这项研究是由来自韩国医疗技术的R＆D项目，卫生部和福利，韩国的赠款（A101901）的支持。我们感谢吉扬李医生在整个过程提供技术援助。

伦理学声明:本研究​​通过盲医院的机构审查委员会。 1.准备材料（表1） <ol><li>使用TMS设备具有3.0特斯拉的最大输出和在350微秒的脉冲宽度200-240伏交流50/60赫兹5A的电源。 </li><li>获得在由肌电图（EMG），每个受试者休息运动阈值（RMT）使用TMS系统和有源电极（参见步骤3.1细节）来确定运动诱发电位（MEP）。设置RMT作为实际TMS研究方案（ 图1）单独强度。 注:neuronavigational系统包括一个电脑屏幕，主观跟踪器，跟踪器线圈，指针校准模块，摄像头，TMS椅子座椅系统。 （ 图2 - 4） </li><li>使用Superlab程序来设置图片命名任务，并提出了刺激的科目，以测试诱导VIRTU程度人失语。 </li><li>记录反应时间用于使用语音录音系统，更详细地，在步骤4中描述的每个图片。 </li><li>分析由语音分析系统，更详细地，在步骤4中描述的图像命名响应的等待时间和持续时间。 </li></ol> 2.检查研究设计<ol><li>使用经颅磁刺激诱导到虚拟失语。 <ol><li>向受试者执行图片命名任务，更详细地，在步骤4图片命名任务说明。 </li><li>在图片命名任务中应用神经导航或者引导颅磁刺激（非关税措施）或传统的经颅磁刺激（CTMS）。 CTMS的细节在步骤5.3.2和5.5中描述。 </li></ol></li><li>测量反应时间和差错率为图片命名，结果这两个条件下，比较结果为在步骤4中更详细地描述。 </li></ol> 3. TMS协议的制备<ol><li>确定RMT <ol><li>放置活性电极上的左第一背terosseous（FDI）的肌肉。 </li><li>递送连续10刺激向右M1区域在一个4-6秒的刺激间隔，检查左侧FDI肌肉的收缩。 </li><li>利用在其中一个峰 - 峰值的MEP振幅大于50紫外更大产生至少五倍的最小TMS强度确定受验者的RMT。 </li></ol></li><li> TMS映射<ol><li>使用用于使用neuronavigational系统的对象的3-T MR扫描仪获得高分辨率T1加权磁共振（MR）解剖图像。对于MRI扫描的参数概括于表1中 。 注意:转移大脑MR图像的神经导航程序，该重建使用前连合（AC）和后连合（PC）的解剖指导每个人的大脑曲线和皮肤， 如图5。 <ol><li>重建皮肤结构<ol><li>获取对象的脑部MR的文件图像中的标准数字成像和通信医学（DICOM）。格式。通过选择"转换研究"转换的MR图像。设置从哪个文件传送到神经导航计算机的搜索目录。转换类型应该由DICOM类型来选择在神经导航程序中使用。 </li><li>的DICOM文件传输到在其中安装所述神经导航程序的计算机。实施导航程序。默认图标是"解剖"。对于新的病人记录，选择DICOM图像文件之一。 </li><li>点击"阿特拉斯空间"。这一步是设置参考点来重构各个图像。按下Dropbox的"新"，并通过单击设置参考解剖结构"手册（AC-PC盒）"。 </li><li>找到胼胝体的患者的交流，安置在穹窿的列的前两个半球的只是中线。马克AC在MR图像上，点击"设置AC"。 </li><li>发现患者的个人计算机，中脑导水管的上端的背侧两个半球的中线。马克PC的MR图像上，点击"设置PC"。 </li><li>点击"重建"，使皮肤结构。按"新"，在保管箱，选择"皮肤"。设置在MR图像重建的范围内。一定要包括与鼻尖和两个耳朵，整个头骨。 </li><li>在新的结构中，点击"计算皮"。等到该过程完成。皮肤施工完成后，应显示皮肤的形态。 </li></ol></li><li> "重构"一节中，选择"满脑曲线"重建大脑曲线以下3.2.1.1。类似于前面的步骤中，设置的范围为在含有鼻尖的MR图像重建。点击"计算曲线"。施工完毕后，应显示满脑的曲线。 </li></ol></li><li>马克鼻根，鼻尖，都耳屏注册解剖标志。这一步是匹配患者和用于对大脑皮质的靶的相对位置的结构的重建的皮肤结构（ 图6）之间的解剖点。 <ol><li>点击"地标"图标。要配置具有里程碑意义，标志着对计算皮肤结构鼻根（点额头鼻子之间，在鼻骨交界处）。通过点击"新"注册它并将其存储为"里程碑1" </li><li>标记鼻尖注册鼻根作为里程碑式1通过点击"新"注册鼻尖，并将其存储为"标2"之后</li><li>马克对皮肤结构中的每个耳屏。耳屏是外耳的小尖隆起，位于外耳的前面。标记，然后点击"新"地标注册后每耳屏。对于这个协议，右侧耳屏是章istered为"标3"和左侧被登记为"标4"。 </li></ol></li><li>把头带与参与者的头部主观跟踪。在每个学科每个会话校准与导航座椅系统的校准块线圈跟踪器。确保导航相机侦测并显示所有的主题，椅子，线圈，并在继续之前在电脑屏幕上的指针的跟踪系统。 <ol><li>校准用座椅系统的线圈。 <ol><li>每个非关税措施刺激前校准线圈跟踪器。在主计算机菜单，选择"窗口"。点击"TMS线圈校准"，在保管箱。点击"新校准"。在第二届会议上，选择线圈的名字第一次使用，并单击"重新校准"。 </li><li>广场上的校准块的标准点后的TMS线圈。确保线圈水平放置。检查摄像头检测两个校准模块和线圈跟踪器（显示为绿色）。然后，单击"开始倒计时校准"，和一个5秒倒计时开始。在倒计时过程中按住线圈依然。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4.图片命名任务<ol><li>将图片命名程序会自动移动到下一个画面之前提出每个刺激3000毫秒。 </li><li>请参与者尽可能准确和尽快命名呈现的画面。 </li><li>通过检测由通过耳机麦克风使用免费语音分析程序的主体发出的声音测量反应时间为每个图象（在屏幕上的刺激弹出到由参与者提出的第一声音延迟）。 <ol><li>从波士顿命名测试（K-BNT）韩版的图片数据库名的长度和两段匹配到3点40照片显示在屏幕上前后的刺激，如在研究由Kim 等人 ，（2014）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5. TMS映射协议<ol><li> Deliver1赫兹刺激在10分钟的的RMT的90％的强度，以总共600的TMS脉冲。 </li><li>持8字形线圈沿切线与垂直定向到目标线圈颅骨。 </li><li> TMS映射（ 图7） <ol><li>确定基于归一化的脑的表面上的解剖额下回（IFG），为NTMS。 <ol><li>注册IFG作为非关税措施的目标。 <ol><li>点击"目标"，然后按"配置指标"。标记显示脑曲线的窗口上的IFG。详细的目标设定是针对每个横向和矢状MR图像实现的。保存点的"轨迹"。 </li></ol></li><li>注册与受试者头皮标志性建筑。 <ol><li>点击"会话"的映射。创建通过在新的Dropbox选择"联机会议"一个新的会话。创建一个"会话1"窗口，在其中默认的图标是"目标"。选择保存在步骤3.2.2.2目标名称。 （选择"轨迹1"）。点击"添加"按钮，并移动到下一个步骤。 </li><li>点击"注册"。这个步骤是，以配合该主题的重构脑曲线。注册的具有里程碑意义的步骤3.2.2.1。用于匹配与实际解剖结构的解剖点。 </li><li>确保相机识别指针和主题跟踪，在绿色显示两者。指向对象的用指针鼻根。点击"样品％跳转到下一个里程碑"。指向对象的鼻尖和品尝它。重复，直到所有四个标志性建筑相匹配。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>广场上的CTMS 10-20国际脑电系统7 F3线圈。 </li></ol></li><li>看屏幕，以确保线圈上所需的目标，并保持整个NTMS过程。作为线圈从由靶心（ 图8）所示的目标移开屏幕上应显示被检者的脑表面，预定的目标，和线圈，以及误差范围。参照画面，因为它被移开的操作者调节目标上的线圈。 <ol><li>在注册目标进行非关税措施<ol><li>点击按步骤5.3.1.1所述注册主体的地标后，屏幕上的"执行"。要改变摄像头检测到指针的默认设置中，选择一步3.2.3.1中保存的线圈名称。在"驱动程序"下拉框的底部。确保相机标识都受到跟踪和跟踪线圈。 </li><li>检查屏幕显示从注册的目标（IFG）的TMS线圈的相对距离和角度。如果线圈从目标移开，该距离被标记为红色，而它被标记为绿色，当线圈是预期的目标范围内。尝试获得线圈和目标为靶心之间的角度尽可能地。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>从操作员打开屏幕的距离以便获得CTMS程序盲目交付TMS。线圈保持，因为它是在会议的开始。 </li></ol> 6. Topograhic数据采集<ol><li>通过手动按下遥控器上的"录制"按钮，每刺激记录线圈位置。 </li><li>在记录每个刺激，获取Taliarach在X，Y，Z为指定的目标和实际的刺激区域坐标。 </li><li>说明使用免费的图像处理程序（MRIcro，http://www.mccauslandcenter.sc.edu/mricro/mricro/index.html）在一个标准化的大脑中的坐标。 </li><li>获得相应的解剖脑区，包括布罗德曼区的Gyrus，耳垂，半球区域标签的坐标塔莱拉什使用免费软件标签计划（Talairachclient，http://www.talairach.org/client.html）。 </li></ol>

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All authors declare no conflict of interest.

