This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

הפרוטוקולים ושימוש בחיות ניסוי אושרו על ידי ועדות טיפול בבעלי החיים ושימוש המוסדיים באוניברסיטת של יאמאנאשי והאוניברסיטה ואסדה. טיפול בבעלי חיים בוצע בהתאם להנחיות מוסדיות. 1. הכנת CPEC <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את המנגנונים וחומרים הבאים: מיקרוסקופ סטריאו, מסוגל לשדר תאורה מלמטה רצוי; זוג המלקחיים שען (דומון # 3 או מס &#39;4), מעוקר להבה, מספריים הפעלה ישר, מעוקר להבה; שתי מנות 10 סנטימטרים פלסטיק סטרילית המכילות 20 בינוני ליבוביץ L-15 מיליליטר קר כקרח; זכוכית תחתונה מנות 35 מ&quot;מ המכילות 2 מיליליטר RT ליבוביץ בינונית L-15; כוס 100 מיליליטר המכילה 70% אתנול; גורי עכבר יילודים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בקצרה לטבול עכבר בילוד באתנול 70% ולהרדים במהירות על ידי עריפת ראש באמצעות המספריים ההפעלה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את הראש מייד במדיום ליבוביץ L-15 קר כקרח בdi 10 סנטימטרים סטריליsh. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את העור ממִכסֵה הַגוּלגוֹלֶת באמצעות זוג המלקחיים שען, לחתוך לפתוח את הגולגולת כדי לחשוף את המוח, ולאחר מכן לחתוך את עצבי גולגולת כדי לבודד את המוח כולו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את המוח למנה חדשה המכילה בינוני ליבוביץ L-15 קר כקרח ולהתבונן תחת מיקרוסקופ סטריאו, ולוודא כי המוח הוא שקוע לחלוטין במדיום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר את היבט הגב של המוח פונה כלפי מעלה, ולכוון את המוח כך שנורות חוש הריח מתגוררות במיקום השעה שלוש (לאנשים בידיים הנכונים). החזק את המוח בעדינות עם המלקחיים ביד השמאל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימוש במלקחיים לנתיחה הקנס (דומון # 3 או מס &#39;4) ביד ימין, חתך את כפיס המוח ומתחת parenchyma חיבור אונות המוח, לאורך בקע האורך של המוח הגדול. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דחף בעדינות את אונות המוח משם לצדדים לרוחב ולחשוף את סדק המוח הרוחבי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפרד את ההמיספרות על ידי צובט את הparenchyma דואר בין חצי הכדור והתלמוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> משוך בעדינות את מקלעת דמית העין חדרית הרוחב שמחוברת לצד לרוחב של ההיפוקמפוס ידי affixa lamina. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את מקלעת דמית העין המבודדת לצלחת הזכוכית תחתונה 35 מ&quot;מ המכילה בינוני ליבוביץ L-15 טריים, וכיסוי במשקל (חומרי רשימה) בעדינות להחזיק את הרקמות במקום. </li></ol> 2. הדמית חיה של CPEC צילה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאשר אולטרה סגול נכון (UV) ומסנן לחתוך להסיק (IR) (ים) כדי לחסום אור קצר יותר מ -400 ננומטר ועוד מ 700 ננומטר, ושצפיפות ניטראלית (ND) מסננים (25% ו -6%) מוכנס בנתיב האור של מיקרוסקופ ההפוכה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התאם את המיקוד של העדשה האובייקטיבית בערך לפי העין, ולאחר מכן להתאים את הקבל כך שהמרכז והמוקד כדי להתאים את תאורת קוהלר. פריזמה הכנס התערבות ההפרש לעומת זאת מתאימה (DIC), אלמנט דסק&quot;ש, כמו גם אלמנטי מנתח והמקטב בliדרך להילחם כדי להתאים אופטיקה דסק&quot;ש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כוון את הניגודיות של תצוגה על ידי עמדת פריזמה דסק&quot;ש, כך