We are supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 81400590), National Institutes of Health (U54 CA156735) and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. (MA-NC-D-156).

所有的动物实验已批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会。 1.鼠标准备<ol><li>过使用小鼠约20克体重或以上〜6周龄进行手术。 </li><li>手术前，给小鼠实验室饲料自由采食和饮水，并在12:12小时的明暗周期维护。 </li><li>剃了头发剪手术区。通过腹膜内注射80毫克/千克氯胺酮和12毫克/千克甲苯噻嗪麻醉的小鼠。该剂量使小鼠进入睡眠在几分钟后，并提供足够的麻醉以下手术程序。 </li><li>确认基于无角膜反射和肢体回缩适当的麻醉，当脚垫被挤压。应用润滑油眼药膏的眼睛，以防止干燥。 </li><li>皮肤消毒用聚维酮碘溶液。 </li></ol> 2.胃反流模型（图1B） <ol><li>使上的〜2厘米从剑突指向肛门起始中线切口。 </li><li>通过中线打开腹腔。删除剑突，提升曝光剪刀。 </li><li>分开和割肝和胃之间的结缔组织。结扎和切断脾和眼底的血管束，以完全自由了眼底。 </li><li>转动眼底稍微向左和胃食管接头的左侧露出在该领域。使上沿采用一对锋利的剪刀，露出上皮食管远端肌肉5mm的纵形切口。 </li><li>切割沿相同的方向（切口1， 图1B）打开上皮。使三切口上forestomach（切口2,3和4， 图1B），以切断大部分forestomach与尖锐操作剪刀。如果胃不空，小心地取出胃内容物。 </li><li>将8-0普理灵苏图重（带锥形尖的针）通过一个点（在食管）和点A&#39;（在forestomach）准确粘膜粘膜反对。同样的地方缝合线通过点B和点B&#39;，以及其他对点，分别为。均匀空间这些缝线3-4毫米彼此。 </li><li>用生理盐水冲洗腹腔，清理血液和胃内容物。关闭腹壁丝线缝合并用金属夹皮。 </li></ol> 3.混合反流模型（图1C） <ol><li>按照步骤2.1至2.4，露出胃食管交界处。 </li><li>轻轻分开食道的背侧从食道后面的血管。通过食管和血管之间的小棉签。 注意：棉可能从尖被部分地去除，以减少其尺寸。此棉尖端有两个目的，举起食道和保护血管。 </li><li>做两个5毫米纵向INC过程中反冲每个上胃食管接头和十二指肠相邻尖锐操作剪刀幽门近端。对十二指肠的切口，避免血管和放置在反肠系膜边界。 </li><li>吻合准确粘膜切口粘膜间断8-0普理灵缝线反对。一般放置3-4缝线上背侧和2-3缝线上的前侧。 </li><li>取出棉签。冲洗腹腔用生理盐水并关闭腹壁和皮肤。 </li></ol> 4.十二指肠反流模型（图1D） <ol><li>按照步骤3.1到3.4，以生成混合回流。 </li><li>小心地抬起肚子，露出它的背面。肝脏的叶可被捕获的肝和胃的背面之间结缔组织。小心切割结缔组织，妥善保护肝脏，并露出血管的食道的背侧。 </li><li>结扎和切割血管。结扎并切断食道在胃食管接头。 </li><li>结扎十二指肠的幽门。结扎并切断肠系膜。删除整个胃。 </li><li>用生理盐水冲洗腹腔。关闭腹壁和皮肤。 </li></ol> 5.手术后治疗<ol><li>手术后保持体温有一个加热垫。只有恢复胸骨斜卧后，将小鼠背部与其他动物。 </li><li>给予抗生素和止痛药，以预防感染，减轻疼痛。注入拜有利（10毫克/ kg，腹腔，连用 ，3天），以防止感染，而丁丙诺啡盐酸盐作为止痛药（0.05毫克/公斤，SC，出价。两天）。手术后禁食是没有必要的。 液体或软食，可给予。 </li><li>评估日常basis.If的小鼠表现出下列迹象的一般健康状况（戏剧性的体重减轻&gt; 15％，缺乏应用的etite，发声，从口，鼻或眼睛，弯腰驼背的姿态，不活动，不正常的疏导活动）排出，安​​乐死小鼠。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kandulski, A., Malfertheiner, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastroesophageal+reflux+disease--from+reflux+episodes+to+mucosal+inflammation.">Gastroesophageal reflux disease--from reflux episodes to mucosal inflammation.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9 (1), 15-22 (2012).</li><li>Orlando, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+integrity+of+the+esophageal+mucosa.+Balance+between+offensive+and+defensive+mechanisms.">The integrity of the esophageal mucosa. Balance between offensive and defensive mechanisms.</a> Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 24 (6), 873-882 (2010).</li><li>Stairs, D. B., Kong, J., Lynch, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdx+genes,+inflammation,+and+the+pathogenesis+of+intestinal+metaplasia.">Cdx genes, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia.</a> Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 96, 231-270 (2010).</li><li>Spechler, S. J., Fitzgerald, R. C., Prasad, G. A., History Wang, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=molecular+mechanisms,+and+endoscopic+treatment+of+Barrett's+esophagus.">molecular mechanisms, and endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus.</a> Gastroenterology. 138 (3), 854-869 (2010).</li><li>Fang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+origins+and+molecular+mechanisms+of+Barrett's+esophagus+and+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Cellular origins and molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1300, 187-199 (2013).</li><li>Garman, K. S., Orlando, R. C., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+Experimental+models+for+Barrett's+esophagus+and+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Review: Experimental models for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 302 (11), G1231-G1243 (2012).</li><li>Baruah, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+research+on+Barrett's+esophagus.">Translational research on Barrett's esophagus.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1325, 170-186 (2014).</li><li>Lechpammer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavopiridol+reduces+malignant+transformation+of+the+esophageal+mucosa+in+p27+knockout+mice.">Flavopiridol reduces malignant transformation of the esophageal mucosa in p27 knockout mice.</a> Oncogene. 24 (10), 1683-1688 (2005).</li><li>Hao, J., Liu, B., Yang, C. S., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastroesophageal+reflux+leads+to+esophageal+cancer+in+a+surgical+model+with+mice.">Gastroesophageal reflux leads to esophageal cancer in a surgical model with mice.</a> BMC Gastroenterol. 9, 59 (2009).</li><li>Mari, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pSMAD/CDX2+complex+is+essential+for+the+intestinalization+of+epithelial+metaplasia.">A pSMAD/CDX2 complex is essential for the intestinalization of epithelial metaplasia.</a> Cell Rep. 7 (4), 1197-1210 (2014).</li><li>Fang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastroesophageal+reflux+activates+the+NF-kappaB+pathway+and+impairs+esophageal+barrier+function+in+mice.">Gastroesophageal reflux activates the NF-kappaB pathway and impairs esophageal barrier function in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 305 (1), G58-G65 (2013).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nrf2+deficiency+impairs+the+barrier+function+of+mouse+oesophageal+epithelium.">Nrf2 deficiency impairs the barrier function of mouse oesophageal epithelium.</a> Gut. 63 (5), 711-719 (2014).</li></ol>

