This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

الأخلاق البيان: جميع الإجراءات الحيوانية المذكورة في هذا الفيديو المقالات التي تم مراجعتها والموافقة عليها من قبل لجنة رعاية واستخدام الحيوان (IACUC) في جامعة مركز العلوم الصحية ولاية تينيسي. ملاحظة: استخدام أدوات معقمة المجهرية طوال العملية الجراحية. يمكن تعقيم الأدوات الجراحية باستخدام معقم الأشعة تحت الحمراء في درجة حرارة تعقيم المثلى من 1500 درجة فهرنهايت (815.6 درجة مئوية). Telemeters يمكن إعادة استخدامها، ولكن، قبل إدراجه في الحيوان للتأكد من تعقيم الارسال بأكمله وفقا لتعليمات الشركة الصانعة والتي تم تعبئتها من طرف القسطرة مع هلام خاص المقدمة من قبل الشركة المصنعة. 1. حيوانات التجارب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصول على موافقة IACUC لجميع التجارب التي سوف يتم تنفيذها. بالتشاور مع IACUC المؤسسي ينصح بشدة بشأن متطلبات لاستخدام مسكن بعد العملية بعد هذا الإجراء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحفاظ على الحيوانات في جالغرف التي تسيطر عليها limate وجود درجة حرارة الغرفة من 21 درجة مئوية والرطوبة النسبية 60٪، وعلى بعد 12 ساعة ضوء الظلام دورة مع حرية الوصول إلى الغذاء والماء. ملاحظة: نظرا لأن جسم الفأر أن تستوعب التحقيق القياس عن بعد (بشكل تقريبي 1 سم قطر × 2 سم طويلة)، فمن الأفضل استخدام الفئران التي تزن 20 غراما أو أكثر. </li></ol> 2. التخدير وتحضير المنطوق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وزن الماوس باستخدام مقياس الدقة وتسجيل وزنه. تأكد من التعامل مع الحيوان برفق وهدوء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الحيوانات في غرفة تحريض وإغلاقه. تعيين معدل تدفق الأوكسجين عند 0.5 لتر / دقيقة ووضع تركيز الأيزوفلورين في 4-5٪. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عندما يفقد وعيه الماوس، وضعه على لوحة ظاهرة الاحتباس هيئة الحفاظ على 36-37 درجة مئوية. الحفاظ على التخدير عن طريق الرؤوس مع مجموعة الأيزوفلورين في 2٪ (الحفاظ على معدل التدفق عند 0.5 لتر / دقيقة). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد مناطق العملية عن طريق إزالة الشعر من الجزء الخلفي من الرقبة وركان الجانب البطني من الرقبة عن طريق تطبيق كريم إزالة الشعر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> علاج موقع شق مع 3 تطبيقات فرك الجراحية (حل betadine) بالتناوب مع 70٪ ايزوبروبيل. </li></ol> 3. جراحة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع الماوس في موقف ضعيف. تحقق من ردود الفعل من قبل معسر القدم، وضبط التخدير حتى لا يكون هناك أي رد. تقديم حوالي 1 سم شق خط الوسط تحت رقبة الفأر مع مشرط. في الجانب الأيسر من قطع خلق مساحة تحت الجلد عن طريق فصل بعناية البشرة من النسيج الضام الكامنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الوجه الماوس، واستخدام مشرط لجعل شق الجلد من حوالي 1.5 سم في الجانب الظهري خلفها لوح الكتف. إنشاء جيب تحت الجلد على طول الجناح الحيوان كبيرة بما يكفي لاستيعاب الجهاز. إدراج الارسال في الجيب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج المشبك مرقئ صغير في شق الظهر والمناورة هو تحت الجلد نحو الجزء الأماميافتتاح الرقبة. باستخدام المشبك إدراجها-مرقئ، فهم بلطف أنبوب البولي ايثيلين غير سامة (4 سم طول × 1 مم ID). