This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

诱导CTA对木本作物下面描述的协议遵循了"巴塞罗那自治大学"的动物护理指导原则（Bellaterra的，西班牙），并通过动物和人体实验的伦理委员会，绵羊和山羊（CEEAH批准，引用770和分别为998）。 1.氯化锂剂量的制备<ol><li>使25％w / v的（重量/体积）的LiCl在蒸馏水溶液。另外，使用清洁的自来水。该氯化锂吸湿性极强，因此有必要处理化学粉时要小心。 <ol><li>权衡250克的LiCl和在蒸馏水（的LiCl浓溶液）溶解。由于反应是放热的，等到该解决方案已在继续之前返回到室温。倒在容量瓶溶液并加蒸馏水至它带来1000毫升</li></ol></li><li>计算的溶液的体积为每个动物（个体剂量）。 <ol><li>称重动物，以获得他们的体重（BW）和计算的LiCl的毫升需要为每个动物下列方程式1，长期持久的推荐剂量是225毫克的LiCl / kg体重绵羊10和200mg氯化锂/ kg体重山羊17。然而，用于放牧其它剂量示于表1。 （kg体重点¯x的LiCl剂量以g / kg体重）/氯化锂浓度以g / L =氯化锂（L）[公式的体积。 1] 例如: 羊= 60 kg体重;剂量= 225毫克氯化锂/公斤体重;的氯化锂溶液浓度= 250克/升 （60公斤点¯x0.225克/千克）/ 250克/升= 0.054 L = 54毫升 山羊= 35 kg体重;剂量为200毫克氯化锂/公斤体重;的氯化锂溶液浓度= 250克/升 （35公斤点¯x0.200克/千克）/ 250克/升= 0.028 L = 28毫升</li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>氯化锂剂量</td><td> Mazorra 等人 （2006年）19 </td&gt; <td>伯里特等人 （2013年）35 </td></tr><tr><td>低</td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td>中</td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td>高</td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:氯化锂的剂量范围内的LiCl剂量范围（毫克/公斤体重，体重）所使用的不同的作者以诱导饲料厌恶。 2.动物选择和设施<ol><li>选择成人，非怀孕和干燥的动物，这从来没有吃过先前目标饲料。 </li><li>不诱导的CTA超过20只动物在同一时间，以更好地控制自己的行为。最初，只有诱导CTA到5只动物。 </li><li>分配动物在可单独记录的目标进料的进气的地方。喂动物一次的一天，一个基础日粮涵盖所有的营养需求以及水和一英里提供免费使用橙花块。保证充足的盐的摄入量，以防止氯化锂的毒性作用，因为人体细胞可用来代替娜李9。 </li><li>如果设施是新来的动物，给他们1周适应时间来熟悉环境和基础日粮。 </li></ol> 3.感应厌恶<ol><li>卸下基础日粮的前一天晚上（-1天），并提供目标饲料自由采食 ，以保证动物吃如饥似渴地在目标进于次日12。 </li><li>翌日（第0天），除去沃茨在早晨和30分钟时提供200克目标馈送到每个动物的。此后称量沃茨。 </li><li>如果动物消耗超过20-30克，尽快给予氯化锂的用湿透枪相应的计算量（以1.2毫升计算）为几乎是可能的，而不是等待消费经过1个多小时。如果动物消耗少于20-30克，重复上述步骤第二天。杜E要他们天生neophobic饲料的行为，动物可能需要超过1天开始强烈的目标饲料10,17,25-27。 </li><li>氯化锂给药后，提供基础日粮等待2小时。 </li><li>从1天到3，不提供动物目标饲料和定期检查他们发现严重疾病的任何可能的迹象，记录每天的饲料和饮水量（按重量或通过检查表），呼吸频率和动物的行为。他们可以呈现下降头部和耳朵，缺乏运动，腹泻，增加呼吸速率，并在之后的氯化锂管理9-11,20,25天减少水和食物的摄入量。 </li></ol> 4.厌恶验证<ol><li>在天4，5，6和7的LiCl管理，重复步骤3.2之后。 </li><li>如果动物消耗&lt;10克（或&lt;4叮咬）目标饲料，考虑零（不消费）和10克之间的CTA确立。阈值可以依靠的情况下靶植物（有毒或不是）。 </li><li>如果任何动物消耗"10克，管理一个新的氯化锂剂量和重复步骤4.1。如果动物在消费第二剂量后目标植物仍然存在，CTA组消除它。社会便利（ 如母亲，兄弟姐妹和队友紧密）可以修改家畜CTA的行为。这是可以避免的一个目标植物动物又容易消耗，当他们与非动物避免28吃草。 </li></ol> 5.牧场管理注意:氯化锂的剂量用于诱导的CTA在几天完全排出，主要由尿。 <ol><li>虽然李可广泛应用在地壳中分布，以避免在有机作物的任何可能的污染，等待9-11天的动物移动到11作物（含锂的药代动力学设立过关时间）之前。 </li><li>确保农作物地面覆盖整个丰富，适口性好放牧期间，以防止从动物采样目标饲料。从非处理分别吃草处理的动物。 </li><li>让动物吃草的整个表面的delimitated阴谋获得草高度的统一控制。划定使用便携式电或金属栅栏，或使用一个牧羊人放牧特定作物行间的动物的情节。 </li><li>避免过度放牧情节，去除动物前的地面覆盖日渐稀少（草高度5厘米），29。 </li></ol> 6.重新建立CTA <ol><li>每年，让动物回归吃草作物前，重复步骤4。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

