The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.

该协议是经克里斯托弗纽波特大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会。 1.构造的OFTM设备的<ol><li>构建边界墙（高40厘米和183厘米口径）由三个白色的层压板。构建从黑色层压板的圆形迷宫地板（183厘米直径的），并将其粘到塑料桌面。边界壁固定表中的用螺钉和胶水的边缘。 </li><li>装饰界墙的内表面:保留四分之一纯白色;漆四分之一纯黑色;涂料四分之一带黑色条纹;涂料四分之一与黑色圆圈。 </li><li>打造四"食品塔"（8厘米×8厘米×20厘米; 图1A）削减从方方正正的白色PVC职位。粘上一块黑色的层压板（8厘米×8cm）上，以每座塔的顶部。他们固定在迷宫地板上疯狂胶54厘米彼此分开。 </li><li>三建"训练前拖ERS"（5厘米10厘米高15厘米分别; 图1B）由一个方形的白色PVC职位。粘上一块黑色的层压板（8厘米×8cm）上，以每座塔的顶部。这些塔仅在预训练阶段（以下描述）贴在迷宫地板。 </li><li>胶1黑色不透明塑料食品杯有螺旋式顶盖（=漆成黑色透明的塑料珠粒容器;高1.75厘米和3.75厘米直径）以每种食品塔的顶部。钻三个小通风孔（直径3mm），在每一个盖子。孔确保使用嗅觉线索老鼠不能找到"正确的"食品塔。训练塔的高度保证​​了使用不封顶的食用杯作为一个视觉提示的老鼠无法找到"正确"的塔。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig1.jpg" /> 图1.打开场塔妈的照片泽（OFTM）。 （A）的老鼠是能够找到和检索只有一个奖赏开涮"训练塔"采集过程中食物奖励，以及所有后续的培训和测试。 （B）三"职前训练塔"被放置在迷宫的舞台在预培训中心。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2. OFTM迷宫室<ol><li>用一盏灯与60瓦灯泡（流明:800），以照亮昏暗的迷宫房间。灯位于3英尺高于地面和2英尺到迷宫的侧面，向天花板面对。播放白噪声用机声背景（〜70 dB为单位）。 </li><li>装入数字摄像机迷宫上方的天花板传输视频到计算机。挂一个不透明的窗帘迷宫从计算机监控分离区域。 </li></ol> 3.鼠处理，限食和住房<ol><li>让每个实验者处理所有的老鼠七天（每天4分钟）之前，预培训。 </li><li>将老鼠的食物限制饮食（1小时每天可免费喂养）。这种饮食可以确保老鼠会受到激励以在训练期间检索的奖励，在保持健康的体重（〜90％的自由喂养的重量）。 </li><li>双房子大鼠（如果使用雌性）在整个实验的持续时间。对圈养雌性大鼠比单设雌性大鼠12不那么焦虑。 </li></ol> 4.预培训程序<ol><li>饵不封顶的食用杯上的七塔用食物奖励（ 如一块水果谷物）内。 </li><li>将老鼠放入迷宫中随机位置，直到找到，消耗全部七个食物奖励它被删除之前。 <ol><li>如果老鼠没有在10取回所有的食物奖励分钟，然后将其从迷宫中删除，并再次给前期训练程序第二天。注意:有些老鼠会需要更长的时间比其他人要开始学习如何检索来自塔顶部的食物奖励。 </li><li>如果一只老鼠不检索和使用从内部预训练的前两天塔全部七个食物奖励，给它30分钟的会议在OFTM直到食物奖励被检索。通常情况下，老鼠会发现，消耗全部一两个30分钟的会议后的食物奖励。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.将培训与应对培训过程<ol><li>将每个大鼠两个四开机位置。平衡的情况如下:在每个训练日的开始位置释放点;学习（地点VS响应）的类型; "正确塔"的所有地方的学习者;并依次在每个响应学习者培训，使（右与左）。 </li><li>在每次的开始训练日转噪音的机器上，并打开视频录制节目。诱饵四个塔楼，并覆盖三个出四大粮杯，留下了"正确的"塔露的食物奖励。 </li><li>在每个给定的试验，开始录像（参见制造商提供的使用手册上的说明），然后将在迷宫的老鼠在其指定的起始位置。然后，转到幕后去观察在计算机显示器上老鼠的行为。从迷宫中取出大鼠它获取奖励后立即或3分钟过去后，停止录像。 <ol><li>对于老鼠的地方学习 ，始终使用相同的"正确"的食品塔，并将其放置在老鼠的两家创业地点之一。一个地方学习者通过寻找使用在迷宫中提供的空间感的特定位置解决了OFTM。例如，诱饵塔D（="正确的"塔），并从发布开始位置的老鼠"2"或"3217;或诱饵塔A中（ 在图2A中，左边实线箭头），并释放从开始位置"1"或"4"（虚线在图2A中箭头所示，左）大鼠。 </li><li>为了响应学习老鼠，切换取决于起始位置的"正确"的食物塔。响应学习者解决OFTM通过学习，使特定的转（ 如 ，总是向右转），无论其起始位置在迷宫。例如，诱饵塔D和释放从开始位置大鼠&#39;3&#39;，或诱饵塔B和释放从一个开始位置同一大鼠&#39;2&#39;（实线箭头在图2B中，左侧）。对于不同的大鼠，饵塔B和从位置"1"，或诱饵塔A中释放大鼠和释放大鼠从位置"4"（虚线在图2B中箭头所示，左）。 </li></ol></li><li>给所有的老鼠一共有48训练试验在12个工作日（每个DA四项试验<html> Y）。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig2.jpg" /> 图2.高架示意图显示占位和响应培训和测试程序。此图显示了训练的地方学习者（A，左）和响应学习者（B，左），也开始和奖励的开始和食物奖励位置对于地方学习者的起始位置开关测试过程中使用（A，右）的位置和响应的学习者（B，右）。数字表明老鼠的起始位置;灰色方块代表食物塔;实线和虚线指向饵食塔。起始位置，每一个训练条件中平衡。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> E"&gt; 6。起始位置开关测试程序<ol><li>后在其渐近的水平所有的老鼠进行（〜80％的正确首选响应）开展了"开始位置开关测试"，以检验学习行为的持续性。 </li><li>抵消新颖起始位置（ 即，还没有被先前用于大鼠的开始位置）。 </li><li>按照程序，在协议第5条描述的新的开始位置每次训练试验。 <ol><li>一个地方学习大鼠最初是从位置&#39;2&#39;或&#39;3&#39;D座释放并有作为其"正确"的塔中，将鼠在任一新的开始位置&#39;1&#39;或&#39;4&#39;的，同时仍引诱塔D（ 图2A，右）。 </li><li>为了响应学习老鼠最初释放出位置"2"或"3"，并学会了右转领取奖励（上塔乙和D，分别），将鼠无论是在新的起点位置&#39;1&#39;或&#39;4&#39;和鱼饵或者塔A或C，分别为（这仍然需要大鼠右转才能找到食物奖励） 图2B，右。 </li><li>辖跨越两天就只8起始位置开关测试试验（每天四项试验）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.数据分析<ol><li>有谁没有受过训练的老鼠，并通过计算反应的老鼠，使找到"正确的"塔每次实验的数量并不知道每只大鼠得分录影试验治疗的实验者（由老鼠饲养了超过指定的食品杯）。 </li><li>计算时间的百分数老鼠发现每个训练日在其第一志愿（第一志愿正确的反应％）的奖励。构建学习使用的整个训练日的第一选择正确答案的百分比曲线。使用f的百分统计学分析IRST选择正确的反应。 </li><li>计算试验次数花鼠达到先验设定的标准收购任务（ 即第一选择正确的8出10个连续试验响应）。排除大鼠从分析中不到达先验标准。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

