This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

프로토콜과 실험 동물의 사용은 야마나시와 와세다 대학의 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 동물 관리 기관은 지침에 따라 수행 하였다. 1. CPEC 준비 <ol><li> 다음 장치 및 재료 준비 : 바닥에서 조명을 전송하는 것이 바람직 할 수있는 스테레오 현미경,; 시계 포셉 한 쌍의 (뒤몽 # 3, # 4), 화염 멸균, 직선 운영 가위, 화염 멸균; 20 ml의 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 미디어를 포함하는 두 멸균 10cm 플라스틱 접시; 2 ml의 RT Leibovitz L-15 매체를 포함하는 35mm의 유리 바닥 요리; 70 % 에탄올을 함유하는 100 ml의 비이커; 신생아 마우스 새끼. </li><li> 간단히 70 % 에탄올에 신생아 마우스를 담그고 운영 가위를 사용하여 잘린 빠르게 안락사. </li><li> 멸균 10cm 디에 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 배지에서 즉시 머리를 배치SH. </li><li> 뇌를 노출하기 위해 두개골을 열 절단, 시계 포셉의 쌍을 사용하여 덮개 뼈의 피부를 제거하고 뇌 전체를 분리 두개골 신경을 잘라. </li><li> 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 미디어를 포함하는 새 접시에 두뇌를 전송하고 뇌가 완전히 매체에 몰입되어 있는지 확인하고, 스테레오 현미경으로 관찰한다. </li><li> 이 위를 향하도록 뇌의 등 부분을 설정하고 후각 전구 (오른 손잡이 인 경우) 세시 방향에 상주하도록 뇌의 방향. 왼쪽 손에 집게로 부드럽게 뇌를 잡습니다. </li><li> 미세 해부 포셉 (뒤몽 # 3, # 4) 오른쪽 손을 사용하여, 대뇌의 종 방향 균열을 따라 대뇌 반구를 연결하는 뇌량과 실질 아래를 잘라. </li><li> 부드럽게 멀리 측면에 대뇌 반구를 밀어 가로 대뇌 균열을 노출. </li><li> 일을 곤란하게하여 반구를 분리반구과 시상 사이의 전자 실질. </li><li> 조심스럽게 라미 affixa에 의해 해마의 측면에 부착 된 측면 심실 맥락총을 잡아 당깁니다. </li><li> 신선한 Leibovitz L-15 매체를 포함하는 35mm의 유리 바닥 접시에 고립 된 맥락총 이동, 중량 (자료 목록) 조심스럽게 제자리에 조직을 유지하는 오버레이. </li></ol> CPEC 섬모 2. 라이브 영상 <ol><li> 400 nm 내지 이상 700 nm의, 그 감광 (ND) 필터 (25 %, 6 %)보다 짧은 광 광로에 삽입 차단하는 적절한 자외선 (UV) 및 추론 (IR) 차단 필터 (들)를 확인 거꾸로 현미경의. </li><li> 거의 눈에 의해 대물 렌즈의 초점을 조절하고, 중심 및 포커스 쾰러 조명에 적합 할 수 있도록 한 다음 콘덴서를 조정한다. 적절한 미분 간섭 대비를 삽입 (DIC) 프리즘, 리튬의 DIC 요소뿐만 아니라, 분석 및 편광판 요소GHT 경로는 DIC 광학을 준수합니다. </li><li> 조직 표면의 구조가 가장 인식되도록 DIC 프리즘 위치하여 뷰의 콘트라스트를 조정한다. 