该CTA是很容易成立于小反刍动物，如果目标饲料是动物从来没有吃过，不包含着不可替代的营养物质的植物。动物与非毒性饲料的正后的摄食关联除非前一次的接触使得难以改变其特定进料7,33的感知。条件味觉厌恶产生的LiCl因为生产刺激感觉不舒服或胃肠不适34催吐系统。已确定，动物消耗的LiCl增加呼吸率，显示出头部和耳下垂，他们偶尔会踢自己在胃25中 ，并显示牛奶产量20和食物和水的摄入量11下降。然而，这些标志在几天（2-4天）11,20被克服。 该协议可以根据其他的CTA研究稍加修改。虽然我们表明LIC升时，应在目标饲料消耗后立即给药，动物能够摄取与疾病的前4个小时施用后24内关联。然而，为了单独提供目标进料，并暂时分开来自其它源（给药24之后至少1小时）是很重要的;如基础日粮，以防止交叉CTA。虽然我们可以选择在表1所示的剂量之一，我们必须考虑到，这些研究没有评估长期CTA（&lt;1年），只有短期（4天）35和中期CTA（3个月）19。利用成年动物的建议由于小反刍动物其中CTA 4的强度和持续性产生负面影响的年轻气质。 一些关键方面都被认为是获得成功的CTA。虽然淋枪常规用于驱虫，所述的LiCl溶液必须具有比较高的体积施加驱虫药（平均水平高出40毫升/动物）。选择淋湿枪的正确尺寸，保持良好的状态枪（清洁和润滑），小心管理的动物是非常重要的。为了保持长期厌恶它也是重要的绿色盖是高品质和可口的动物，以避免对目标植物的不稳定的消耗。需要强调的是厌恶变弱每次动物样本避免食物而不遭受不利后果25,36。 CTA可能很难在小反刍动物一群建立如果他们住在主要的农作物是目标的植物（ 如葡萄，橘子树）的区域。之一的原因是，当动物在住房放牧或喂食修剪废弃物可能发生与靶植物前一次的接触。该溶液可以是从其他区域带来的动物或提高更换库存不与靶植物接触。 <p类="jove_content"&gt;在过去的几年中，农民被鼓励实施，由于社会需求更可持续的耕作技术。提出的CTA方法将改变用途耕种工具或除草剂与小放牧牲畜的制度。与放牧小反刍动物的另一个好处是牧场表面的增加可用，因为耕地是从过去放牧的动物禁止的。混合放牧牲畜和作物生产使农民能够同时提高土壤质量，以获得更高价值的产品。

