这项研究是由首尔国立大学研究资助（800-20140542）的支持下，先锋研究计划NRF / MEST的（2012-0009544），和NRF / MEST的生物信号分析技术创新计划（2009-0090895），及NRF / MEST的格兰特（2015M3A9E6028949）。

对动物的所有实验均按照研究协会在视觉与眼科声明使用动物的眼科和视觉研究的进行，以及指导方针和条例规定由首尔国立大学机构动物护理和使用委员会和国立首尔大学附属医院生物安全委员会。 1.准备注射套件和病毒载体<ol><li>制备微升注射器配备有33克钝针用环氧乙烷气体消毒。稀释在PBS中的病毒载体用于在微管（ 即，1×10 6 TU /微升）在足够滴度。冲洗注射器数次用病毒载体以除去在注射器任何死角。 </li></ol>病毒载体2.视网膜下注射<ol><li>麻醉成年小鼠（ 即，6 - 8周龄）腹膜内注射tiletami的混合物的NE和唑拉西泮（1:1，2.25毫克/公斤体重）和赛拉嗪盐酸盐（0.7毫克/公斤体重）或另一种合适的麻醉制度。 </li><li>瞳孔扩张与去氧肾上腺素0.5％滴眼剂及托0.5％。 </li><li> 2μl病毒载​​体 - 通过加载1.5准备的注射器微升。 </li><li>打开眼睑和突出眼睛，以暴露赤道注射方便和在手术显微镜下重点关注。保持凸眼睛的位置，直到在完成注射针，或位移可以发生在注射过程。要牢牢占据眼球，将手指眶缘外。 </li><li>申请一滴眼科粘弹性溶液到角膜表面。 </li><li>放置在角膜上以可视化的视网膜的顶部小圆盖滑动。 </li><li>穿刺小孔后略有使用无菌30 ​​G 1/2针为进一步视网膜下注射角膜缘。让孔劣质FOr处的右眼，和优越的用于左眼为方便。 注:如果孔是由在时间或鼻腔，很难涵盖在注射后的眼睑。初始穿刺应略作出后侧到角膜缘，以避免其沿角膜缘运行，并且可以容易地识别该边缘血管。要小心，以避免撞上镜头针，而在初始穿刺。不要插入针头的整个斜面，以避免爆胎的镜头。 </li><li>将微升注射器33克钝针经过前期的穿刺孔，并接近针进入视网膜下腔，直到点，当轻微的感觉到阻力。 注:对于视网膜下注射时，针最好接近角是针对虹膜平面约45度，并且钝针应当向后推向乳头周围区域。虚线方框表示整个玻璃体腔建议针途径视网膜下注射液中的n 图1。 注:不会有阻力觉得当刺穿（或合格）的视网膜层，因为他们是非常柔软。因此，温和阻力的第一感觉指示该针已触到RPE层和所述针的插入应当停止。小心不要穿透巩膜组织过度的压力，因为在针应放置在潜在视网膜下腔。如果针头穿刺由剩余电力的巩膜组织，其进入无阻力眼外轨道的空间。 （这一步是至关重要的） </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig1.jpg" /> 在视网膜下注射的图1示意图。H＆E的小鼠眼描绘的结构用针通路为视网膜下注射标记的染色的横截面（虚线正方形）。放大倍数:40X，比例尺:<html> 500微米。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="9"><li>轻轻注入病毒载体（ 即，1×10 6 TU /微升）到视网膜下腔无震颤，以避免不必要的组织损伤，并轻轻拔出针头。在2.4中描述的注射过程中牢牢占据眼球。 </li><li>观察注射手术显微镜下后形成的水泡视网膜下，以确保没有视网膜出血。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig2.jpg" /> 图2.视网膜下Belb没有形成视网膜出血，视网膜下注射手术显微镜下视网膜后的belb微观角度显示没有视网膜出血成功水泡形成。M /文件/ ftp_upload / 53030 / 53030fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="11"><li>轻轻合上眼睑覆盖注射部位为自密封。返回小鼠家笼永葆直到评价。 注:在研究人员习惯的程序，它们可以通过跳过这些步骤获得快速的程序可重复的结果（2.5，6和10） </li></ol> 3.评估基因传递的视网膜色素上皮细胞的功效<ol start="1"><li>牺牲小鼠中的CO 2室中。用剪刀剜除眼睛。 </li><li>固定在眼睛中，在4℃的4％多聚甲醛溶液至少1小时至数天。 </li><li>抢用细镊子角膜和穿刺微型剪刀角膜。沿缘剪式后取下眼角膜。取出钳镜头。 </li><li>修剪睫状体具有mICRO剪刀使视网膜脱离。轻轻一拉从RPE /脉络膜/巩膜复杂的整个视网膜。切RPE /脉络膜/巩膜复杂的径向从外围向中心靠近视神经几次，以4〜8叶平安装。 </li><li>翻转RPE /脉络膜/巩膜复杂，使RPE的一面朝下，并修剪在巩膜侧的肌肉，包括，结膜和视神经所有剩余的组织。这个步骤是重要的，以一平的RPE /脉络膜/巩膜复杂的，因为任何残留组织使复杂的不均匀。 </li><li>孵育一级和二级抗体复合物为特定的研究目的（可选，请参阅详细方法的引用）。平面安装的RPE /脉络膜/巩膜载玻片上复合物和吸收的PBS用吸水海绵。 </li><li>加入30微升的安装解决方案，然后将盖子滑。观察样品载体递送的荧光显微镜下的功效。保持的样品中的冰箱进一步观察。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maguire, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+gene+transfer+for+Leber's+congenital+amaurosis.">Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 358 (21), 2240-2248 (2008).</li><li>Jacobson, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+leber+congenital+amaurosis+caused+by+RPE65+mutations:+safety+and+efficacy+in+15+children+and+adults+followed+up+to+3+years.">Gene therapy for leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations: safety and efficacy in 15 children and adults followed up to 3 years.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 130 (1), 9-24 (2012).