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سحب مرقئ مرة أخرى من خلال نفق من شق الجانبي في الخلف حتى يبرز أنابيب من كل من البطن وظهري شق، والإفراج عن أنبوب من مرقئ. من الخلف، إدراج استشعار قسطرة في أنبوب إلى نفق غيض من القسطرة الاستشعار عن الضغط من خلال الرقبة. من الأمامي الرقبة، وسحب وإزالة أنبوب البولي اثيلين وإغلاق شق ظهري باستخدام مقاطع معدنية. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعناية فصل الغدد الفك السفلي باستخدام أدوات تطبيقها طرف القطن المعقم وسحب الغدة الفك السفلي الأيسر باستخدام ربط البقاء مرنة. باستخدام ملقط المنحنية غرامة الرؤوس، حدد موقع الشريان السباتي على طول الجانب الأيسر من القصبة الهوائية. الحفاظ على موقع الجراحية المعقمة عن طريق وضع وتأمين ثنى العقيمة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعناية عزل السفينة من الأنسجة المحيطة بها وبلطف فصلالعصب المبهم (بيضاء اللون) التي هي على طول الشريان السباتي بعيدا عن الشرايين. يجب الحرص على عدم قطع أو تلف العصب أو الشريان. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمرير ثلاث قطع من غير قابل للامتصاص 7-0 خياطة تحت قسم الشريان السباتي معزولة. ربطة عنق خياطة الجمجمة لإغلاق تدفق الدم. سحب الخيط الذي هو أقرب إلى القص لانسداد مؤقت في تدفق الدم من الشريان الأورطي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل عقدة فضفاضة باستخدام خياطة الوسطى. وسوف تستخدم هذه لتأمين القسطرة في وعاء. قطع شق صغير في الشريان بين الجمجمة والغرز القصية باستخدام مقص الصغرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انتزاع القسطرة مع ملقط إقناء؛ إدخال القنية السفينة الخاصة، والحرص على عدم الضغط على القسطرة لمنع فقدان جل من لجنة التحقيق. بلطف، والاستيلاء على الشريان مع طرف على ما يرام منحني الملقط الملقط، استرداد القسطرة، وأدخله في السفينة من خلال شق صغير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تشديد عقدة خياطة الوسطى حول الشريان ودفع بلطف القطheter. إطلاق سراح بلطف خياطة الجروح التي هي الأقرب إلى القص ومواصلة التقدم القسطرة نحو الشريان الأورطي عرضية. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لاحظ علامة على القسطرة التي تعطي مؤشر تقريبي لمدى حاجة القسطرة لإدراجها. مرة واحدة يتم الوصول إلى نقطة، وتشديد بلطف كلا من الدنيا وخياطة العليا حول القسطرة. يتم تأمين القسطرة إلى الشريان السباتي عن طريق عقدة الخيط. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إغلاق شق الجلد مع غير قابل للامتصاص 5-0 خياطة. مرة واحدة مغلقة، وختم الجرح بمادة لاصقة الأنسجة. </li></ol> 4. الجراحية الإنعاش وBP القياسات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مراقبة الحيوانات عن كثب لعودة المواقف العادية والسلوكيات. خلال 24 ساعة بعد الجراحة تسكين فترة إدارة وفقا لتوجيهات من قبل طبيب بيطري الموظفين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وبمجرد أن الحيوانات قد تعافى (5-7 أيام بعد الجراحة)، إيوائهم بشكل فردي في قفص الفأر العادي وضعها على الجزء العلوي من لوحة القياس الاستقبال. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحويل آر مزروعansmitters &quot;على&quot; و &quot;إيقاف&quot; باستخدام جهاز مغناطيسي وضع لفترة وجيزة على مقربة من الحيوانات من خارج القفص. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

