This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

该协议和使用实验动物被批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会在山梨和早稻田大学的大学。按照机构准则进行动物护理。 1. CPEC准备<ol><li>准备下列设备和材料:立体显微镜，最好是能够发送从底部照明;一对钟表匠钳（杜蒙＃3＃或4），火焰消毒，操作直剪，火焰消毒;疏导10厘米塑料盘含有20ml冰冷的Leibovitz L-15培养基; 35毫米玻璃底菜含2ml RT莱博维茨的L-15介质;的100毫升烧杯中含有70％的乙醇;新生小鼠的幼崽。 </li><li>简要地浸入一个新生小鼠在70％乙醇，并使用所述操作剪刀断头很快安乐死。 </li><li>在冰冷的Leibovitz L-15培养基，立即将头在无菌10厘米二SH。 </li><li>除去从使用一对钟表制造商镊子的颅盖的皮肤，剖开颅骨以暴露脑，然后切颅神经以分离全脑。 </li><li>脑转移到含有冰冷的Leibovitz L-15培养基的新菜和立体显微镜下观察，确保大脑完全浸入在介质中。 </li><li>设置大脑朝上背侧，并定向使大脑嗅球驻留在三点钟位置（右旋人）。与在左手镊子轻轻握住大脑。 </li><li>使用细镊子剥离（杜蒙＃3＃或4）在右手，切断胼胝体和实质下方连接大脑半球，沿大脑纵裂。 </li><li>轻轻大脑半球推到侧面和揭露横向脑裂。 </li><li>按捏出来个分离半球半球和丘脑两地电子实质。 </li><li>轻轻拉出附加到海马的侧面通过椎板affixa的侧脑室的脉络丛。 </li><li>转移孤立脉络丛含有新鲜莱博维茨L-15中型35毫米的玻璃底菜，并覆盖重量（材料清单）轻轻地握住组织到位。 </li></ol> 2.现场CPEC纤毛成像<ol><li>确认正确的紫外线（UV）和推断（IR）截止滤光器（S）以阻挡光线于400nm和大于700纳米，且该中性密度（ND）滤波器（25％和6％）短插入到光路倒置显微镜。 </li><li>调整物镜的焦点大致由眼睛，然后调整冷凝器，使得中心和聚焦，以符合科勒照明。插入一个适当的微分干涉对比（DIC）棱镜，DIC元件，以及在立分析器和偏振元件向右路径以符合DIC的光学。 </li><li>调整的视图由DIC棱镜位置的对比度，以使组织表面的结构是最容易识别的。如果目标小区的所有纤毛是能动的，不能由眼睛，因为它们的运动获得的运动纤毛的清晰视图。 </li><li>改变光路的摄像头，并删除ND滤镜增加了光功率。 </li><li>使用相机对焦模式调整的观点和重点领域。在重点，其中视频图像显示在监视器上，在实时性，运动纤毛的清晰视图不可用。 </li><li>使用相机以200Hz为0.1毫秒的所需时间（数秒至数分钟）的曝光时间。采集图像堆栈后，单框会显示清晰的纤毛结构。如果纤毛边缘模糊，提高帧速率或使用更短的曝光时间。 </li><li>在安乐死后，莱博维茨在25-60分钟记录CPEC纤毛的运动L-15培养基。 </li></ol>睫状运动的三分析<ol><li>手动跟踪每一个跳动的纤毛模式的电脑显示器上。在每一帧使用鼠标指针，这是组装每个纤毛的轨迹信息标记纤毛尖部位置。无论分析使用相同的软件或导出到用于进一步分析其他更普遍应用的轨迹信息。该分析步骤的效率在讨论中描述。 </li><li>分类轨迹为两种模式的运动，背面的往​​复或旋转，通过眼睛。 </li><li>使用下列公式计算睫状跳动频率（CBF）:[CBF =（每秒帧的数目）/（帧为单次搏动的平均数目）] 14，它可以从一个纤毛尖端运动图得到（ 图3 ）。重复此计算为多个纤毛打浆周期，因为在同一单元中的其他纤毛可与每个ciliu的运动干涉米，从而导致不​​均匀性。 </li><li>分析睫状单个细胞内跳动轴的角均匀性，定义为每条轨迹（ 图4）的打浆角度θ。对背的往复轨迹，适合纤毛尖的位置，以直线，并定义θ为线使得与x轴的角度。对于旋转轨迹，适合的位置，以椭圆形，并定义θ为椭圆的长轴使得与x轴的角度。配件的细节在代表结果部分所述。 </li><li>对于每一个轨迹的定量描述，计算广义长宽比AR。简言之，旋转轨迹由- θ和定义的AR作为沿x中的分布的宽度之间的比例-和y -axes（ 图4B）。细节显示在代表结果部分，和解释意义，并且参数的限制将在讨论中描述。 </li></ol> 4.样品制备SEM 注:SEM是评价以全面的方式纤毛上CPECs地位的重要手段。为了制作标本的SEM，一个标准程序之前报道15，使用了轻微的修改。 <ol><li>之前，从脑的解剖组织，在准备用聚乙烯帽5毫升的玻璃小瓶的固定液。固定剂由2％多聚甲醛，2.5％戊二醛（半Karnovsky氏溶液16）的0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液，pH 7.4中的。 </li><li>解剖出从脑组织如步骤1所述。 </li><li>简要地冲洗以在一个新的培养皿Hank氏平衡盐溶液（HBSS）中分离的组织，然后固定在玻璃小瓶中的固定剂的组织进行1小时，在室温下进行。使用一次性移液管和处理标本GEntly。漂洗在HBSS之后，将组织变得粘稠。 <ol><li>到试样转移到固定剂溶液，慢慢排出少量含有从移液管的组织作为液滴溶液，并加入到固定剂。 </li></ol></li><li>固定后，弃去固定剂和冲洗用磷酸盐缓冲液三次组织。 </li><li>浸入所述组织在10％蔗糖溶液洗出剩余的醛。以确保完全消除醛类，浸入样品溶液中的10分钟，然后用新鲜的10％蔗糖重复两次。这个步骤是重要的，以实现正确的后固定在随后的步骤。 </li><li>浸入所述组织中的1％四氧化锇在磷酸盐缓冲液进行30分钟的溶液中，然后放置在冰上后固定。判断osmification由样本的颜色的程度:当醛完全除去，所述样品是黑色的。 </li><li>双distille广泛洗净后固定的组织样本ð水数次。 </li><li>脱水通过浸入样品中的乙醇梯度浓度，通常为65％，75％，85％，95％，99％和100％，每10分钟。通过将分子筛到99.5％的乙醇从一个新购买的瓶子得到无水乙醇。用无水乙醇三次重复脱水。 </li><li>将脱水的样品成异戊酯，取代试剂为临界点干燥，10分钟。重复此步骤两次。该试剂迅速蒸发和样品会变得干燥，导致破坏表面张力。因此，不完全干燥的样品。 </li><li>乙酸异戊酯的最后交换后，除去大部分溶剂后，立即用铝箔包装的开口的玻璃小瓶中，并放置在干冰上的小瓶中。使用针或细镊子，使几个孔在箔覆盖小瓶的口，以使液态二氧化碳容易流动到在临界点干燥器小瓶。继续进行下一步骤尽快。 </li><li>在此步骤中，最小化的乙酸异戊酯的夹带进入干燥器的腔室，但不要让样品完全干燥临界点干燥前。此外，不要离开干冰的样本不必要长的时间，以避免霜冻对小瓶的形成。 </li><li>传输含有组织样品箔包裹的玻璃小瓶进入临界点干燥器，确保组织的表面结构保持完好，同时除去水中所含的组织。详细信息上操作的临界点干燥器可从制造商的说明来获得。 </li><li>仔细用牙签，以尽量减少机械损伤处理样品。所得干燥的组织样品是易碎。安装在使用离子溅射金属存根和外套钯金的样品。 </li></ol> 5.观察SEM <ol><li>通过SEM观察，并用数码相机记录影像配到扫描电子显微镜。 </li><li>数字图像数据传输到PC进行分析。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。本文旨在报告的详细方法，观察纤毛的蠕动孤立脉络丛组织。科学新奇已经报道在以往的研究1,8。