TMS无论是在临床实践和基础研究被广泛使用。10有价值的治疗作用是由磁刺激的生理影响，包括皮质兴奋与低频磁刺激治疗失语症的抑制神经调节作用所提供。神经处理或虚拟的11瞬态中断通过磁刺激诱 ​​导损毁可以改变行为表现。12然而，磁刺激的期望的效果，可以稀释或甚至不具有错位的目标上的线圈发生。误瞄准原本预定目标和实际的刺激皮层区域之间可以发生?...

重复经颅磁刺激（磁刺激）非侵入激活神经元回路中的中枢和外周神经系统。1磁刺激调制大脑兴奋2，并在几个精神病和神经性疾病的潜在治疗作用，如电机的弱点，失语，忽视，和疼痛3比运动皮层使用国际10-20脑电系统通常被确定的其他颅磁刺激，或通过测量特定外部的地标距离目标点。 然而，在尺寸，解剖学，和大脑皮质的形态学的个体间的差异不考虑，使得最佳目标定位有挑战性。3为磁刺激应用的另一个关键问题是在磁性线圈的位置和皮质区之间的偏差预期刺激。 光学跟踪导航神经外科有EXP相与它的应用程序涵盖包括rTMS治疗的电磁线圈的指导认知神经科学领域。该neuronavigational系统协助查明rTMS治疗的最佳目标结构。在对目标区域定位线圈4,5这样的分歧经常与采用脑电图10-20系统的传统方法时，这有望在神经导航克服。 这项研究办法表明诱导由neuronavigational的rTMS针对布罗卡区，采用个别解剖标测健康受试者虚拟失语的方法。虚拟失语在反应时间到图像命名变化方面的程度进行测量，并与从常规的刺激方法相比。神经导航引导方法具有用于递送磁脉冲到脑更高的精度，并且因此预计证明比传统方法更大的临床变化。此螺栓的目标y为引入刺激的更精确和有效的方法，患者的临床设置失语。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="804">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medtronic MagPro X100</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">MagVenture</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">9016E0711</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MCF-B65 Butterfly coil</td>
			<td>MagVenture</td>
			<td>9016E042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:29px;">Brainsight TMS Navigation</td>
			<td>Rogue Research</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"> 
			KITBSF1003&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuronavigation-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for aphasia

重复经颅磁刺激（磁刺激）被广泛用于多种神经系统疾病，因为它已经获得了确认其潜在的治疗效果。大脑兴奋是经颅磁刺激非侵入性调制，经颅磁刺激的语言领域已经证明了它的治疗失语的潜在影响。在我们的协议中，我们的目标是通过使用neuronavigational TMS（NTMS），以及国际10-20脑电图系统为常规的TMS（CTMS）的F3抑制布洛德曼区域44和45人工诱导健康受试者虚拟失语。为了测量失语的程度，在反应时间到画面命名任务前和刺激后的变化进行测量，并比较在NTMS和CTMS之间的反应时间的延迟。两个TMS刺激方法准确性通过平均目标和实际刺激塔莱拉什坐标进行比较。刺激的一致性是通过从目标的误差范围内表现出来。这STU的目的DY是展示使用NTMS的，并描述相比，这些CTMS的NTMS的优点和局限性。

Kim等人证实TMS的相比于非导航的传统方法neuronavigational系统引导的更优异的效果通过刺激多焦刺激向右M1区域8的更少分散， 如图9，进一步的证据支持掺入用TMS的neuronavigational系统由随机交叉实验表明通过靶向布洛德曼区域44和45对NTMS和国际10-20脑电图系统CTMS的F3诱导健康受试者虚拟失语症9 K...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia at JoVE.com

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

neuronavigation-guided-repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.0K 次观看.  Inje University of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

视频: Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses electromagnetic coils to stimulate areas of the brain non-invasively. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) with the Brainsway H1-coil system specifically is a type of rTMS indicated for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who are resistant to medication. The unique H1-coil design of this device is able to stimulate neuronal pathways that lie deeper in the targeted brain areas than those reached by conventional rTMS coils. dTMS is considered to be low-risk and well tolerated, making it a viable treatment option for people who have not responded to medication or psychotherapy trials for their depression.
Randomized, sham-control studies have demonstrated that dTMS produces significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than sham dTMS treatment in patients with major depression that has not responded to antidepressant medication. In this paper, we will review the methodology for treating major depression with dTMS using an H1-coil.

Here we present a protocol outlining the methodology for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder using the deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) system.