وقد تحسنت زرع راديو القياس بشكل كبير خلال العقد الماضي. أصغر حجم المسبار يجعل عملية الزرع أقل من صدمة للحيوان، وعمر البطارية لفترات طويلة يساعد على خفض التكاليف، والترددات مقياس البعد مستقلة قضاء الحديث المتبادل بين أجهزة الاستقبال. يعتبر القياس طريقة للدولة من بين...

ارتفاع ضغط الدم هو واحد من عوامل الخطر الرئيسية لأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية، ويمكن القول أنها مشكلة صحية عامة رئيسية في كل من البلدان المتقدمة والنامية 1. وقد وضعت عدة نماذج حيوانية من ارتفاع ضغط الدم تجريبي لتقليد ردود ارتفاع ضغط الدم مثل تلك التي لوحظت في البشر 2. من بين أمور أخرى، يمثل الماوس المتنقلة نموذجا ممتازا لدراسة نشأة وتطور ارتفاع ضغط الدم مما يسمح في التحليل المجراة من مغبة التعرض المزمن إلى ارتفاع ضغط الدم. ضغط الدم قد ساعد (BP) للرصد في الفئران الباحثين لكشف العديد من الآليات التي تشارك في علم وظائف الأعضاء والفيزيولوجيا المرضية لأمراض مثل ارتفاع ضغط الدم وفشل القلب 3 و 4. في الواقع، التلاعب في جينوم الفأر يسمح جيل المعدلة وراثيا أو النماذج التي تستهدف الجينات مناسبة لدراسة ارتفاع ضغط الدم 5، 6. ومع ذلك، وحتى التلاعب لطيفمن الفئران واعية يدفع الإثارة التي يمكن أن تساهم في دس القطع الأثرية خلال الحصول على البيانات، في حين ان استخدام التخدير أو المهدئات تؤثر تأثيرا عميقا ضغط الدم 7. هذه الجوانب مهمة للغاية ويجب أن تؤخذ في الاعتبار عند محاولة مراقبة BP على المدى الطويل. هناك عدة طرق لتسجيل BP في الفئران، وتمت مناقشة المقارنة بين التقنيات الأكثر شيوعا المتاحة حاليا في أي مكان آخر 8 و 9. ومع ذلك، وخلصت التوصيات AHA لقياس BP أن قياس داخل الشرايين لشركة بريتيش بتروليوم ويفضل عموما بسبب قدرتها على قياس مباشرة BP على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن 10. راديو القياس عن بعد إلى جانب القياس المباشر ضغط الدم هو طريقة للدولة من بين الفن لرصد الوظائف الفسيولوجية في مستيقظا ويتحرك بحرية حيوانات المختبر مع التقليل من التوتر والتحف المصاحب للبيئة 9 و 11.راديو القياس عن بعد يوفر القدرة على جمع ضغط الدم ومعدل ضربات القلب، درجة حرارة الجسم والنشاط حيوان من الحيوانات واعية متعددة تلقائيا. على الرغم من أن هذه المنهجية أصبحت شعبية جدا في العديد من المختبرات، زرع راديو القياس عن بعد في الفئران يمكن أن يكون تحديا تقنيا. هنا نعرض بروتوكول خطوة بخطوة يوضح كيفية زرع محول الضغط في الفئران. والأسلوب الذي ينطوي على الإدراج تحت الجلد لجنة التحقيق في جسم الفأر، توجيه القسطرة في الرقبة وإلى الأمام بالقرب من قوس الأبهر عن طريق الشريان السباتي الأيسر. وأظهرت البيانات التي تم التقاطها عن بعد مباشرة على شاشة الحاسوب. يتم تخزين البيانات أيضا لتحليل &quot;خارج الخط&quot;.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small animal anesthesia system</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>low-flow small animal anesthesia system</td></tr><tr><td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>allows monitoring body temperature, and homeothermic control in small animals</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular Microscope</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>KSCXTS-1121</td><td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostat Forceps</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750451</td><td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td></tr><tr><td>Small metal Clips, 7 mm, Stainless Steel</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750344</td><td>used for skin closure</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine solution</td><td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td><td>NDC-67618-150-01</td><td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td></tr><tr><td>Normal saline solution</td><td>Abott Laboratories</td><td>04930-04-10</td><td>needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td></tr><tr><td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td><td></td><td></td><td>needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Braide silk suture</td><td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td></td><td>2716</td><td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Spring scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>15000-10</td><td>for minor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (angled to side)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>14063-011</td><td>No. 3 handle</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade</td><td></td><td>2976-0</td><td>No. 10</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (curved)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11150-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (straight)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11151-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>12002-12</td><td>for suturing</td></tr><tr><td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Henry Schein&amp;nbsp;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td><td></td><td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizer</td><td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td><td>B1000</td><td>sterilize surgical tools&amp;nbsp;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze Pads</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td><td>JJ8513</td><td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbing or dressing</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry Device</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>DSI-PA-C10</td><td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry receiver system&amp;nbsp; coumpled with a PC</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing</td><td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td><td>BTPE-90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13 cm, 0.5 mm OD</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>503374</td><td>special vessel cannulation forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue adhesive</td><td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>NAC No.:&amp;nbsp;11380041</td><td>use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>BB300</td><td>precision analytical laboratory balance</td></tr></tbody></table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