利用木本作物行间地面覆盖减轻土壤侵蚀和退化，增加水，有机碳和氮潴留1-3。此外，地面覆盖保持和增加生物多样性，支持农作物害虫及其天敌之间的平衡。农民往往以消除农化应用产品或使用收割机机杂草;从而减少农作物和绿化覆盖率之间的竞争养分。以控制地面覆盖一个经济有效的方法是使用小反刍动物放牧。从动物放牧一个额外的好处是在土壤中的健康和生育的改善。然而，农民是不愿意实施这种做法，由于小反刍动物通过消耗嫩叶和豆芽损坏庄稼。 为避免可能对作物的损害是非常有用的诱导羊群或畜群内的绵羊或山羊条件味觉厌恶（CTA）。该CTA很容易对n成立EW饲料，由于小反刍动物的先天饲料恐新症行为4,5，和因为熟悉进料正与一个相关的"学习安全"状态这是更难以改变或操纵6。动物学会拒绝特定的饲料（条件刺激），由于其负后摄食效应（无条件刺激）。以诱导CTA朝适口和无毒的植物，氯化锂（氯化锂;电感剂）动物消耗的靶植物后口服给药。虽然有其他电感剂（ 例如阿朴吗啡，ciclosphosphamide，噻菌灵），氯化锂显示出最强和最持久的CTA由于由化学感受器触发区面积的刺激和胃肠道不适7,8与一般轻微迹象其催吐系统的影响不适。锂（Li）从上胃肠道吸收和分布于全身水空间9。动物CAn具有恢复期短两天7,10,11。 的氯化锂可以通过与食物12,13混合它，在明胶胶囊13,14或在由浸透枪15-17口服溶液给药。虽然氯化锂的解决方案是刻薄的，在口腔或食管没有受伤被描述。氯化锂是在100至400毫克的LiCl / kg体重（BW）的范围内使用，在使用较高剂量16,18更好的结果（更持久CTA）。尽管如此，考虑到对不同物种和品种的已知剂量的影响，在某些情况下的致死效果开始于400毫克的LiCl / kg体重。一个有效的长期推荐剂量CTA开始在200毫克/公斤体重山羊和225毫克/千克体重的羊10,17,19。李用在这些剂量第4天给药后内排出，主要通过尿（92±4％），其次为粪便（6.5±1.3％）和乳（2.8±0.4％）11。完整估计停药期为氯化锂的血浆中的单剂量为9和11天的绵羊和山羊，分别。由于牛奶中的最小的李排泄，CTA不能自然建立的哺乳断开弹簧11,20。 绵羊长期持久CTA已报道一整个放牧季节（3-4个月）时的替代饲料来源是提供14,21，下一个牧场被重新建立与单一的LiCl剂量几乎完全规避旺季（9月以后）14。此外，2年和3年的CTA不放过已经报道了在牧草条件下牛，而不需要加强剂量，当目标进料是一种有毒的，但适口植物22,23。考虑的替代原料的选择是至关重要的动物保持CTA对无毒的植物。每次动物消耗超过10克避免植物的，而不会导致胃肠二scomfort，注册税务师将受到影响24。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