표적 세포의 운동성 모든 속눈썹이 경우, 운동성 섬모의 클리어 뷰 인해 안구 운동에 의해 얻을 수 없다. </li><li> 비디오 카메라에 빛의 경로를 변경하고, 광 전력을 증가시키는 ND 필터를 제거한다. </li><li> 보기와 초점 분야를 조정 초점 모드에서 카메라를 사용합니다. 하는 영상이 모니터에 실시간으로 표시됩니다, 집중하는 동안, 운동성 섬모의 밝은 전망을 사용할 수 없습니다. </li><li> 원하는 기간 (분 초) 0.1 밀리의 노출 시간 200 Hz에서 카메라를 사용합니다. 이미지 스택의 취득 후, 하나의 프레임은 분명 섬모 구조를 표시합니다. 섬모 가장자리 흐리게 경우, 프레임 레이트를 증가 시키거나 더 짧은 노출 시간을 사용한다. </li><li> Leibovitz의 안락사 후 25-60 분 이내에 CPEC의 섬모의 움직임을 기록L-15 매체. </li></ol> 섬모 운동 3. 분석 <ol><li> 수동으로 컴퓨터 모니터에 각각의 섬모의 패턴을 치고 추적 할 수 있습니다. 각각의 섬모의 궤적 정보 조립 마우스 포인터, 각 프레임의 표시 모양체 선단 위치. 어느 쪽의 추가 분석을 위해 다른 일반적인 응용 프로그램에 동일한 소프트웨어 또는 내보내기를 사용하여 궤도 정보를 분석 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 분석 단계의 효율의 논의에서 설명된다. </li><li> 눈으로 운동의 두 가지 모드, 앞뒤로 또는 회전으로 ​​궤도를 분류. </li><li> 다음 식을 사용 모양체 비팅 주파수 (CBF)를 계산 : [CBF = (초당 프레임 수) / (하나의 비트에 대한 프레임의 평균 개수)] 모양체 팁 움직임도 얻을 수있다 (14) (도 3 ). 동일한 셀에 다른 섬모 각 ciliu의 움직임을 방해 할 수 있기 때문에, 다수의 섬모 박동주기위한이 계산을 반복M, 불규칙성의 결과. </li><li> 단일 셀 내에서 축 치고 섬모의 각도 균일 성을 분석하기 위해, 각각의 궤도 (그림 4)의 박동 각도 θ를 정의합니다. 전후 궤적 들어 직선 섬모 팁의 위치 맞춤, 및 X 선을 이동시킴으로써 행한다과 이루는 각도가 θ를 정의한다. 회전 궤도를 들어, 타원에 위치를 맞춘 타원의 장축이 X시킴으로써 행한다과 이루는 각도가 θ를 정의한다. 피팅의 세부 사항은 대표 결과 섹션에 설명되어 있습니다. </li><li> 각 궤도의 정량적 설명은 일반화 종횡비 AR을 계산한다. 간단히에 의해 궤도를 회전 - θ과 X를 따라 분포의 폭 사이의 비율로 AR을 정의 -와 y -axes (그림 4B). 세부 사항은 대표 결과 섹션에 표시하고, 해석된다유의성은, 상기 매개 변수의 제한은 논의에서 설명된다. </li></ol> SEM 4. 샘플 준비 주 : SEM이 종합적으로 CPECs상의 섬모의 상태를 평가하는 중요한 방법이다. 현미경에 대한 표본을 준비하기 위해, 표준 절차는 이전에 (15)는 약간의 수정으로 사용된다보고했다. <ol><li> 뇌로부터 조직을 절개하기 전에, 폴리에틸렌 캡 5 mL 유리 바이알에 정착액을 준비한다. 정착은 2 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 0.1 M 인산 완충액, pH가 7.4에서 2.5 % 글루 타르 알데히드 (반 Karnovsky의 솔루션 16)로 구성되어 있습니다. </li><li> 단계 1에 기재된 바와 같이 뇌로부터 조직을 해부. </li><li> 간단히 새로운 접시에 행크 평형 염 용액 (HBSS)으로 격리 된 조직을 린스 한 다음, 실온에서 1 시간 동안 유리 바이알에 정착액의 조직을 고정한다. 