خلال تطوير عوامل فعال في الأوعية الجديد، مراقبة ضغط الدم الشرياني هو أمر حاسم لتقييم فعالية الأدوية الجديدة المقترحة. في الواقع، والبحوث التي تركز على اكتشاف الأهداف العلاجية الجديدة المحتملة باستخدام الفئران المعدلة وراثيا يتطلب موثوق بها، تقييم طويل الأجل من الضغط الشرياني الجهازي الاختلاف. حاليا، عن معيار الذهب للحصول على القياسات طويلة الأجل لضغط الدم في الفئران المتنقلة يستخدم زرع راديو الإرسال، والتي تتطلب إقناء؛ إدخال القنية الشريان. هذا الأسلوب يلغي الحاجة إلى الربط، تقييد، أو التخدير الحيوانات الذي يعرض التوتر والقطع الأثرية أثناء أخذ العينات البيانات. ومع ذلك، الشرياني مراقبة ضغط الدم في الفئران عن طريق القسطرة يمكن أن يكون تحديا بدلا نظرا لصغر حجم الشرايين. هنا نقدم دليل خطوة بخطوة لتوضيح الممرات الرئيسية حاسمة لزرع تحت الجلد الناجح لراديو الإرسال والشريان السباتي جannulation في الفئران. نحن تشمل أيضا أمثلة من النشاط ضغط الدم على المدى الطويل المأخوذة من الفئران تتحرك بحرية بعد فترة من التعافي بعد الجراحة. وبعد هذا الإجراء يسمح التسجيلات ضغط الدم مباشرة موثوقة من الحيوانات متعددة في وقت واحد.

يمكن الحصول على البيانات عن بعد بواسطة جهاز استقبال. وتصور آثار على شاشة الكمبيوتر لمراقبة الجودة (الشكل 1A). وترد تفاصيل مثل هوية الحيوان، ضغط الدم الانبساطي والانقباضي ضغط الدم أيضا (الشكل 1B). الشرايين BP يمكن تسجيلها بشكل مستمر (24/7...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

على المدى الطويل قياس ضغط الدم في الانتقال بحرية الفئران عن طريق القياس

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

long-term-blood-pressure-measurement-freely-moving-mice-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.4K Views.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

Video: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

غرس المرسلات القياسات اللاسلكية استسلام بيانات عن تخطيط القلب ومعدل ضربات القلب الهيئة الأساسية ، درجة الحرارة والنشاط في الفئران المختبرية الحركة الحرة

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

Measuring Blood Pressure in Mice using Volume Pressure Recording, a Tail-cuff Method