One of the authors (XC) received funding that was provided by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd which supports basic research associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. None of the reagents or instruments used in this article is produced by this company.

各种手术模型已经建立了模拟胃，十二指肠和混合回流的啮齿动物。这里介绍这三种方法都适用于术后生存的合理的价格长期的实验。与手术经验的一位研究人员应该能够练习后短期内掌握的技术。 出血可能源于腹膜内注射麻醉剂的手术，肝和胃，和血管无意损害之间的结缔组织的分离期间肝脏裂伤之前。应该避免这种情况尽可能。电池操作的微型烧灼可被用于停止，如果?...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder caused by the prolonged exposure of distal esophagus to gastric or gastroduodenal contents1. Prolonged exposure to these noxious refluxates impairs the intrinsic defenses within the esophageal epithelium and thus results in esophagitis2. Barrett&#8217;s esophagus arises in the setting of chronic reflux, and is a premalignant lesion with increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma3,4. Despite the clinical importance, the mechanisms of GERD, Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and adenocarcinoma have not been well understood. 
Animal models are essential for research on etiology, pathology, molecular mechanisms, prevention and treatment of human diseases. Up to date, various animal models of GERD, Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and adenocarcinoma have been developed using model animals5,6. Mouse esophagus is lined with stratified squamous epithelium which is histologically similar to that in human esophagus. Although a mouse esophagus is different from human esophagus in terms of keratinization and the absence of submucosal glands, the mouse is still an appealing model animal because of its relatively low cost of maintenance and its potential of sophisticated genetic modifications. Two approaches are commonly used to model GERD, Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and adenocarcinoma in mice: reflux surgery and genetic modification. Reflux surgery is the best way to induce reflux and genetic modifications mimics molecular alterations5,7. Reflux surgery can be combined with genetic modifications to further understand disease mechanisms8. 
Many surgical procedures have been reported by us and others6,9: (1) gastric reflux: pyloric ligation, pyloric constriction with forestomach ligation, Wendel cardioplasty, and esophagogastric anastomosis; (2) mixed reflux: esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis, esophagoduodenostomy (or esophagojejunostomy); (3) duodenal reflux: esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis plus gastrectomy; (4) reflux of chemical components: bilious reflux, pancreatic reflux, esophageal perfusion; and (5) esophageal transplantation5. Recently a microsurgical mouse model was reported to produce jejunal reflux via an esophagojejunostomy with magnets10. These surgical models have advantages over in vitro cell culture or organotypic culture models. In vitro, esophageal cells cannot tolerate a medium with high acidity or high concentrations of bile acids. Unconjugated bile acids which are commonly used to produce changes in esophageal epithelial cells in vitro are usually not present in the duodenal refluxate in vivo. Thus conclusions drawn from such in vitro studies should be taken with caution.
Surgery on the mouse esophagus remains a technical challenge because of its small size. A low rate of postoperative survival does not allow experiments which require certain sample size to reach statistically sound conclusions. In the past we have successfully developed and characterized surgical models of gastric reflux, mixed reflux, duodenal reflux with mice in long-term experiments9,11,12. We have also provided consultation to several other groups in their mouse surgery. Herein, we describe three surgical procedures in mice in order to help the community to establish these models in their labs.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Instruments</td>
			<td>Source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #1 Forceps Dumostar Tip&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Clip Applying Forceps 5.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn Scissors 3.5&#34; Straight 15mm Sharp/Sharp Tungsten Carbide Blades</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating Scissors 5.5&#34; Straight Sharp/Sharp SureCut</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Silk Black Braid 100 Yard Spool</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgeon&#39;s Needle 1/2 Circle Cutting Edge Size 12 (25 mm Chord Length) Pack 12</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holder 5&#34; Smooth</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Needle Holder 5.125&#34; Curved Lock .6mm</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 9mm Wound Clip Applier</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 9mm Wound Clips Box Of 100</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co. (Gaithersburg, MD)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRONOVA Poly (hexafluoropropylene-VDF) Suture 8-0</td>
			<td>Ethicon US, LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td>Source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer&#39;s solution</td>
			<td>Henry Schein, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ketamine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical models of gastroesophageal reflux with mice

Multiple surgical procedures have been reported to induce gastroesophageal reflux in animals. Herein, we report three surgical models with mice aiming to induce reflux of gastric contents, duodenal contents or mixed contents. Surgical procedures and general principles have been described in detail. A researcher with surgical experience should be able to grasp the technique after a short period of practice. After surgery, most mice can survive and develop reflux esophagitis similar to that in humans. However, it should be noted that histological differences between mouse and human esophagus are the inherent limitations of these surgical models. If used for research on Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and adenocarcinoma, these procedures may need to be combined with genetic modifications.