שהמבנה של פני השטח הרקמה הוא מוכר ביותר. אם כל cilia של תאי המטרה הוא ניעתי, לא ניתן לקבל תצוגה ברורה של cilia ניע לפי העין בגלל התנועה שלהם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשנות את נתיב האור למצלמת וידאו, והסר את מסנני ND להגדיל את כוח האור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש במצלמה בהתמקדות מצב כדי להתאים את שדה הראייה והמיקוד. במהלך התמקדות, שבתמונות וידאו מוצגות בזמן אמת על המסך, תצוגה ברורה של cilia ניע אינה זמינה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש במצלמה ב 200 הרץ עם זמן חשיפה של 0.1 מילים-שני לתקופה הרצויה (שניות עד דקות). לאחר רכישת מחסנית התמונה, מסגרות בודדות יציגו מבני הריסים ברורים. אם קצות הריסים הם מטושטשים, להגדיל את מסגרת הדולר או להשתמש זמן חשיפה קצר יותר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> רשום את התנועה של cilia CPEC בתוך 25-60 דק &#39;לאחר המתת חסד בליבוביץL-15 בינוני. </li></ol> 3. ניתוח של ריסי Motion <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ידני לעקוב אחר להכות דפוסים של כל cilium על צג המחשב. עמדות קצה ריסי מארק בכל מסגרת עם סמן העכבר, אשר התאסף למידע מסלול של כל cilium. או לנתח את מידע המסלול תוך שימוש באותה תוכנה או לייצא ליישומים כלליים יותר אחרים לניתוח נוסף. היעילות של צעד ניתוח זה מתואר בדיון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסווג את המסלולים לשני מצבים של תנועה, גב ו-ושוב או סיבובי, לפי העין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב את תדירות פעימות הריסים (CBF) באמצעות הנוסחא הבאה: [CBF = (מספר הפריימים לשניה) / (מספר הפריימים ממוצע לפעימה אחת)] 14, שניתן להשיג מתרשים תנועת קצה הריסים (איור 3 ). חזור על חישוב זה למחזורי מכות הריסים מרובים, כי cilia האחר באותו התא יכול להפריע לתנועה של כל ciliuמ &#39;, וכתוצאה מכך אי סדירות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לנתח את האחידות הזוויתית של ריסי מכות צירים בתוך תא בודד, להגדיר את זווית θ מכות לכל מסלול (איור 4). למסלולי גב ו-ושוב, שיתאים לעמדות של קצה הריסים לקו ישר, ולהגדיר θ כזווית הקו עושה עם x -axis. למסלולים סיבוביים, שיתאים לעמדות לאליפסה, ולהגדיר θ כמו זווית הציר המרכזי של האליפסה עושה עם x -axis. פרטים של ההולם מתוארים בסעיף נציגי תוצאות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לתיאור כמותי של כל מסלול, לחשב AR יחס היבט הכללי. בקצרה, לסובב את המסלול על ידי - θ ולהגדיר AR כיחס בין הרוחב של ההפצה לאורך x - ו-axes y (איור 4). פרטים מוצגים בסעיף נציג תוצאות, והפרשנות, משמעות, וההגבלה של הפרמטר מתוארות בדיון. </li></ol> לדוגמא הכנה 4. לSEM הערה: SEM הוא שיטה חשובה להעריך את המצב של cilia על CPECs באופן מקיף. כדי להכין דגימות לSEM, הליך סטנדרטי שדווח בעבר 15 מועסקים בשינויים קלים. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני לנתח את הרקמה מהמוח, להכין מקבע בבקבוקון זכוכית 5 מיליליטר עם מכסה פוליאתילן. מקבע מורכב paraformaldehyde 2%, glutaraldehyde 2.5% (הפתרון של Karnovsky מחצית 16) במאגר M 0.1 פוספט, pH 7.4. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח את הרקמה מהמוח כמתואר בשלב 1. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בקצרה לשטוף את הרקמה המבודדת עם הפתרון של האנק המאוזן מלח (HBSS) בצלחת חדשה ולאחר מכן לתקן את הרקמות במקבעות בבקבוקון הזכוכית עבור שעה 1 בטמפרטורת חדר. השתמש טפטפות העברה חד פעמית ולטפל דגימות GEntly. לאחר השטיפה בHBSS, הרקמה הופכת דביקה. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי להעביר את הדגימות לפתרון מקבע, לגרש לאט כמות קטנה של תמיסה המכילה רקמה מפיפטה ההעברה כטיפה ומוסיף למקבעים. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר קיבוע, לבטל את מקבע ולשטוף את הרקמה עם חיץ פוספט שלוש פעמים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את הרקמה בתמיסת סוכרוז 10% לשטוף את אלדהידים שנותרו. כדי להבטיח חיסול אלדהידים מלא, לטבול את הדגימות בפתרון עבור 10 דקות ולאחר מכן לחזור פעמיים עם סוכרוז 10% טריים. שלב זה חשוב כדי להשיג פוסט קיבעון-נכון בשלבים הבאים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את הרקמה בתמיסה של 1% tetroxide אוסמיום בחיץ פוספט למשך 30 דקות ולאחר מכן למקם על קרח להודעה קיבעון. לשפוט את מידת osmification על ידי צבע המדגם: כאשר אלדהידים יוסרו לחלוטין, המדגם הוא שחור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף את דגימות רקמה קבועות פוסט נרחב עם distille הכפולכמה פעמים מים ד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מייבש את הדגימות על ידי טבילה בריכוזים מדורגים של אתנול, בדרך כלל 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99%, ו -100%, במשך 10 דקות כל אחד. להשיג אתנול נטול מים על ידי הצבת הנפות מולקולריות ל99.5% אתנול מבקבוק חדש שרכש. חזור על התייבשות עם שלוש פעמים אתנול נטול מים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את הדגימות המיובשים לתוך אצטט isoamyl, מגיב חילוף לייבוש נקודה קריטי, במשך 10 דקות. חזור על פעולה זו פעמיים. מגיב זה מתאדה במהירות והמדגם יכול להיות יבש, וכתוצאה מכך הרס על ידי מתח פנים. לכן, לא לייבש את המדגם לחלוטין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר חילופי הסופיים של אצטט isoamyl, להסיר את רוב הממס, מייד לעטוף את בקבוקון הזכוכית הפתוח בנייר אלומיניום, ומניח את הבקבוקון על קרח יבש. באמצעות מחט או מלקחיים בסדר, לעשות כמה חורים בנייר הכסף המכסה את הפה של הבקבוקון, כך שנוזל פחמן דו חמצני זורם בקלות לתוך הבקבוקון במייבש הנקודה הקריטי. להמשיך לשלב הבאמהר ככל האפשר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בשלב זה, למזער את שריד של אצטט isoamyl לתוך התא של מייבש, אבל אל תנתנו לי המדגם להתייבש לפני ייבוש נקודה קריטי לחלוטין. בנוסף, אל תשאיר את המדגם על קרח יבש לזמן ארוך שלא לצורך, כדי למנוע היווצרות של כפור על הבקבוקון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את בקבוקוני זכוכית עטוף בנייר האלומיניום המכילים דגימות הרקמה למייבש הנקודה הקריטית שמבטיח את המבנה של רקמות המשטח נותר בשלמותה בזמן שהכילו מים הסרת ברקמה. ניתן להשיג מידע מפורט על הפעלת מייבש הנקודה הקריטית מהוראות היצרן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ידית הדגימות באמצעות זהירות קיסם כדי למזער את הנזק מכאני. דגימות רקמה מיובשות וכתוצאה מכך הן שבירות. הר הדגימות של ספחי מתכת ומעיל עם זהב-פלדיום באמצעות גמגום יון. </li></ol> 5. תצפית על ידי SEM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שים לב על ידי SEM ולהקליט תמונות עם מצלמה דיגיטליתמצויד למיקרוסקופ אלקטרונים סורק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את נתוני תמונה דיגיטליים למחשב לניתוח. </li></ol>