</li><li>Conlon, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+potency+and+safety+studies+of+an+AAV2-mediated+gene+therapy+vector+for+the+treatment+of+MERTK+associated+retinitis+pigmentosa.">Preclinical potency and safety studies of an AAV2-mediated gene therapy vector for the treatment of MERTK associated retinitis pigmentosa.</a> Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 24 (1), 23-28 (2013).</li><li>MacLaren, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+gene+therapy+in+patients+with+choroideremia:+initial+findings+from+a+phase+1/2+clinical+trial.">Retinal gene therapy in patients with choroideremia: initial findings from a phase 1/2 clinical trial.</a> Lancet. 383 (9923), 1129-1137 (2014).</li><li>Trapani, I., Puppo, A., Auricchio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+platforms+for+gene+therapy+of+inherited+retinopathies.">Vector platforms for gene therapy of inherited retinopathies.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 43, 108-128 (2014).</li><li>Liang, F. Q., Anand, V., Maguire, A. M., Bennett, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraocular+delivery+of+recombinant+virus.">Intraocular delivery of recombinant virus.</a> Methods Mol Med. 47, 125-139 (2001).</li><li>Peyman, G. A., Lad, E. M., Moshfeghi, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravitreal+injection+of+therapeutic+agents.">Intravitreal injection of therapeutic agents.</a> Retina. 29 (7), 875-912 (2009).</li><li>Matsumoto, H., Miller, J. W., Vavvas, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+detachment+model+in+rodents+by+subretinal+injection+of+sodium+hyaluronate.">Retinal detachment model in rodents by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), (2013).</li><li>Wert, K. J., Skeie, J. M., Davis, R. J., Tsang, S. H., Mahajan, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subretinal+injection+of+gene+therapy+vectors+and+stem+cells+in+the+perinatal+mouse+eye.">Subretinal injection of gene therapy vectors and stem cells in the perinatal mouse eye.</a> J Vis Exp. (69), (2012).</li><li>Eberle, D., Santos-Ferreira, T., Grahl, S., Ader, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subretinal+transplantation+of+MACS+purified+photoreceptor+precursor+cells+into+the+adult+mouse+retina.">Subretinal transplantation of MACS purified photoreceptor precursor cells into the adult mouse retina.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e50932 (2014).</li><li>Sahel, J. A., Roska, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+blindness.">Gene therapy for blindness.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 36, 467-488 (2013).</li><li>Allocca, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+adeno-associated+virus+serotypes+efficiently+transduce+murine+photoreceptors.">Novel adeno-associated virus serotypes efficiently transduce murine photoreceptors.</a> J Virol. 