大多数小鼠（&gt; 95％）可以存活手术。在围手术期，导致死亡的原因包括过量麻醉药，出血及原因不明。 四周手术后，&gt; 90％的小鼠胃返流或混合反流和&gt; 80％的小鼠十二指肠反流可以生存。在此期间，主要小鼠死于食管狭窄和无法吃。这些小鼠表现出严重的压力（驼背的姿势，不活动，呕吐，眼睛凹陷，发声等 ）的迹象，需要进行安乐死。用抗生素及输液药物治?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice at JoVE.com

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

This article demonstrates surgical procedures of gastroesophageal reflux with mice. These models are useful tools for research on mechanisms and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and potentially Barrett&#8217;s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

胃食管反流与小鼠手术模型

Multiple surgical procedures have been reported to induce gastroesophageal reflux in animals. Herein, we report three surgical models with mice aiming to ...

surgical-models-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-with-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.0K 次观看.  Ningxia Medical University General Hospital. This article demonstrates surgical procedures of gastroesophageal reflux with mice. These models are useful tools for research on mechanisms and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and potentially Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

视频: Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Surgical Management of Meatal Stenosis with Meatoplasty

Meatal stenosis is a common urologic complication after circumcision. Children present to their primary care physicians with complaints of deviated urinary stream, difficult-to-aim, painful urination, and urinary frequency. Clinical exam reveals a pinpoint meatus and if the child is asked to urinate, he will usually have an upward, thin, occasionally forceful urinary stream with incomplete bladder emptying. The mainstay of management is meatoplasty (reconstruction of the distal urethra /meatus). This educational video will demonstrate how this is performed.

Meatoplasty, surgical management of meatal stenosis.

管理与Meatoplasty尿道外口狭窄的外科治疗

Meatal stenosis is a common urologic complication after circumcision.  Children present to their primary care physicians with complaints of deviated ...

科研

医学

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

植入的无线电遥测发射器产生心电图，心率，身体核心温度和自由移动的实验室小鼠的活动上的数据

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

在诱导小鼠心肌梗死的微创手术过程

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

Cutaneous Surgical Denervation:  A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies have suggested that nerves may also modulate skin disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and cancer. Here, we describe protocols for testing the requirement for nerves in maintaining a cutaneous mechanosensory organ, the touch dome (TD). Specifically, we discuss methods for genetically labeling, harvesting and visualizing TDs by whole-mount staining, and for performing unilateral surgical denervation on mouse dorsal back skin. Together, these approaches can be used to directly compare TD morphology and gene expression in denervated as well as sham-operated skin from the same animal. These methods can also be readily adapted to examine the requirement for nerves in mouse models of skin pathology. Finally, the ability to repeatedly sample the skin provides an opportunity to monitor disease progression at different stages and times after initiation.

This article includes detailed protocols for genetic labeling of mouse skin, surgical denervation, skin biopsy and visualizing labeled epithelia by whole-mount &#946;-galactosidase staining. These methods can be used to test the requirement for nerves in mouse models of normal and pathological skin.

皮肤去神经外科手术：一种用于皮肤病的小鼠模型测试要求的神经方法

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies ...

Intravital Microscopy of Tumor-associated Vasculature Using Advanced Dorsal Skinfold Window Chambers on Transgenic Fluorescent Mice

Tumor and tumor vessel development, as well as tumor response to therapeutics, are highly dynamic biological processes. Histology provides static information and is often not sufficient for a correct interpretation. Intravital evaluation, in which a process is followed in time, provides extra and often unexpected information. With the creation of transgenic animals expressing cell-specific markers and live cell tracers, improvements to imaging equipment, and the development of several imaging chambers, intravital microscopy has become an important tool to better understand biological processes. This paper describes an experimental design for the investigation of tumor vessel development and of therapeutic effects in a spatial and temporal manner. Using this setup, the stage of vessel development, tip cell and lumen formation, blood flow, extravasation, an established vascular bed, and vascular destruction can be visualized and followed. Furthermore, therapeutic effects, intratumoral fate, and the localization of chemotherapeutic compounds can also be followed.