众多范例可用于研究在啮齿类动物中的学习和记忆，并且每个具有实验者应遵循的重要步骤。在OFTM，重要的是迷宫条件 （例如，迷宫，内和外迷宫线索，在昏暗的照明和背景噪声水平的位置时，训练每日时间）在整个实验期间保持恒定。这也是必要的，以尽量减少应激大鼠科目，以确保持续的性能在OFTM。应力可被保持为最小的雌性大鼠成对容纳它们，也通过之前训练例程处理由实验者。?...

旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）可以用来检验空间学习在啮齿类动物行为和神经生物学机制。重要的是，OFTM使研究人员能够学习两个"地方化"和"反应型"学习类型。在地方学习的动物通过迷宫使用空间线索周围环境（ 如食物奖励毗邻一个高大的灯塔）导航。 期间 ，响应学习的动物使得其位置相对于空间提示的特定转弯响应不管（例如，使一个左转或右转寻找食物奖励）。先前已经报道，响应学习和地点学习依靠两个不同的存储器系统3,4和映射他们的神经机制目前一直科学追求2，5-7。该OFTM的设计改编自所述一个先前描述8。 开放字段范式（所述OFTM的一个组件）通常用于研究焦虑在啮齿类动物9。在典型的开放领域焦虑测试老鼠花更多的时间在一个开放的领域的中心具有较低的压力和焦虑水平高于花更多的时间接近外围影响。在OFTM，大鼠必须输入迷宫的中心寻找食物奖励。因此，正确的导航在OFTM表明，这些老鼠是不强调。一个原因将大鼠在培训期间非强调的是，因为不像焦虑训练OFTM标准旷场测试需要预先训练阶段期间，将大鼠预暴露于迷宫在一段长的时期。此外，该培训发生在一个光线昏暗的环境下进一步降低了一片开阔地的焦虑诱导方面通常是灯火通明。 在OFTM的另一个独特的功能，相比其他一些迷宫，是如何学习的测量。使用实验者水迷宫或Barnes迷宫典型地测量通过分析速度和/或路径长度大鼠行进到达其目标位置学习。会受到非学习因素，如改变在大鼠的一般运动活动这些相关措施。然而，OFTM措施使用的第一选择正确答案的百分比大鼠的学习，使寻找食物奖励。这依赖措施是不容易受到变化电机性能，因此，更准确地评估学习比速度和距离的测量。尽管如此，实验者也可以测量在使用视频跟踪软件OFTM老鼠的速度和行驶距离。 其他迷宫类型，如T迷宫，水迷宫和Barnes迷宫可以用于研究占位和响应学习。然而，OFTM是在几个显着的方面是独一无二的。首先，OFTM是更敏感的行为测定比T-迷宫因为OFTM具有绩效机会电子商务的25％，而T迷宫具有50％的机会性能。第二，大鼠只能打开在在T型迷宫两种方式之一，但在OFTM导航时具有无限制的路线的可能性。第三，不象水迷宫和Barnes迷宫任务（其可以不受限制地路由可能性像OFTM），使用OFTM实验不需要大鼠浏览厌恶的情况。老鼠是motived在Morris水迷宫导航逃脱浸在水中，他们的动机是在巴恩斯迷宫导航，以避免在一个开放的，明亮的光线充足的环境之中。它已经证明，在暴露于水迷宫或Barnes迷宫诱导应激激素（即，皮质酮）在啮齿动物中10的释放。然而，老鼠定位在OFTM，因为他们的动机是寻找食物奖励和培训与昏暗的环境光线进行。因此，OFTM是非厌恶欲求任务。结果从使用紧张米试验阿塞拜疆范式来研究操作，如药物，激素，运动，或饮食对学习和记忆机制的影响是难以解释，因为"压力"，本身可能会影响认知功能11。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OFTM construction supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4EY97</td>
			<td>Used for general eye protection during maze construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masking Tape, Beige, 18mm x 55m</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F739</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wiss All-purpose Scissor</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>37103278647</td>
			<td>General supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lancaster&#160; 6 foot Round Folding table - Heavy Duty white granite plastic - 29&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.webstaurantstore.com</td>
			<td>384YCZ72RND</td>
			<td>Used as base of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1573603504896</td>
			<td>Used as walls for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>1595603504896</td>
			<td>Used as floor of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive, Spray, 24oz, 17.6oz Net. 3M</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>3MA16</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>193252</td>
			<td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>300040-068</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Industrial Sealant; 10.1oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>4UH06</td>
			<td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Painter&#39;s Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2in x 60yd</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6FET7</td>
			<td>Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini/Trim paint tray</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1365105</td>
			<td>Used to hold paint&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam mini roller 4&#34; 6pk</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1494871</td>
			<td>Used for painting patterns&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Val Sample Set Nbase paint</td>
			<td>ACE Hardware</td>
			<td>1505031</td>
			<td>Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP Paint Black</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>72450405005</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>81773801110</td>
			<td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 2in X 60yd, 10.5mil. Black</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>15F767</td>
			<td>Used to wrap the exterior of the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X4 8ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>40933070541</td>
			<td>Used to build towers for the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 gram Pro Super Glue</td>
			<td>Lowe&#39;s</td>
			<td>125870</td>
			<td>Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead Containers 9 - 1/2</td>
			<td>Michaels</td>
			<td>652695766978</td>
			<td>Used as food cups on top of towers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Paint, Black, 12oz</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>6KP22</td>
			<td>Used to paint food cups &#38; covers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Room prepration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>204493600</td>
			<td>Used for background noise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamp</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5027698392</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES 14W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4pk</td>
			<td>Home Depot&#160;</td>
			<td>762148208433</td>
			<td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shower Curtain</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3429910901</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curtain Rod</td>
			<td>Bed Bath &#38; Beyond</td>
			<td>76598645104</td>
			<td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Froot Loops Cereal</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>3800039122</td>
			<td>Used as reward</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Recorder 3: 4 video</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>NMR4-0200</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochrome GigE Camera</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>XCFW-BG62</td>
			<td>Used to record training trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision M4800 Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to run video software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

