This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

protokoller ve Deney hayvanlarının kullanımı Yamanashi ve Waseda Üniversitesi Üniversitesi&#39;nde kurumsal hayvan bakımı ve kullanımı komiteleri tarafından onaylandı. Hayvan bakımı, kurumsal prensiplere uygun olarak gerçekleştirildi. 1. CPEC Hazırlık <ol><li> Aşağıdaki cihazlar ve malzemeleri hazırlayın: alttan aydınlatma iletilmesi tercihen bir stereo mikroskop; saatçi forseps bir çift (Dumont # 3 ya da # 4), alev sterilize düz işletim makas, alev sterilize; 20 ml buz gibi soğuk Leibovitz L-15 ihtiva eden ortam, iki steril 10 cm&#39;lik plastik tabaklar; 2 ml RT Leibovitz L-15 orta içeren 35 mm cam alt yemekler; % 70 etanol içeren 100 ml&#39;lik bir beher; yenidoğan fare yavrular. </li><li> Kısaca% 70 etanol içinde bir yenidoğan fare batırmak ve işletim makas kullanarak kafaları kesilmek suretiyle hızla euthanize. </li><li> Steril 10 cm di buz Leibovitz L-15 orta derhal baş koyunsh. </li><li> Beyin maruz kafatası açmak kesip, saatçi forseps çifti kullanarak calvaria cildi çıkarın ve ardından tüm beyni izole etmek için kranial sinirler kesilir. </li><li> Buz soğukluğunda Leibovitz L-15 ortamı içeren yeni bir çanak beyin aktarın ve beyin tam ortam içinde daldırılır emin, stereo bir mikroskop altında dikkate alınmalıdır. </li><li> Yukarı bakacak şekilde beynin dorsal yönünü ayarlayın ve koku ampuller (sağ-elli kişilik) 03:00 konumundaki ikamet böylece beyin yönlendirmek. Sol elinde forseps ile yavaşça beyin tutun. </li><li> İnce diseksiyon forseps (Dumont # 3 ya da # 4) sağ elinde kullanarak, beyin uzunlamasına fissür boyunca, serebral hemisfer bağlayan korpus kallosum ve parankiminde altında kesti. </li><li> Nazikçe yan taraflarına serebral hemisferlerin itin ve enine serebral fissür maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Th dışarı kısma hemisferlerin ayırınhemisfer ve talamus arasındaki e parankim. </li><li> Yavaşça lamina affixa ile hipokampus yan tarafına bağlı olduğu yanal ventriküler koroid pleksus çekin. </li><li> Taze Leibovitz L-15 orta içeren 35 mm cam alt çanak izole koroid pleksus aktarın ve ağırlığı (Malzeme Listesi) yavaşça yerine doku tutun kaplaması. </li></ol> CPEC Cilia 2. Canlı Görüntüleme <ol><li> 400 nm ve daha uzun 700 nm ve bu nötr yoğunluk (ND) filtreleri (% 25 ve% 6) daha kısa ışık ışık yolu eklenir engellemek için uygun ultraviyole (UV) ve anlaşıldığı (IR) kesim filtresi (ler) Onay ters mikroskop. </li><li> Kabaca gözle objektif lens odağını ayarlayın ve merkez ve odak Köhler aydınlatma uyacak, böylece daha sonra yoğuşturucuyu ayarlayın. Uygun bir diferansiyel girişim kontrast kaydedin (DIC) prizma, li bir DIC elemanı, hem de analiz ve polarize elemanlarght yolu DIC optik uymak. </li><li> Doku yüzeyinin yapısı en tanınabilir şekilde DIC prizma pozisyonu ile görüş kontrastını ayarlayın. Hedef hücrelerin her kirpikler hareketli iseniz, hareketli kirpikler net bir görünüm nedeniyle hareket gözle elde edilemez. </li><li> Video kamera ışık yolu değiştirin ve ışık gücünü artırmak için ND filtreleri kaldırabilirsiniz. </li><li> Görünümü ve odak alanını ayarlamak için mod odaklama kamerayı kullanın. Hangi video görüntüleri monitörde gerçek zamanlı olarak gösterilir, odaklama sırasında, hareketli kirpikler net bir görünüm mevcut değildir. </li><li> İstenilen süre (dakika saniye) 0,1 msn bir pozlama süresi ile 200 Hz kamerayı kullanın. Görüntü yığınının kazanılmasından sonra, tek kare net siliyer yapıları gösterecektir. Siliyer kenarları bulanık ise, kare hızını artırmak ya da daha kısa bir pozlama süresi kullanın. </li><li> Leibovitz içinde ötenazi sonra 25-60 dakika içinde CPEC kirpikler hareketini kaydedinL-15 ortamı. </li></ol> Silier Hareketinin Analizi 3. <ol><li> El ile bilgisayar monitöründe her cilium kalıplarını yenerek izleyebilirsiniz. Her cilium yörünge bilgisi için monte edilen fare işaretçisi, her karede Mark silier ucu pozisyonları. Ya daha fazla analiz için diğer daha genel uygulamalara aynı yazılımı veya ihracat kullanarak yörünge bilgileri analiz. Bu analiz, aşama verimi Tartışma tarif edilmektedir. </li><li> Gözle hareket iki mod, geri ve ileri-veya dönme içine yörüngeleri sınıflandırır. </li><li> Aşağıdaki formülü kullanarak siliyer dayak frekansı (CBF) hesaplayın: [CBF = (saniyedeki kare sayısı) / (Tek beat için kare ortalama sayısı)], bir siliyer ucu hareket şemasında elde edilebilir 14, (Şekil 3 ). Aynı hücrede başka kirpikler, her ciliu hareketi engelleyebilir, çünkü, birden fazla siliyer çırpma döngüsü için bu hesaplama tekrarlayınm, düzensizlik ile sonuçlanır. </li><li> Tek bir hücrenin içinde eksenleri yenerek ciliary açısal tekdüzelik analiz etmek, her yörünge (Şekil 4) için dayak açısı θ tanımlar. Geri ve ileri-yörüngeleri için, düz bir çizgi kirpikler ucu pozisyonlarını uygun ve satır x -Axis ile yapar açı olarak θ tanımlar. Rotasyonel yörüngeleri, bir elips pozisyonları uygun ve elipsin büyük eksen x -Axis ile yapar açı olarak θ tanımlar. Fitingin ayrıntıları Örnek Sonuçlar bölümünde tarif edilmektedir. </li><li> Her yörüngenin