This protocol describes the intravital imaging of transgenic mice expressing cell-specific fluorescent markers. Intravital imaging provides a non-invasive method for high-resolution observations in living animals using implantable windows through which the microscopic visualization of processes is possible. This method is especially useful to study longitudinal processes.

应用先进的背皮窗室对转基因荧光小鼠肿瘤相关血管的活体显微镜观察

Tumor and tumor vessel development, as well as tumor response to therapeutics, are highly dynamic biological processes. Histology provides static ...

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the increased universal phenomenon of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic problems. Bariatric surgery, such as SG, is currently one of the most effective and commonly used long-term treatment for obesity and T2D, but the association between them is not completely explored yet. The mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans can be investigated based on preclinical animal studies. The SG reduces body weight, glucose levels and many metabolic parameters, and is easy to perform with a low incidence of complications. The goal of this work is to provide a simple method and an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery in animals for researchers.

The prevalence of diabetes and obesity is continuously increasing worldwide. The mechanisms between diabetes, obesity and their associated mortality and co-morbidities need to be further investigated. Here, we present a protocol for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in animals as an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery.

使用手术夹的小鼠的套管胃切除术

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the ...

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Bone models serve many purposes, including improving anatomical understanding, preoperative surgical planning, and intraoperative referencing. Several techniques for the maceration of soft tissues have been described, mainly for forensic analysis. For clinical research and medical use, these methods have been superseded by three-dimensional (3D) printed models, which require substantial equipment and expertise, and are costly. Here, cadaveric sheep vertebral bone was cleaned by vacuum sealing the specimen with commercial dishwashing detergent, immersing in a hot water bath, and subsequently manually removing the soft tissue. This eliminated the disadvantages of the previously existing maceration methods, such as the existence of foul odors, usage of hazardous chemicals, substantial equipment, and high costs. The described technique produced clean, dry samples while maintaining anatomical detail and structure to accurately model the osseous structures that can be useful for preoperative planning and intraoperative referencing. The method is simple, low-cost, and effective for bone model preparation for education and surgical planning in veterinary and human medicine.

The present protocol describes the maceration and cleaning of cadaveric bone with a vacuum-sealed, hot water bath immersion technique. This is a low-cost, safe, and effective method to produce anatomical specimens for surgical planning and medical education as an alternative to three-dimensional (3D) printed models.

真空密封热水浴浸泡用于制备解剖和外科尸体骨骼模型

Bone models serve many purposes, including improving anatomical understanding, preoperative surgical planning, and intraoperative referencing. Several ...