以下描述的结果是通过一些研究中的CTA朝向在巴塞罗那自治大学进行了小反刍动物木本作物获得，他们提供证据证明所提出的协议。 175剂量和200mg氯化锂/ kg体重在山羊和200和225毫克的LiCl / kg体重绵羊被成功用于诱导CTA针对木本作物与单次给药，有两个动物除外，它没有完全吞下施用氯化锂剂量10,17（ 表2）。大多数的CTA动物表现下降头，缺乏运动和降低日粮的摄入氯化锂给药10,11,17后的一天;然而，动物克服在2天内10,11肠胃不适的这些迹象。对于使用的所有剂量，典型的CTA行为观察是，动物拒绝接近饲养箱，闻闻植物材料，并拒绝进食或消耗&lt;10克的目标养活10,17。此外，检测对于长期的坚持和动物需要在短期内增强氯化锂剂量的数量每个品种剂量之间的差异。它已经收到了低剂量的动物（175和200毫克的氯化锂/ kg体重的山羊和绵羊，分别）表现出更短的完成CTA的持久性和更多的动物需要得到加强，以增强CTA（目标饲料&lt;10克的摄入量）。接收相同的氯化锂剂量（200毫克/公斤体重），羊诱导CTA对橄榄树的叶子山羊，表现出不再完整CTA持久17。另一方面，使用200毫克的LiCl / kg体重，但不当使用225毫克的LiCl / kg体重的剂量10的CTA的持久性通过品种（拉科讷，Manchega和Ripollesa绵羊品种）不同。 虽然单个的LiCl剂量诱导的共mplete CTA对一种新型的饲料（ 即橄榄树叶或葡萄叶片和豆芽），这是不够的诱导CTA对一个熟悉的饲料（ 即集中和干草）。其中接收的LiCl剂量诱导针对浓缩CTA羊仅表现相比于次日，对照组（ 图1）中的目标采食量略有下降。此外，重复的LiCl给药（最多3个剂量连续数天）在学习期间不是有效诱导的CTA对熟悉进料30。 诱导针对葡萄的CTA留下与225毫克的LiCl / kg体重的单剂量是完全的（进&lt;10克）通过在第一年（ 图2）。然而，在接下来的2年重新实施剂量是要加强对CTA当母羊恢复目标饲料消耗。该CTA逐渐变弱时，地面覆盖availa相容性是在放牧季节稀少。 44±4％（干基）在商业葡萄园情节（8.8英亩）自发地被减少草盖，留在地面上更多的纤维; 6 CTA母羊放牧（24小时/天，11天）一个羊群和植物的少营养份（ 表3）31。 5山羊畜群通过14个月保持对橄榄树有效的CTA（目标料较对照组显着降低摄入）厌恶用200毫克的氯化锂/ kg体重诱导后。在商业橄榄园的30分钟草场试验（156米2用自发的草盖和5橄榄树的图）显示，CTA山羊与橄榄树接触花了3.1％的牧场试用时间（采样的行为，闻或接触不能在录制的视频）区别开来，而对照山羊花了50.7％，32。 图 1:熟悉 与 在目标进料的CTA进新型饲料单一的LiCl剂量后（225毫克/千克体重，体重）来诱导的CTA对一个熟悉或避免（CTA）的新型饲料和控制（ C）母羊。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53887/53887fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53887/53887fig2.jpg" /> 图2:小道消息的LiCl管理集团摄入后CTA期间持续存在诱导条件味觉厌恶（CTA）后的第一年离开。 （ <img alt="清除圈" src="/files/ftp_upload/53887/clearcircle.jpg" /> ，控制拉科讷; <img alt="圈" src="/files/ftp_upload/53887/circle.jpg" /> ，CTA紫胶奥内; <img alt="清除三角" src="/files/ftp_upload/53887/cleartriangle.jpg" /> ，控制Manchega; <img alt="Trianlge" src="/files/ftp_upload/53887/triangle.jpg" /> ，CTA Manchega）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53887/53887fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>种类</td><td> ñ </td><td>氯化锂剂量</td><td>目标饲料</td><td>成功率，1％ </td></tr><tr><td>山羊</td><td>五</td><td> 175毫克/公斤体重</td><td>橄榄树</td><td> 100（5/5） </td></tr><tr><td>山羊</td><td> 10 </td><td> 200毫克/公斤体重</td><td>橄榄树</td><td> 90（9/10） </td></tr><tr><td>羊</td><td> 20 </td><td> 200毫克/公斤体重</td><td>橄榄树</td><td> 95（19/20） </td></tr><tr><td>羊</td><td> 15 </td><td> 225毫克/公斤体重</td><td>橄榄树</td><td> 100（15/15） </td></tr><tr><td>羊</td><td> 44 </td><td> 225毫克/公斤体重</td><td>小道消息</td><td> 100（44/44） </td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"> 1比例的CTA诱导动物与单一的LiCl剂量。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:CTA 的成功率成功的比例为与山羊和绵羊单剂量的175，200和225毫克的氯化锂/ kg体重（BW）诱导条件味觉厌恶对木本作物。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>项目，％ </td><td>放牧前</td><td>放牧后</td><td> P值</td></tr><tr><td>干物质</td><td> 28.6±1.4 </td><td> 45.9±5.8 </td><td> 0.066 </td></tr><tr><td>粗蛋白</td><td> 11.4±1.2 </td><td> 7.8±0.5 </td><tD&gt; 0.071 </td></tr><tr><td>粗纤维</td><td> 29.5±0.9 </td><td> 35.1±1.5 </td><td> 0.046 </td></tr><tr><td>中性洗涤纤维</td><td> 46.​​2±4.4 </td><td> 57.6±3.0 </td><td> 0.077 </td></tr><tr><td>酸性洗涤纤维</td><td> 28.0±2.7 </td><td> 35.9±2.5 </td><td> 0.041 </td></tr><tr><td>木质素酸性洗涤剂</td><td> 4.2±0.8 </td><td> 6.2±1.1 </td><td> 0.075 </td></tr><tr><td>灰</td><td> 8.9±0.3 </td><td> 9.1±0.5 </td><td> 0.788 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3: 地面覆盖物的化学成分前一个商业葡萄园自发地被化学成分（干基），并避免母羊放牧后。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