kantitatif açıklaması için, genelleştirilmiş boy oranı AR hesaplayın. Kısaca, göre yörünge döndürme - θ ve X boyunca dağılımının genişliğine arasındaki oran olarak AR tanımlar - ve y -axes (Şekil 4B). Detaylar Temsilcisi Sonuçlar bölümünde gösterilen ve yorumlama vardır, Önemi ve parametre sınırlama Tartışma açıklanmıştır. </li></ol> SEM 4. Numune Hazırlama Not: SEM kapsamlı bir şekilde CPECs üzerinde kirpikler durumunu değerlendirmek için önemli bir yöntemdir. SEM için örnekler hazırlamak için, standart bir prosedür daha önce 15 hafif değişiklikler kullanılmaktadır bildirdi. <ol><li> Beyin dokusu kesme önce, bir polietilen bir kap ile 5 ml&#39;lik bir cam şişe içinde fiksatif hazırlar. sabitleyici% 2 paraformaldehid, 0.1 M fosfat tampon maddesi, pH 7.4 içinde% 2.5 glutaraldehid (yarım Karnovsky çözeltisi 16) oluşur. </li><li> 1. adımda anlatıldığı gibi beyin doku parçalara ayır. </li><li> Kısaca, yeni bir tabağına Hank dengeli tuz çözeltisi (HBSS) ile izole edilmiş doku yıkayın ve daha sonra oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca bir cam şişe içinde sabitleyici doku tamir. Tek kullanımlık transferi pipetler kullanın ve örnekleri ge koluntly. HBSS içinde durulama sonra, doku yapışkan hale gelir. <ol><li> Sabitleyici çözeltisi içine örnekleri aktarmak için yavaş bir damlacık olarak transfer pipeti doku ihtiva eden bir çözelti, az miktarda dışarı atılması ve sabitleştirici ekleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Tespit edildikten sonra, Fiksatif atmak ve fosfat tamponu ile üç kez doku durulayın. </li><li> Kalan aldehit yıkamak için% 10 sukroz çözeltisi doku daldırın. Aldehitlerin tamamen ortadan kaldırılmasını sağlamak 10 dakika boyunca çözelti içinde numune sokmak ve daha sonra, taze,% 10 sakaroz ile iki kez tekrarlayın. Bu adım, daha sonraki kademelerde, uygun post-fiksasyon elde etmek için önemlidir. </li><li> 30 dakika boyunca fosfat tamponu içinde% 1 ozmiyum tetroksit çözeltisi içinde doku daldırın ve sonrası sabitleme için buz üzerine yerleştirin. Numune rengine göre osmification derecesini Yargıç: aldehitler tamamen kaldırıldığında, örnek siyahtır. </li><li> Çift damıtılmış ile yoğun sonradan tespit doku örnekleri yıkayınd suyu birkaç kez. </li><li> Kademeli derişimlerde etanol içine daldırma ile örnekleri kurutmak, genellikle,% 65,% 75,% 85,% 95,% 99 ve% 100, 10 dakika her biri için. Yeni satın alınan şişe% 99.5 etanol içine moleküler elekler koyarak susuz etanol elde edilir. Susuz etanol ile üç kez dehidratasyon tekrarlayın. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca, izoamil asetat, kritik nokta kurutma için bir ikame reaktifine susuz numuneler. İki kez bu adımı yineleyin. Bu reaktif hızla buharlaşır ve örnek yüzey gerilimi tarafından imha sonuçlanan kuru olabilir. Bu nedenle, tamamen kurumasını örnek yok. </li><li> Izoamil asetat nihai değişimi hemen sonra, çözücünün büyük bir kısmının çıkarılması, alüminyum folyo ile açık cam şişe kaydırmak ve kuru buz üzerinde şişe yerleştirin. Sıvı karbon dioksit, kritik nokta kurutma şişenin içine kolay akar, böylece bir iğne ya da ince forseps kullanılarak, şişenin ağzını kapsayan folyo çok delik açmak. Sonraki adıma geçinolabildiğince çabuk. </li><li> Bu adımda, kurutma odasına isoamil asetat taşınmasını en aza indirmek, ancak numune tamamen kritik nokta kurutmadan önce kurumaya izin vermeyin. Buna ek olarak, şişe üzerindeki don oluşumunu önlemek için gereğinden uzun bir süre boyunca kuru buz üzerinde örnek bırakmaz. </li><li> Çıkarmadan su dokusunda bulunan iken doku yüzey yapısı bozulmadan kalır sağlayan kritik nokta kurutucu içine doku örnekleri içeren folyo sarılı cam şişeleri aktarın. Kritik nokta kurutma işletim ile ilgili detaylı bilgiler üreticinin talimatlarına elde edilebilir. </li><li> Dikkatle mekanik zararı en aza indirmek için bir kürdan kullanarak örnekleri taşıyınız. Elde edilen kurutulmuş doku örnekleri kırılgandır. Bir iyon püskürtmeye kullanarak altın paladyum metal taslakları ve ceket örnekleri monte edin. </li></ol> SEM ile 5. Gözlem <ol><li> SEM ile gözlemleyin ve bir dijital kamera ile görüntüleri kaydedebilirsiniztaramalı elektron mikroskobu ile donatılmış. </li><li> Analiz için bir bilgisayara dijital görüntü verilerini aktarın. </li></ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+digital+imaging+of+ependymal+cilia+in+the+murine+brain.">High-speed digital imaging of ependymal cilia in the murine brain.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 255-264 (2009).</li><li>Okada, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+nodal+cilia+movement+and+measurement+of+nodal+flow.">Observation of nodal cilia movement and measurement of nodal flow.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 265-285 (2009).</li><li>Chilvers, M. A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını olduğunu beyan ederim. Bu yazıda izole koroid pleksus dokularda kirpikler hareketliliğini gözlemlemek için detaylı metodoloji raporlama amaçlamaktadır. Bilimsel yenilikler önceki çalışmalarda 1,8 olarak bildirilmiştir.