81 (20), 11372-11380 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+transduction+of+ocular+cells+with+a+bovine+immunodeficiency+viral+vector.">Sustained transduction of ocular cells with a bovine immunodeficiency viral vector.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 13 (11), 1305-1316 (2002).</li><li>Rolling, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapeutic+prospects+in+early+onset+of+severe+retinal+dystrophy:+restoration+of+vision+in+RPE65+Briard+dogs+using+an+AAV+serotype+4+vector+that+specifically+targets+the+retinal+pigmented+epithelium.">Gene therapeutic prospects in early onset of severe retinal dystrophy: restoration of vision in RPE65 Briard dogs using an AAV serotype 4 vector that specifically targets the retinal pigmented epithelium.</a> Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 161 (10-12), 497-508 (2006).</li><li>Le Meur, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+vision+in+RPE65-deficient+Briard+dogs+using+an+AAV+serotype+4+vector+that+specifically+targets+the+retinal+pigmented+epithelium.">Restoration of vision in RPE65-deficient Briard dogs using an AAV serotype 4 vector that specifically targets the retinal pigmented epithelium.</a> Gene Ther. 14 (4), 292-303 (2007).</li><li>Alexander, J. J., Hauswirth, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+viral+vectors+and+the+retina.">Adeno-associated viral vectors and the retina.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 613, 121-128 (2008).</li><li>Puche, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+environmental+factors+associated+with+reticular+pseudodrusen+in+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Genetic and environmental factors associated with reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration.</a> Retina. 33 (5), 998-1004 (2013).</li><li>Campochiaro, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+for+neovascular+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Gene transfer for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 22 (5), 523-529 (2011).</li><li>Park, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+amyloid+beta+alters+the+tight+junction+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium+in+5XFAD+mice.">Intracellular amyloid beta alters the tight junction of retinal pigment epithelium in 5XFAD mice.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 35 (9), 2013-2020 (2014).</li><li>Shin, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+cleavage+of+amyloid+beta+by+a+viral+protease+NIa+prevents+amyloid+beta-mediated+cytotoxicity.">Intracellular cleavage of amyloid beta by a viral protease NIa prevents amyloid beta-mediated cytotoxicity.</a> PLoS One. 9 (6), e98650 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这个视频文章中，我们介绍了缘，方法视网膜下注射技术详细RPE /脉络膜/巩膜平座的代表性成果。这是一个简单而方便的技术为视网膜下注射病毒载体进入RPE。的气泡形成在注射过程中直接​​可视化是准确的交货期为初学者的一个重要步骤。有在Journal引入可视化实验8-10中某些视网膜下注射技术。视网膜下空间是视网膜和RPE之间的潜在空间，因此有两种可能的路由接近视网膜下的空间...