place and response learning in the open-field tower maze

这个协议描述了如何打开场塔迷宫（OFTM）范例用于空间学习研究在啮齿类动物。这个迷宫是大鼠研究如何学习使用地方 - 或响应，学习成功驾驭在开放场的舞台特别有用。此外，该协议描述了如何OFTM不同于通常用于空间学习研究在啮齿类其它行为迷宫范例。在这篇文章中所描述的OFTM改编自先前由科尔，克利珀和沃尔特（2007）描述的。具体来说，OFTM是为了测试空间学习中啮齿类动物，而不必考虑"压力"怎么可能发挥作用作为一个混杂变量的实验者。实验表明，应力单靠显著影响认知功能1。代表结果部分包含的数据所使用的OFTM检查雌激素治疗的地方 - 和反应的影响实验-学习在成年雌性SD大鼠2。未来的研究将被用来检查海马和纹状体的地方 - 和应对学习中的OFTM的作用。

这里所描述的有代表性的结果此前已发表 ​​在学习与记忆，爱思唯尔2的神经生物学。在该实验中OFTM用于测试的慢性和循环雌二醇处理对占位和响应学习在雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的影响（250 - 200克; N = 48）。有两个重要的原因的OFTM被用来进行这个实验。首先，雌二醇已经显示出诱导上占位和响应学习7不同影响。第二，必须以测试学习在非压力的环境雌二醇的影响，因为性腺激素?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）是创建学习空间学习（ 如地方-或响应学习）的大鼠行为和神经机制迷宫。这个迷宫是谁想要使用非压力的迷津，以空间学习在他们的研究调查实验者特别有用。

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

place-and-response-learning-in-the-open-field-tower-maze

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.3K 次观看.  Christopher Newport University. 旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）是创建学习空间学习（ 如地方-或响应学习）的大鼠行为和神经机制迷宫。这个迷宫是谁想要使用非压力的迷津，以空间学习在他们的研究调查实验者特别有用。 

视频: Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

立体定向显微注射病毒载体表达Cre重组酶研究的靶基因的作用在可卡因条件性位置偏爱

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

行为和运动测量使用一个开放的领域活动监控系统的骨骼肌疾病

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

量化学习婴幼儿:跟踪腿操作期间发现，学习任务

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

可卡因诱导行为敏和小鼠位置偏爱评估

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

用条件位置偏好范式恢复小鼠药物寻毒作用

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

利用巴恩斯迷宫和困境中的破坏范式分析小鼠的空间学习和社会行为

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...