Bu yöntemin Perspektifler Burada açıklanan teknik daha önce yayınlanmış yöntemlere göre silya daha ayrıntılı bir analiz sağlamak olmamasına rağmen, bu tekniğin önemi kolayca siliyer hareketlilik ex vivo her türlü tarama uygulanabilir sistem ve maliyet etkinliği, sadeliği bulunur. Özellikle, TI Workbench gözlemlemek ve daha kolay siliyer hareketliliğini analiz araştırmacıları sağlayan basit ve kullanıcı dostu bir arayüz sağlar. Etkili otomatik izleme ...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>for both live imaging and SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat paper towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;10-cm plastic dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight operating scissors</td>
			<td>Sansyo</td>
			<td>S-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>watchmaker forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>D110300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mL glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td>
			<td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td>
			<td>PS-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>SM251-1S</td>
			<td>for specimen tranfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for specimen transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>E-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>critical point dryer</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HCP-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 W mercury lamp</td>
			<td>Ushio</td>
			<td>USH103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-LWUCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrrical shutter</td>
			<td>Vincent Associates</td>
			<td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td>
			<td>manual shutter can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter (400-700 nm, &#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Koshin Kagaku</td>
			<td>C10-110621-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ND filter (&#934;45 mm)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>45ND6, 45ND25</td>
			<td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed video camera</td>
			<td>Allied Vision Technologies</td>
			<td>GE680</td>
			<td>&#62;= 200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image acquisition / analysis software</td>
			<td>in-hous software</td>
			<td>TI Workbench</td>
			<td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC for camera control / analysis</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Mac Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Meiritsu Seiki</td>
			<td>AD0806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>weight for tissue</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>slice anchor kits</td>
			<td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &#934;0.5mm platinum wire.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-6510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for live cell imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11415-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>for SEM preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14170112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>17003-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoamyl acetate</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>02710-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>130-08655</td>
			<td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1 M NaH2PO4 and 81.0 ml of 0.1 M Na2HPO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31718-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31801-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suclose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM</td>
			<td align="right">300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Iş akışının bir bakış cihazları görüntü dahil olmak üzere Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. CPECs Canlı hareket gözlemleri Film 1 Bir perinatal fare izole CPECs bir film gösterir ve Film 2 Film 1 görüntüleri genişletilmiş bir görünümünü gösterir. Bireysel siliyer ipuçları filmlerde kıyasla hareketsiz görüntülerde daha az net olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. 2 gösteri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Koroid Pleksus Epitel Hücreleri Silier Hareketi Gözlem<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K Görüntüleme.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Video: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1.
Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. 
In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In this video article we describe the use of a new ex vivo model of acute herpes simplex virus type I corneal epithelial infection.