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume. A specially designed differential pressure transducer and an occlusion tail-cuff measure the total blood volume in the tail without the need to obtain the individual pulse signal. Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings. VPR can easily obtain readings on dark-skinned rodents, such as C57BL6 mice and is MRI compatible. The CODA system provides you with measurements of six (6) different blood pressure parameters; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean blood pressure, tail blood flow, and tail blood volume. Measurements can be made on either awake or anesthetized mice or rats. The CODA system includes a controller, laptop computer, software, cuffs, animal holders, infrared warming pads, and an infrared thermometer. There are seven different holder sizes for mice as small as 8 grams to rats as large as 900 grams.

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. This tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume.

قياس ضغط الدم في الفئران باستخدام تسجيل حجم الضغط ، وهو أسلوب الذيل الكفة

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA ...

Biology

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

رصد معلمات الجهازية والكبد الدورة الدموية في الفئران

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

القياس عن بعد داخل الرحم لقياس ماوس مقلص الضغط<em&gt; في فيفو</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

نهج جديد للتسجيل المتزامن لنشاط العصب متعاطفة مع الكلي وضغط الدم مع التسريب الوريدي في واعية، الفئران غير المقيد.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

تسجيل كهربية متزامنة والدم الغازية الضغط القياس في الفئران

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

زرع جهاز إرسال تخطيط القلب عن بعد وضغط الدم لتحديد حساسية منعكس الضغط التلقائي في الفئران الواعية

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

القياس المستمر طويل الأجل لتدفق الدم الكلوي في الفئران الواعية

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital ...

Multiple Intravenous Bolus Dosing and Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in a Hypoxia-Induced Mouse Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Model

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, there is no cure for PAH. It is important to discover new compounds that can be used to treat PAH. The mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is a widely used model for PAH research. This model recapitulates human clinical manifestations of PAH Group 3 disease and is an important research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of new experimental therapies for PAH. Research using this model often requires the administration of compounds in mice. For a compound that needs to be given directly into the bloodstream, optimizing intravenous (IV) administration is a key part of the experimental procedures. Ideally, the IV injection system should permit multiple injections over a set time course. Although the mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is very popular in many laboratories, it is technically challenging to perform multiple IV bolus dosing and invasive hemodynamic assessment in this model. In this protocol, we present step-by-step instructions on how to carry out multiple IV bolus dosing via mouse jugular vein and perform arterial and right ventricle catheterization for hemodynamic assessment in mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure for executing multiple intravenous bolus dose administration and invasive hemodynamic monitoring in mice. Investigators can use this protocol for future therapeutic compound screening for pulmonary artery hypertension.

جرعات البلعة الوريدية المتعددة وتقييم الدورة الدموية الغازية في نموذج ارتفاع ضغط الدم في الشريان الرئوي الناجم عن نقص الأكسجة في الفئران

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, ...

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which requires handling the mice, causes stress, and does not provide data on freely behaving mice during the dark cycle. State-of-the-art continuous glucose measurement in mice requires inserting a probe into the aortic arch of the mouse, as well as a specialized telemetry system. This challenging and expensive method has not been adopted by most labs. Here, we present a simple protocol involving the utilization of commercially available continuous glucose monitors used by millions of patients to measure glucose continuously in mice as a part of basic research. The glucose-sensing probe is inserted into the subcutaneous space in the back of the mouse through a small incision to the skin and is held in place tightly using a couple of sutures. The device is sutured to the mouse skin to ensure it remains in place. The device can measure glucose levels for up to 2 weeks and sends the data to a nearby receiver without any need to handle the mice. Scripts for the basic data analysis of glucose levels recorded are provided. This method, from surgery to computational analysis, is cost-effective and potentially very useful in metabolic research.

Here, we describe a simple method to implant a commercial continuous glucose monitor designed for patients onto mice and provide the scripts to analyze the results.

مراقبة بسيطة مستمرة للجلوكوز في الفئران التي تتحرك بحرية

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which ...