这种方法的观点虽然此处所描述的技术并没有提供纤毛比以前公开的方法的更详细的分析，该技术的意义驻留在系统和成本效益，可以很容易地应用于筛选任何类型的纤毛运动离体的简单性。特别是，TI Workbench提供了一个简单和友好的用户界面，使研究人员观察和更容易地分析纤毛蠕动。有效的自动跟踪方法还没有被开发用于低对比度的物体，如在视频增强对比度的DIC...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

工作流程的概述示于图1，包括设备的图像。 CPECs活运动观测 电影1示出了电影CPECs从围产期小鼠中分离的，和电影2示出了在电影1的图像的放大图。应当注意的是，个人睫状提示是在与那些在电影相比静像不太清楚。 图2示出了跟踪两个纤毛与不同模式的运动，背面的往复运动和旋转运动，从...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

脉络丛上皮细胞的纤毛运动的观察<em&gt;离体</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K 次观看.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

视频: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

室管膜纤毛在小鼠脑侧脑室实时成像

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

科研

神经科学

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with distinct functions and gene expression profiles. The roles of microglial activation in health, injury and disease remain incompletely understood due to their dynamic and complex regulation in response to changes in their microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to non-invasively monitor and analyze changes in microglial activation over time in the intact organism. In vivo studies of microglial activation have been delayed by technical limitations to tracking microglial behavior without altering the CNS environment. This has been particularly challenging during chronic neurodegeneration, where long-term changes must be tracked. The retina, a CNS organ amenable to non-invasive live imaging, offers a powerful system to visualize and characterize the dynamics of microglia activation during chronic disorders.
This protocol outlines methods for long-term, in vivo imaging of retinal microglia, using confocal ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and CX3CR1GFP/+ reporter mice, to visualize microglia with cellular resolution. Also, we describe methods to quantify monthly changes in cell activation and density in large cell subsets (200-300 cells per retina). We confirm the use of somal area as a useful metric for live tracking of microglial activation in the retina by applying automated threshold-based morphometric analysis of in vivo images. We use these live image acquisition and analyses strategies to monitor the dynamic changes in microglial activation and microgliosis during early stages of retinal neurodegeneration in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. This approach should be useful to investigate the contributions of microglia to neuronal and axonal decline in chronic CNS disorders that affect the retina and optic nerve.