Akut Epitel Herpes Ex Vivo Organotipik Kornea Model Virüs Tip I Enfeksiyon Simplex

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

Nörobilim

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli1. Hyperalgesia and allodynia have been studied in many different rodent models of diabetes mellitus2. However, as stated by B&ouml;lcskei et al, determination of "pain" in animal models is challenging due to its subjective nature3. Moreover, the traditional methods used to determine behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli usually lack reproducibility and pharmacological sensitivity3. For instance, by using the hot-plate method of Ankier4, flinch, withdrawal and/or licking of either hind- and/or fore-paws is quantified as reflex latencies at constant high thermal stimuli (52-55 &deg;C). However, animals that are hyperalgesic to thermal stimulus do not reproducibly show differences in reflex latencies using those supra-threshold temperatures3,5. As the recently described method of B&ouml;lcskei et al.6, the procedures described here allows for the rapid, sensitive and reproducible determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) in mice and rats. The method uses slowly increasing thermal stimulus applied mostly to the skin of mouse/rat plantar surface. The method is particularly sensitive to study anti-nociception during hyperalgesic states such as PDN. The procedures described bellow are based on the ones published in detail by Alm&aacute;si et al 5 and B&ouml;lcskei et al 3. The procedures described here have been approved the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee (LACUC), Wright State University.

Here, we describe a rapid reliable and simple procedure to determine the lowest temperature at which rats or mice show nocifensive behavior, i.e. the thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT). This method applies a slowly increasing thermal stimulus allowing precise and reproducible estimation of TNTs with minimum, if any, stress to the animals.

Diyabetik Sıçanlarda Termal Nosiseptif Eşik Hızlı Belirlenmesinde

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity ...

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for investigating the cell biology and development of central brain structures by allowing acute pharmacological interventions and live imaging of cellular processes. As an example of the technique, prior work from our lab1 has shown that a previously unrecognized subcellular compartment lies between the axonal and somatodendritic compartments of axons of the Drosophila central brain. The development of this compartment, referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS)2, was shown genetically to depend on the neuron-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5. We show here that ex vivo treatment of wild-type Drosophila larval brains with the Cdk5-specific pharmacological inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine3 causes acute changes in actin organization, and in localization of the cell-surface protein Fasciclin 2, that mimic the changes seen in mutants that lack Cdk5 activity genetically.
A second example of the ex vivo culture technique is provided for remodeling of the connections of embryonic mushroom body (MB) gamma neurons during metamorphosis from larva to adult. The mushroom body is the center of olfactory learning and memory in the fly4, and these gamma neurons prune their axonal and dendritic branches during pupal development and then re-extend branches at a later timepoint to establish the adult innervation pattern5. Pruning of these neurons of the MB has been shown to occur via local degeneration of neurite branches6, by a mechanism that is triggered by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, acting at the ecdysone receptor B17, and that is dependent on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system6. Our method of ex vivo culturing can be used to interrogate further the mechanism of developmental remodeling. We found that in the ex vivo culture setting, gamma neurons of the MB recapitulated the process of developmental pruning with a time course similar to that in vivo. It was essential, however, to wait until 1.5 hours after puparium formation before explanting the tissue in order for the cells to commit irreversibly to metamorphosis; dissection of animals at the onset of pupariation led to little or no metamorphosis in culture. Thus, with appropriate modification, the ex vivo culture approach can be applied to study dynamic as well as steady state aspects of central brain biology.