如何创建条件性味觉厌恶放牧在地面木本作物与小反刍动物封面

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K 次观看.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

视频: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

科研

环境科学

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

为远程沉默的神经活动在鼠害的方法在学习独立的阶段

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

行为学

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often hampered by a phenomenon known as "bait shyness". Mice and rats cannot vomit, due to the tightness of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach, so to overcome the problem of potential food toxicity they have evolved a strategy of first ingesting only very small amounts of novel substances. The amounts ingested then gradually increase until the animal has determined whether the substance is safe and nutritious. So the old rat-catchers would first put a palatable substance such as oatmeal, which was to be the vehicle for the toxin, in the infested area. Only when large amounts were being readily consumed would they then add the poison, in amounts calculated not to affect the taste of the vehicle. The poisoned bait, which the animals were now readily eating in large amounts, would then swiftly perform its function.
Bait shyness is now used in the behavioural laboratory as a way of measuring anxiety. A highly palatable but novel substance, such as sweet corn, nuts or sweetened condensed milk, is offered to the mice (or rats) in a novel situation, such as a new cage. The latency to consume a defined amount of the new food is then measured.
Robert M.J. Deacon can be reach at <a href="mailto:robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk">robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk</a>

Mice and rats, due to their innate cautiousness, are initially slow in consuming a novel food, particularly in a novel place. This hyponeophagia can readily be measured in the laboratory, even though laboratory animals are much less anxious than their wild counterparts

Hyponeophagia：在小鼠的焦虑测量

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

神经科学

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>地面无人机系统图像与空间平衡采样和路线优化相结合，以监测牧场植被

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

地面无人机系统图像与空间平衡采样和路线优化相结合，以监测牧场植被

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

导尿在反刍动物的肠袢

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

生物学

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

使用传统恐惧测试来评估牛的不同情绪回路

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

表征草食动物的耐药机制：Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

一个<em秀丽隐杆线虫</em基于营养状态的铜反转测定

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

如何创建条件性味觉厌恶放牧在地面木本作物与小反刍动物封面

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地面无人机系统图像与空间平衡采样和路线优化相结合，以监测牧场植被

地面无人机系统图像与空间平衡采样和路线优化相结合，以监测牧场植被

导尿在反刍动物的肠袢

使用传统恐惧测试来评估牛的不同情绪回路

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

表征草食动物的耐药机制：Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

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