在眼科，基因治疗已成为治疗方式在单基因遗传性视网膜病变。存在与基因在视网膜色素上皮细胞（RPE）包括莱伯先天性amurosis 1,2，色素性视网膜炎3，和脉络膜4相关遗传性视网膜病变。基因治疗的研究领域正在扩大在临床前研究和使用病毒载体的临床试验，例如腺机相关病毒（AAV）， 慢病毒 （LV）和腺病毒 （广告）5。不同的病毒载体具有不同的取向，在视网膜上。一种安全有效的基因治疗，病毒载体应仔细根据靶细胞和靶基因。 基因递送途径也很重要，为有效的基因递送至靶细胞，因此，应该仔细选择为好。用于眼内递送病毒载体的两种最常见的方法是subretINAL注射玻璃体内注射6。后者，玻璃体内注射，已被广泛地用于药物输送到治疗在湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）和黄斑水肿脉络膜新生血管形成，糖尿病性视网膜病7。玻璃体内途径提供的病毒载体到玻璃体和视网膜内层的暴露，但向量到外视网膜的扩散受到限制。另一方面，在视网膜下途径提供直接递送病毒载体到视网膜和RPE之间的潜在空间，诱导局部疱。因此，视网膜下注射是目前被认为用于靶向感光细胞和RPE一个更有效的路由。在手术方式上，玻璃体被选为安全区的玻璃体内注射，避免在人类患者视网膜损伤。通过简单地修改这个方法给小鼠，我们可以通过角膜缘视网膜下的方法或intravireally注入病毒载体。 在这个视频本文中，我们证明视网膜下注射病毒载体的容易且方便的方法到小鼠视网膜色素上皮。在后方缘用30 G 1/2单针穿刺后，一个33克钝针配备微升注射器插入通过角膜缘穿刺部位的视网膜下腔。 1.5病毒载体 - 2微升体积被注入到视网膜和RPE诱导视网膜下泡之间的潜在空间。这个过程可以在直视下使用手术显微镜下进行。反复练习将保证复制的结果，即使没有气泡形成的直接可视化。这将有助于研究人员进行精确和节省时间用于实验的小鼠视网膜色素上皮基因传递。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>TWEEZERS DUMONT #5 11cm DUMOSTAR 0.1 x 0.06 mm TIPS</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>500233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VANNAS Scissors S/S, 105mm</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555583S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>33G Blunt needle</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NF33BL-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoFil Syringe, 10 microliter&#160;</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NANOFIL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPE-KIT</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>RPE-KIT</td>
			<td>For easy one hand injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30Gx1/2 (0.3mmx 13mm) BD PrecisionGlideTM Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305107</td>
			<td>Initial puncture for subretinal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Cover Glasses (No. 1 3 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0720&#160; (CS-3R)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica operating microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>LM M80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoresecein microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse 80i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentivirus</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>TMO.LV-Ctr</td>
			<td>Used to dilute vectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-015</td>
			<td>Used to dilute vectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Troperin (Phenylephrin 0.5%-Tropicamide 0.5%)</td>
			<td>Hanmi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For dilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proparacaine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution USP, 0.5% (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Bausch&#38;Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For topical anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Healon GV OVD</td>
			<td>Abbott Medical Optics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil 50 (tiletamine hypochloride and zolazepam hypochloride)</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For general anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun&#174; injection (Xylazine HCl)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For general anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