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E., Setou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubulin+polyglutamylation+is+essential+for+airway+ciliary+function+through+the+regulation+of+beating+asymmetry.">Tubulin polyglutamylation is essential for airway ciliary function through the regulation of beating asymmetry.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (23), 10490-10495 (2010).</li><li>Foster, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+ciliary/flagellar+beating+of+Chlamydomonas.">Analysis of the ciliary/flagellar beating of Chlamydomonas.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 173-239 (2009).</li><li>Lechtreck, K. -. F., Sanderson, M. J., Witman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+digital+imaging+of+ependymal+cilia+in+the+murine+brain.">High-speed digital imaging of ependymal cilia in the murine brain.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 255-264 (2009).</li><li>Okada, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+nodal+cilia+movement+and+measurement+of+nodal+flow.">Observation of nodal cilia movement and measurement of nodal flow.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 265-285 (2009).</li><li>Chilvers, M. A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

המחברים מצהירים שאין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים. מאמר זה נועד בדיווח מתודולוגיה מפורטת להתבונן תנועתיות של cilia ברקמות מקלעת דמית העין מבודדת. חידושים מדעיים דווחו במחקרים קודמים 1,8.

פרספקטיבות של שיטה זו למרות שהטכניקה המתוארת כאן אינה מספקת ניתוח מפורט יותר של ריסים מאשר שיטות שפורסמו בעבר, את המשמעות של טכניקה זו מתגוררת בפשטות של המערכת ועלות האפקטיביות, אשר ניתן ליישם בקלות להקרנה בכל סוג של תנועתיות רי?...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>for both live imaging and SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat paper towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;10-cm plastic dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight operating scissors</td>
			<td>Sansyo</td>
			<td>S-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>watchmaker forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>D110300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mL glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td>
			<td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td>
			<td>PS-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>SM251-1S</td>
			<td>for specimen tranfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for specimen transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>E-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>critical point dryer</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HCP-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>Ushio</td>
			<td>USH103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-LWUCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrrical shutter</td>
			<td>Vincent Associates</td>
			<td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td>
			<td>manual shutter can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter (400-700 nm, &#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Koshin Kagaku</td>
			<td>C10-110621-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ND filter (&#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>45ND6, 45ND25</td>
			<td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed video camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies</td>
			<td>GE680</td>
			<td>&#62;= 200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image acquisition / analysis software</td>
			<td>in-hous software</td>
			<td>TI Workbench</td>
			<td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC for camera control / analysis</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Mac Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Meiritsu Seiki</td>
			<td>AD0806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weight for tissue</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>slice anchor kits</td>
			<td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &#934;0.5mm platinum wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11415-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14170112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>17003-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoamyl acetate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>02710-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>130-08655</td>
			<td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1 M NaH2PO4 and 81.0 ml of 0.1 M Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31718-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31801-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suclose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM</td>
			<td align="right">300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

סקירה של העבודה מוצגת באיור 1, כולל תמונות של המכשירים. תצפיות תנועה חיים של CPECs סרט 1 מציג סרט של CPECs מבודד מעכבר סביב הלידה, וסרט 2 מראה תצוגה מורחבת של התמונות ב...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

תצפית של תנועת ריסי תאי אפיתל דמית העין מקלעת<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

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Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K Views.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Video: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1.
Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. 
In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In this video article we describe the use of a new ex vivo model of acute herpes simplex virus type I corneal epithelial infection.

דגם גופיים Organotypic הקרני של הרפס סימפלקס סוג אפיתל החריף וירוס אני זיהום

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli1. Hyperalgesia and allodynia have been studied in many different rodent models of diabetes mellitus2. However, as stated by B&ouml;lcskei et al, determination of "pain" in animal models is challenging due to its subjective nature3. Moreover, the traditional methods used to determine behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli usually lack reproducibility and pharmacological sensitivity3. For instance, by using the hot-plate method of Ankier4, flinch, withdrawal and/or licking of either hind- and/or fore-paws is quantified as reflex latencies at constant high thermal stimuli (52-55 &deg;C). However, animals that are hyperalgesic to thermal stimulus do not reproducibly show differences in reflex latencies using those supra-threshold temperatures3,5. As the recently described method of B&ouml;lcskei et al.6, the procedures described here allows for the rapid, sensitive and reproducible determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) in mice and rats. The method uses slowly increasing thermal stimulus applied mostly to the skin of mouse/rat plantar surface. The method is particularly sensitive to study anti-nociception during hyperalgesic states such as PDN. The procedures described bellow are based on the ones published in detail by Alm&aacute;si et al 5 and B&ouml;lcskei et al 3. The procedures described here have been approved the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee (LACUC), Wright State University.

Here, we describe a rapid reliable and simple procedure to determine the lowest temperature at which rats or mice show nocifensive behavior, i.e. the thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT). This method applies a slowly increasing thermal stimulus allowing precise and reproducible estimation of TNTs with minimum, if any, stress to the animals.

קביעה מהירה של סף nociceptive תרמי בעכברים סוכרתיים

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity ...