Surgical Procedure for Intrapulmonary Tracheal Transplantation in Mice

To begin, record the weight of each mouse, then position the euthanized mouse in a supine orientation and secure its limbs with tape. Use 70%isopropyl alcohol to sterilize the surgical area. Next, create a midline incision on the skin starting from the mid-abdomen to the anterior cervical region.To access the trachea, carefully retract the fat pads, laterally move the strap muscles and separate the trachea from the surrounding connective tissue. Using forceps, create a space between the trachea and the esophagus. Then lift the xiphoid and cut the diaphragm.Insert a hemostat to raise the sternum for an unobstructed path from the sternum to the neck region. Clamp the rib cage on both sides and cut through the sternum extending through the neck muscles. Now remove the thymus and any fat or muscle obstructing the trachea to expose the tracheal bifurcation.Cut the main bronchi and carefully separate the airway from the esophagus. Afterward, cut the larynx and remove it. Spray the dissected trachea with a sterile saline solution or a preservation solution.Use sterile gauze soaked in sterile saline or preservation solution and place it on ice to maintain viability. After lightly anesthetizing the mouse and an induction chamber, intraperitoneally inject a cocktail consisting of xylazine and ketamine. Return the mouse to the induction chamber with 2 to 3%isoflurane maintained.Then shave the fur at the surgical site. Confirm the absence of reflex response to a toe pinch before orotracheal intubation. Using a 20 gauge intravenous catheter, intubate the mouse orotracheally and connect it to a ventilator with 50%oxygen and 2%isoflurane.Now, activate a heating pad and position the mouse in a right lateral position on the pad with the head away from the surgeon and the tail towards the surgeon. Then secure the limbs with tape. Apply veterinary ointment to the eyes to prevent dryness while under anesthesia.Scrub the surgical area first with 7.5 povidone iodine, then 70%isopropyl alcohol, and finally, with 10%povidone iodine. During this time, load the donor trachea into a 16 gauge intravenous catheter. After making an incision in the recipient's skin, cauterize the muscle and connective tissue.Using two retractors, open the fifth or sixth intercostal space and hold the rib cage open. Then use cotton swabs and scissors to dissect the inferior pulmonary ligament. Simulate the creation of the pathway for the donor trachea.To secure the ventilator outflow tube, partially occlude it with a three-way stopcock to facilitate inflation of the left lung. Puncture the left lung with a 20 gauge needle to create a pathway. Then insert the 16 gauge intravenous catheter into the left lung and extrude the donor trachea into it.After insertion of the tracheal allograft, release the three-way stopcock to allow unobstructed expiratory flow through the outflow tube. To close the pleural injection site, position the clip precisely onto the puncture site with its edge aligned to the contour of the lung's edge. Then fill the thoracic cavity with saline solution and absorb the saline with gauze.Reinflate the left lung and close the ribs using a running suture. Close the muscle and skin with interrupted sutures. Now, turn off isoflurane and administer meloxicam analgesic subcutaneously at the end of the surgery.Observe the recipient mouse until it is awake. Then remove the tracheal tube and put the recipient mouse in a cage. A tracheal allograft exhibited complete obstruction with fibroblastic tissue, and the epithelial cells were visibly destroyed.Conversely, a tracheal isograft remained patent, and the epithelial cells were preserved. Lymphoid aggregates were observed in the lung with the transplanted tracheal allograft.

小鼠肺气管移植的外科手术

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>诱导大鼠脑缺血性昏迷的单步法手术

Cerebral Ischemic Coma Model Induced by Modified Four-Vessel Occlusion

Coma caused by cerebral ischemia is the most serious complication of cerebral ischemia. Four-vessel occlusion can establish a cerebral ischemic coma model for disease research and drug development. However, the commonly used four-vessel occlusion method mainly involves inserting an electrocoagulation pen into the bilateral pterygoid foramen of the first cervical vertebra behind the neck to electrocoagulate the vertebral arteries. This process carries the risk of incomplete electrocoagulation, bleeding, and damage to the brainstem and spinal cord. Twenty-four hours after surgery, re-anesthetized rats undergo carotid artery ligation in front of the neck. Two surgeries expose the rats to a higher risk of infection and increase the experimental period. In this study, during a single surgical procedure, an anterior cervical incision was used to locate the key site where the vertebral artery penetrates the first cervical vertebra. The bilateral vertebral arteries were electrocauterized under visual conditions, while the bilateral common carotid arteries were separated to place loose knots. When the limbs of the rats began twitching, the bilateral common carotid arteries were quickly ligated to induce ischemic coma. This method can avoid the risk of infection caused by two surgical operations and is easy to perform with a high success rate, providing a useful reference for relevant practitioners.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：使用简化的大鼠模型增强脑缺血研究

This protocol describes the process for inducing a cerebral ischemic coma model using a modified four-vessel occlusion method.

改良四支血管闭塞诱导的脑缺血性昏迷模型

Coma caused by cerebral ischemia is the most serious complication of cerebral ischemia. Four-vessel occlusion can establish a cerebral ischemic coma model ...