limbal approach-subretinal injection of viral vectors for gene therapy in mice retinal pigment epithelium

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in retinopathies using non-viral and viral gene delivery to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injection is the best approach to deliver viral vectors directly to RPE cells. Before the clinical trial of a gene therapy, it is inevitable to validate the efficacy of the therapy in animal models of various retinopathies. Thus, subretinal injection in mice becomes a fundamental technique for an ocular gene therapy. In this protocol, we provide the easy and replicable technique for subretinal injection of viral vectors to experimental mice. This technique is modified from the intravitreal injection, which is widely used technique in ophthalmology clinics. The representative results of RPE/choroid/scleral complex flat-mount will help to understand the efficacy of this technique and adjust the volume and titer of viral vectors for the extent of gene transduction.

通过该协议评估视网膜下注射病毒基因转导的功效，我们用巨细胞病毒启动子表达GFP和RFP的指标市售LV载体。根据研究目的合适的时间后，眼睛被摘除。对于代表性的结果，眼睛被剜出10周20周视网膜下注射后。完全除去使用上述方法的视网膜后，RPE /脉络膜/巩膜复杂的平面安装在荧光显微镜下进行了评价。代表性结果示于图3A（与完全除去视网膜的很好的例子）和图3B（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium at JoVE.com

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

病毒载体的基因治疗的小鼠视网膜色素上皮缘方针，视网膜下注射

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

limbal-approach-subretinal-injection-viral-vectors-for-gene-therapy

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

21.0K 次观看.  Seoul National University College of Medicine. Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

视频: Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures with morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of native human RPE. These hfRPE cell cultures exhibit heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy show extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied mammalian models of native RPE, including human. These results were extended by the development of therapeutic interventions in several animal models of human eye disease. We have focused on strategies for the removal of abnormal fluid accumulation in the retina or subretinal space. The extracellular subretinal space separates the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the RPE and is critical for maintenance of retinal attachments and a whole host of RPE/retina interactions.

We provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (hfRPE) cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein and gene expression patterns of adult native tissue. This work has been extended to an animal model of several eye diseases.

视网膜色素上皮的生理与病理生理学研究的实验模型

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

科研

神经科学

Targeting of Deep Brain Structures with Microinjections for Delivery of Drugs, Viral Vectors, or Cell Transplants

Microinjections into the brain parenchyma are important procedures to deliver drugs, viral vectors or cell transplants.  The brain lesion that an injecting needle produces during its trajectory is a major concern especially in the mouse brain for not only the brain is small but also sometimes multiple injections are needed.  We show here a method to produce glass capillary needles with a 50-&mu;m lumen which significantly reduces the brain damage and allows a precise targeting into the rodent brain. This method allows a delivery of small volumes (from 20 to 100 nl), reduces bleeding risks, and minimizes passive diffusion of drugs into the brain parenchyma. By using different size of capillary glass tubes, or changing the needle lumen, several types of substances and cells can be injected. Microinjections with a glass capillary tube represent a significant improvement in injection techniques and deep brain targeting with minimal collateral damage in small rodents.

In this article, we show a method to make glass capillary needles with a 50-&mu;m lumen. This technique significantly reduces the brain damage, minimizes passive diffusion of drugs and allows a precise targeting into the rodent brain.

定向脑深部结构与配送药品，病毒载体，或细胞移植Microinjections

Microinjections into the brain parenchyma are important procedures to deliver drugs, viral vectors or cell transplants.  The brain lesion that an ...

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific subsets of cells in different brain regions both in vivo and in brain sections. Unlike the injection of fluorescent dyes, viral labeling offers targeting of individual cell types and is less expensive and time consuming than establishing transgenic mouse lines. In this technique, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is injected intracranially using stereotaxic coordinates, a micropipette and an automated pump for precise delivery of AAV to the desired area with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Injection parameters can be tailored to individual experiments by adjusting the animal age at injection, injection location, volume of injection, rate of injection, AAV serotype and the promoter driving gene expression. Depending on the conditions chosen, virally-induced transgene expression can allow visualization of groups of cells, individual cells or fine cellular processes, down to the level of dendritic spines. The experiment shown here depicts an injection of double-stranded AAV expressing green fluorescent protein for the labeling of neurons and glia in the mouse primary visual cortex.

Here we present the intracranial injection of AAV vectors for fluorescent labeling of neurons and glia in the visual cortex.

颅内注射腺相关病毒载体

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

解剖鼠标眼的视网膜色素上皮的全山

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

扩展胚胎及成体神经干细胞<em&gt;在子宫内</em电穿孔或病毒立体定向注射

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

立体定向注射病毒载体的基因操作在小鼠脊髓条件

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

新生小鼠脑侧脑室注射病毒的持续和广泛的神经元传导

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

人视网膜色素上皮细胞向大鼠眼巩膜视网膜移植精制方案的研制

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

小鼠经颅光生物调节治疗方案

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...