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for investigating the cell biology and development of central brain structures by allowing acute pharmacological interventions and live imaging of cellular processes. As an example of the technique, prior work from our lab1 has shown that a previously unrecognized subcellular compartment lies between the axonal and somatodendritic compartments of axons of the Drosophila central brain. The development of this compartment, referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS)2, was shown genetically to depend on the neuron-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5. We show here that ex vivo treatment of wild-type Drosophila larval brains with the Cdk5-specific pharmacological inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine3 causes acute changes in actin organization, and in localization of the cell-surface protein Fasciclin 2, that mimic the changes seen in mutants that lack Cdk5 activity genetically.
A second example of the ex vivo culture technique is provided for remodeling of the connections of embryonic mushroom body (MB) gamma neurons during metamorphosis from larva to adult. The mushroom body is the center of olfactory learning and memory in the fly4, and these gamma neurons prune their axonal and dendritic branches during pupal development and then re-extend branches at a later timepoint to establish the adult innervation pattern5. Pruning of these neurons of the MB has been shown to occur via local degeneration of neurite branches6, by a mechanism that is triggered by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, acting at the ecdysone receptor B17, and that is dependent on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system6. Our method of ex vivo culturing can be used to interrogate further the mechanism of developmental remodeling. We found that in the ex vivo culture setting, gamma neurons of the MB recapitulated the process of developmental pruning with a time course similar to that in vivo. It was essential, however, to wait until 1.5 hours after puparium formation before explanting the tissue in order for the cells to commit irreversibly to metamorphosis; dissection of animals at the onset of pupariation led to little or no metamorphosis in culture. Thus, with appropriate modification, the ex vivo culture approach can be applied to study dynamic as well as steady state aspects of central brain biology.

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

This article describes a method by which one can mimic in vivo development of the Drosophila mushroom body in an ex vivo culture system.

אקס culturing vivo של שלם, פיתוח המוח תסיסנית

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for ...

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

תיאור חזותי של Dissection של מערכת כלי הדם המוחית ומשטח קרום המוח הקשורים ודמה עין המקלעת ממוח חולדה

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Ex Vivo הכנות של הנורה Vomeronasal האיברים ואבזר חוש הריח הפגועה

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

חַד<em&gt; בויבו</em&gt; הקלטות אלקטרו של הפוטנציאל שדה מקומי פעילות מרובת יחידות מן מסלול Hyperdirect ב חולדות הרדמה

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.&#160; However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+, thus permitting the imaging of Ca2+ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca2+ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

לשעבר Vivo הדמיה של סידן לתא ספציפי איתות על הסינפסה התלת-צדדי של הסרעפת העכבר

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

אין ויוו הדמיית סידן בעכבר זית נחות

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was first discovered in the 1980s as a splice variant from the calcitonin gene. Since its discovery, its role in migraine pathophysiology has been well established, first by its potent vasodilator properties and subsequently by its presence and function as a neurotransmitter in the sensory trigeminovascular system. The migraine-provoking ability of CGRP gave support to the pharma industry to develop monoclonal antibodies and antagonists inhibiting the effect of CGRP. A new treatment paradigm has proven effective in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. One of the useful tools to further understand migraine mechanisms is the ex vivo model of CGRP release from the trigeminovascular system. It is a relatively simple method that can be used with various pharmacological tools to achieve know-how to further develop new effective migraine treatments. The present protocol describes a CGRP release model and the technique to quantify the effect of pharmacological agents on the amount of CGRP released from the trigeminovascular system in rodents. A procedure describing the experimental approach from euthanasia to the measurement of protein levels is provided. The essential isolation of the trigeminal ganglion and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis from both mice and rats and the preparation of rat dura mater are described in detail. Furthermore, representative results from both species (rats and mice) are presented. The technique is a key tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in migraine pathophysiology by using various pharmacological compounds and genetically modified animals.

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

The present protocol describes the ex vivo calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release model and the strategy to quantify the effect of pharmacological agents on the amount of CGRP released from the trigeminovascular system in rodents.

אקס ויוו שחרור פפטיד הקשור לגן קלציטונין ממערכת Trigeminovascular במכרסמים

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was first discovered in the 1980s as a splice variant from the calcitonin gene. Since its discovery, its role in ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

הכנת עצב סיאטי חולדה לנוירופיזיולוגיה Ex Vivo

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...

תצפית של תנועת ריסי תאי אפיתל דמית העין מקלעת

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