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia activation and microgliosis are key responses to chronic neurodegeneration. Here, we present methods for in vivo, long-term visualization of retinal CX3CR1-GFP+ microglial cells by confocal ophthalmoscopy, and for threshold and morphometric analyses to identify and quantify their activation. We monitor microglial changes during early stages of age-related glaucoma.

视网膜胶质细胞活化的体内动力学在神经退行性疾病:共聚焦成像眼底及细胞形态计量小鼠青光眼

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with ...

医学

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

在啮齿类动物呼吸道上皮纤毛运动功能的高分辨率成像的体外方法

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

生物学

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

小鸡西里神经神经元的分离与培养

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

角膜缘血管丛全圆烧灼治疗啮齿动物手术诱发的青光眼

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

小鼠脉络丛的显微切割和全安装扫描电子显微镜可视化

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

眼部微血管血管生成前维沃胆球状芽分析

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses

The brain is no longer considered as an organ functioning in isolation; accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the peripheral immune system can indirectly shape brain function. At the interface between the brain and the systemic circulation, the choroid plexuses (CP), which constitute the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, have been highlighted as a key site of periphery-to-brain communication. CP produce the cerebrospinal fluid, neurotrophic factors, and signaling molecules that can shape brain homeostasis. CP are also an active immunological niche. In contrast to the brain parenchyma, which is populated mainly by microglia under physiological conditions, the heterogeneity of CP immune cells recapitulates the diversity found in other peripheral organs. The CP immune cell diversity and activity change with aging, stress, and disease and modulate the activity of the CP epithelium, thereby indirectly shaping brain function. The goal of this protocol is to isolate murine CP and identify about 90% of the main immune subsets that populate them. This method is a tool to characterize CP immune cells and understand their function in orchestrating periphery-to-brain communication. The proposed protocol may help decipher how CP immune cells indirectly modulate brain function in health and across various disease conditions.

This study uses flow cytometry and two different gating strategies on isolated perfused mice brain choroid plexuses; this protocol identifies the main immune cell subsets that populate this brain structure.

从微解剖小鼠脉络丛中分离和表征免疫细胞

The brain is no longer considered as an organ functioning in isolation; accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the peripheral immune system can ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>评估分化气道上皮的生物物理特性

Determining Ciliary Function and Membrane Impermeability of the Pseudostratified Lung Airway Epithelium

Differentiating primary lung airway epithelial cells in the air-liquid interface (ALI) is a popular technique to develop a multi-cellular pseudostratified airway epithelium that mimics the apical side of the lung airway. While the differentiation of primary lung airway cells is expected, the assessment of biophysical properties like ciliary function and membrane impermeability provides a quality assessment of the airway epithelium and ensures the reliability of the experiment. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the development of multi-cellular pseudostratified airway epithelium in ALI culture and assess two important biophysical properties: ciliary function and membrane impermeability. To determine ciliary function, we captured the ciliary movement of a 4-week differentiated airway epithelium using a high-speed camera attached to an inverted microscope, followed by quantifying ciliary beat frequency (CBF) using the Simon Amon Video Analysis (SAVA) system. We also measured transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) using a volt-ohm meter to determine the epithelial barrier integrity of the airway epithelium.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>确定假复层肺气道上皮的睫状功能和膜不可渗透性

Air-liquid interface culture is commonly used to develop pseudostratified airway epithelium by differentiating primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells that mimic the apical side of the lung airway. Here, we describe an easy protocol for determining its quality by monitoring its biophysical properties, such as ciliary function and membrane integrity.

确定假复层肺气道上皮的睫状功能和膜不可渗透性

Differentiating primary lung airway epithelial cells in the air-liquid interface (ALI) is a popular technique to develop a multi-cellular pseudostratified ...

脉络丛上皮细胞的纤毛运动的观察

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此视频中的章节

室管膜纤毛在小鼠脑侧脑室实时成像

视网膜胶质细胞活化的体内动力学在神经退行性疾病:共聚焦成像眼底及细胞形态计量小鼠青光眼

在啮齿类动物呼吸道上皮纤毛运动功能的高分辨率成像的体外方法

小鸡西里神经神经元的分离与培养

角膜缘血管丛全圆烧灼治疗啮齿动物手术诱发的青光眼

小鼠脉络丛的显微切割和全安装扫描电子显微镜可视化

眼部微血管血管生成前维沃胆球状芽分析

从微解剖小鼠脉络丛中分离和表征免疫细胞

确定假复层肺气道上皮的睫状功能和膜不可渗透性

确定假复层肺气道上皮的睫状功能和膜不可渗透性