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

This article describes a method by which one can mimic in vivo development of the Drosophila mushroom body in an ex vivo culture system.

Tüm ex vivo ekimi ise, Gelişmekte Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for ...

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

Rat Beyin gelen Serebral Yüzey damarları ve İlişkili Beyin zarları ve Diseksiyon ve Koroid Pleksus bir Görsel Açıklama

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Bozulmamış Vomeronasal Organ ve Aksesuar Koku Ampul Ex Vivo Hazırlıklar

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

Akut<emIn vivo</em&gt; Anestezi Uygulanan Sıçanlarda Hiperdirect Pathway&#39;den Lokal Alan Potansiyellerinin Elektrofizyolojik Kayıtları ve Çoklu Ünite Aktivitesi

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.&#160; However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+, thus permitting the imaging of Ca2+ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca2+ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

Ex Vivo Hücre özgü kalsiyum fare diyafram Üçlü sinaps sinyal görüntüleme

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Fare Kalitesiz Zeytinde Kalsiyum Görüntüleme

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was first discovered in the 1980s as a splice variant from the calcitonin gene. Since its discovery, its role in migraine pathophysiology has been well established, first by its potent vasodilator properties and subsequently by its presence and function as a neurotransmitter in the sensory trigeminovascular system. The migraine-provoking ability of CGRP gave support to the pharma industry to develop monoclonal antibodies and antagonists inhibiting the effect of CGRP. A new treatment paradigm has proven effective in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. One of the useful tools to further understand migraine mechanisms is the ex vivo model of CGRP release from the trigeminovascular system. It is a relatively simple method that can be used with various pharmacological tools to achieve know-how to further develop new effective migraine treatments. The present protocol describes a CGRP release model and the technique to quantify the effect of pharmacological agents on the amount of CGRP released from the trigeminovascular system in rodents. A procedure describing the experimental approach from euthanasia to the measurement of protein levels is provided. The essential isolation of the trigeminal ganglion and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis from both mice and rats and the preparation of rat dura mater are described in detail. Furthermore, representative results from both species (rats and mice) are presented. The technique is a key tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in migraine pathophysiology by using various pharmacological compounds and genetically modified animals.

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents

The present protocol describes the ex vivo calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release model and the strategy to quantify the effect of pharmacological agents on the amount of CGRP released from the trigeminovascular system in rodents.

Eski Vivo Kemirgenlerde Trigeminovasküler Sistemden Kalsitonin Geni ile İlgili Peptitin Salınımı

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was first discovered in the 1980s as a splice variant from the calcitonin gene. Since its discovery, its role in ...

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. This work describes the preparation of rat sciatic nerves for ex vivo neurophysiology, including buffer preparation, animal procedures, equipment setup and neurophysiological recording. This work provides an overview of the different types of experiments possible with this method. The outlined method aims to provide 6 h of stimulation and recording on extracted peripheral nerve tissue in tightly controlled conditions for optimal consistency in results. Results obtained using this method are A-fibre compound action potentials (CAP) with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the millivolt range over the entire duration of the experiment. CAP amplitudes and shapes are consistent and reliable, making them useful to test and compare new electrodes to existing models, or the effects of interventions on the tissue, such as the use of chemicals, surgical alterations, or neuromodulatory stimulation techniques. Both conventional commercially available cuff electrodes with platinum-iridium contacts and custom-made conductive elastomer electrodes were tested and gave similar results in terms of nerve stimulus strength-duration response.

Preparation of Rat Sciatic Nerve for Ex Vivo Neurophysiology

This protocol describes the preparation of rat whole sciatic nerve tissue for ex vivo electrophysiological stimulation and recording in an environmentally-regulated, two-compartment, perfused saline bath.

Ex Vivo Nörofizyoloji için Sıçan Siyatik Sinirinin Hazırlanması

Ex vivo preparations enable the study of many neurophysiological processes in isolation from the rest of the body while preserving local tissue structure. ...