse is essentially a founder, virtually negating a founder effect, while the length of time to generate a TCR retrogenic is cut from six months to approximately six weeks. Here we present a rapid and flexible alternative to TCR transgenic mice that can be expressed on any chosen background with any particular TCR.

We present a rapid and flexible protocol for a single T cell receptor (TCR) retroviral-based in vivo expression system. Retroviral vectors are used to transduce bone marrow progenitor cells to study T cell development and function of a single TCR in vivo as an alternative to TCR transgenic mice.

Trasduzione retrovirale di cellule progenitrici del midollo osseo per generare cellule T del recettore Retrogenic Mice

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively.  The vast array ...

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

T cell receptors (TCRs) are used clinically to direct the specificity of T cells to target tumors as a promising modality of immunotherapy. Therefore, cloning TCRs specific for various tumor-associated antigens has been the goal of many studies. To elicit an effective T cell response, the TCR must recognize the target antigen with optimal affinity. However, cloning such TCRs has been a challenge and many available TCRs possess sub-optimal affinity for the cognate antigen. In this protocol, we describe a method of cloning de novo high affinity antigen-specific TCRs using existing TCRs by exploiting hemichain centricity. It is known that for some TCRs, each TCR&#945; or TCR&#946; hemichain do not contribute equally to antigen recognition, and the dominant hemichain is referred to as the centric hemichain. We have shown that by pairing the centric hemichain with counter-chains differing from the original counter-chain, we are able to maintain the antigen specificity, while modulating its interaction strength for the cognate antigen. Thus, the therapeutic potential of a given TCR can be improved by optimizing the pairing between the centric and counter hemichains.

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Herein we describe a novel method to generate antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) by pairing the TCR&#945; or TCR&#946; of an existing TCR, possessing the antigen-specificity of interest, with complementary hemichain of the peripheral T cell receptor repertoire. The de novo generated TCRs retain antigen-specificity with varying affinity.

Generazione<em&gt; De Novo</em&gt; Antigene-specifici T umana recettori cellulari di trasduzione retrovirale di Centric Hemichain

T cell receptors (TCRs) are used clinically to direct the specificity of T cells to target tumors as a promising modality of immunotherapy. Therefore, ...