일회용 전송 피펫을 사용하여 표본 GE를 처리ntly. HBSS로 세척 후 조직 접착된다. <ol><li> 정착액 용액에 시편을 전송하기 위해 천천히 방울로 전달 피펫 조직을 함유하는 용액을 소량 배출 및 고정액에 추가. </li></ol></li><li> 정착 후, 고정액을 폐기하고 인산 완충액으로 세 번 조직을 헹군다. </li><li> 나머지 알데히드를 씻어 10 % 자당 용액에 조직을 담근다. 알데히드를 완전히 제거되도록 10 분 동안 용액에 샘플이 담궈하고 신선한 10 % 수크로오스로 두 번 반복한다. 이 단계는 후속 단계에 적절한 포스트 고정을 달성하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 30 분 동안 인산염 완충액 1 % 오스뮴 테트 록 사이드의 용액에 담가 조직하고 이후 정용 얼음 위에 놓는다. 샘플에 의한 색 osmification 정도 판사 : 알데히드가 완전히 제거 될 때, 샘플은 흑색이다. </li><li> 더블 distille 광범위 후 고정 조직 샘플을 씻으십시오D 물을 여러 번. </li><li> 에탄올의 농도 구배에 의해 샘플을 침지 탈수, 보통 65 %, 75 %, 85 %, 95 %, 99 %, 100 %, 10 분마다. 새로 구입 한 병에서 99.5 %의 에탄올로 분 자체를 배치하여 무수 에탄올을 얻습니다. 무수 에탄올로 3 회 탈수를 반복합니다. </li><li> 10 분 동안, 이소 아밀 아세테이트, 임계점 건조를위한 대체 시약으로 탈수 샘플을 놓습니다. 두 번이 단계를 반복합니다. 이 시약은 급속히 증발 샘플은 표면 장력에 의해 파괴의 결과로 건조 될 수있다. 따라서, 완전히 샘플을 건조하지 않습니다. </li><li> 이소 아밀 아세테이트의 최종 교환 후, 바로, 용매의 대부분을 제거 알루미늄 호일로 열려있는 유리 병을 포장하고, 드라이 아이스에 병을 놓습니다. 액체 이산화탄소가 임계점 건조기에서 유리 병에 쉽게 흐르도록 바늘 또는 미세 집게를 사용하여, 유리 병의 입구를 덮고있는 호일에 여러 구멍을 확인합니다. 다음 단계로 진행가능한 한 빨리. </li><li> 이 단계에서, 건조기의 챔버로 이소 아밀 아세테이트 이월을 최소화하지만, 시료가 완전히 임계점 건조 전에 건조시키지 않는다. 또한, 유리 병에 서리의 형성을 피하기 위해 불필요하게 오랜 시간 동안 드라이 아이스에 샘플을 두지 마십시오. </li><li> 물 제거는 조직에 포함되는 동안 조직의 표면 구조는 그대로 남아 있도록 임계점 건조기로 조직 샘플을 함유하는 호일 - 래핑 유리 바이알을 전송. 임계점 건조기를 동작에 대한 자세한 정보는 제조업체의 지침에서 얻을 수있다. </li><li> 신중하게 기계적 손상을 최소화하기 위해 이쑤시개를 사용하여 샘​​플을 처리합니다. 그 결과 건조 조직 샘플은 약합니다. 이온 스퍼터를 이용하여 금 - 팔라듐 금속 스텁과 코트에 샘플을 탑재합니다. </li></ol> SEM 5. 관측 <ol><li> SEM에 의해 관찰하고, 디지털 카메라로 화상을 기록주사 전자 현미경에 장착. </li><li> 분석을 위해 PC에 디지털 화상 데이터를 전송. </li></ol>

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E., Setou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubulin+polyglutamylation+is+essential+for+airway+ciliary+function+through+the+regulation+of+beating+asymmetry.">Tubulin polyglutamylation is essential for airway ciliary function through the regulation of beating asymmetry.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (23), 10490-10495 (2010).</li><li>Foster, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+ciliary/flagellar+beating+of+Chlamydomonas.">Analysis of the ciliary/flagellar beating of Chlamydomonas.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 173-239 (2009).</li><li>Lechtreck, K. -. F., Sanderson, M. J., Witman, G. 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A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다. 이 논문은 고립 된 맥락총 조직에서 섬모의 운동성을 관찰하는 자세한 방법을보고하는 것을 목적으로한다. 과학 참신는 이전의 연구 1,8에서보고되었다.

이 방법의 관점 여기에 설명 된 기술은 이전에 발행 된 방법보다 섬모의 더 상세한 분석을 제공하지 않지만,이 기술의 중요성은 쉽게 섬모 운동 생체의 종류를 선별에 적용 할 수있는 시스템 및 비용 효율성의 단순성에있다. 특히, TI 워크 벤치 관찰하고 더 쉽게 섬모의 운동성을 분석하는 연구를 할 수있는 간단하고 사용자 친화적 인 인터페이스를 제공합니다. 효과적...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>for both live imaging and SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat paper towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;10-cm plastic dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight operating scissors</td>
			<td>Sansyo</td>
			<td>S-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>watchmaker forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>D110300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mL glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td>
			<td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td>
			<td>PS-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>SM251-1S</td>
			<td>for specimen tranfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for specimen transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>E-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>critical point dryer</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HCP-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>Ushio</td>
			<td>USH103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-LWUCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrrical shutter</td>
			<td>Vincent Associates</td>
			<td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td>
			<td>manual shutter can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter (400-700 nm, &#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Koshin Kagaku</td>
			<td>C10-110621-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ND filter (&#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>45ND6, 45ND25</td>
			<td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed video camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies</td>
			<td>GE680</td>
			<td>&#62;= 200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image acquisition / analysis software</td>
			<td>in-hous software</td>
			<td>TI Workbench</td>
			<td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC for camera control / analysis</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Mac Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Meiritsu Seiki</td>
			<td>AD0806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weight for tissue</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>slice anchor kits</td>
			<td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &#934;0.5mm platinum wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11415-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14170112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>17003-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoamyl acetate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>02710-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>130-08655</td>
			<td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1 M NaH2PO4 and 81.0 ml of 0.1 M Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31718-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31801-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suclose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM</td>
			<td align="right">300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

흐름의 개요는 이미지 장치를 포함하여,도 1에 도시된다. CPECs의 라이브 모션 관측 영화 1 산기 마우스로부터 단리 CPECs의 동영상을 도시하고, 동영상이 동영상 1 이미지의 확대도를 도시한다. 그것은 개별 섬모 팁 영화와 비교 정지 화상 불명확하다는 것을 알아야한다.이 프로그램을도 동영상 1 및도 <str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

맥락총 상피 세포의 섬모 운동의 관측<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.0K 조회수.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

비디오: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1.
Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. 
In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In this video article we describe the use of a new ex vivo model of acute herpes simplex virus type I corneal epithelial infection.

급성 상피 헤르페스의 예 VIVO Organotypic 각막 모델은 바이러스 종류 나 감염을 단순

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

연구

신경과학

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

쥐의 뇌에서 뇌 표면 Vasculature 및 관련 Meninges의 해부 및 맥락막 얼기의 시각적 설명

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

본래 Vomeronasal 기관 및 액세서리 후각 망울의 생체 준비

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

생체 내 마우스 열등올리브의 칼슘 이미징

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

Ex Vivo 신경 생리학을위한 쥐 좌골 신경의 제조

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

인간 줄기 세포 이식 및 검증을 위한 생체 외 모델로서의 성인 인간 피질의 기관형 배양

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

Selective Gene Silencing in the Choroid Plexus

Targeted Knockdown of Genes in the Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Recent research has shown that regulating ChP activity may offer protection against CNS disorders. However, studying the biological function of the ChP without affecting other brain regions is challenging due to its delicate structure. This study presents a novel method for gene knockdown in ChP tissue using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre) recombinase protein consisting of TAT sequence (CRE-TAT). The results demonstrate that after injecting AAV or CRE-TAT into the lateral ventricle, the fluorescence was exclusively concentrated in the ChP. Using this approach, the study successfully knocked down the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the ChP using RNA interference (RNAi) or Cre/locus of X-overP1 (Cre/LoxP) systems, and showed that this knockdown could alleviate the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This technique may have important implications for future research on the ChP's role in CNS disorders.

저자 스포트라이트: 맥락총(Choroid Plexus) 연구를 위한 유전자 발현 조작 기법의 통찰력과 혁신 

Here, we describe a method to selectively alter gene expressions in the choroid plexus while avoiding any impact in other brain areas.

맥락총(Choroid Plexus)에서 유전자의 표적 녹다운(Targeted knockdown of Genes in the Choroid Plexus)

The choroid plexus (ChP) serves as a critical gateway for immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and ...