This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

Etik bildirimi: Bu video yazıda sözü edilen tüm hayvan prosedürleri gözden geçirilecek ve Tennessee Sağlık Bilimleri Merkezi Üniversitesi&#39;nde Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. Not: Cerrahi işlem boyunca steril mikrocerrahi aletler kullanın. Cerrahi araçlar 1500 ° F (815,6 ° C) bir optimum sterilizasyon sıcaklığında bir kızıl ötesi sterilizatör kullanılarak sterilize edilebilir. Üretici talimatlarına ve kateterin ucu üreticisi tarafından sağlanan özel bir jel ile doldurulmuş olduğunu göre tüm verici sterilize etmek için emin olun hayvan yerleştirmeden önce telemeters Bununla birlikte, yeniden kullanılabilir. 1. Deney Hayvanları <ol><li> yapılacak tüm deneyler için bir IACUC onay almak. Kurumsal IACUC ile istişare çok bu işlemden sonra post-operatif ağrı kesici kullanılması koşullarıyla ilgili tavsiye edilir. </li><li> c hayvanları tutmak21 ° C,% 60 bağıl nem, bir çevre sıcaklığı ve yiyecek ve suya serbest erişim ile 12 saat ışık-karanlık çevrimi olan ikliminden kontrollü oda. Not: fare vücut telemetri probu (uzun approximatively 1 cm çapında x 2 cm) karşılamak zorunda olduğu için, 20 g veya daha fazla ağır fareler kullanmak tercih edilir. </li></ol> 2. Anestezi ve Operatif Hazırlık <ol><li> hassas ölçeği kullanılarak fare tartılır ve ağırlığı kaydedin. yavaşça ve sessizce hayvan işlemek için emin olun. </li><li> indüksiyon odasına hayvan koyun ve kapatın. 0.5 L / dk oksijen akış hızını ayarlamak ve 4 de izofluran konsantrasyonu seti -% 5. </li><li> 37 ° C - Fare bilincini kaybettiğinde, 36 muhafaza bir vücut ısınma tabağa yerleştirin. % 2 oranında izofluran seti ile roket ucu konisi yoluyla anestezi korumak (0.5 L / dk akış hızı tutmak). </li><li> boyun ve t arkasından saç kaldırarak çalışma bölgeleri hazırlayınO epilasyon kremi uygulayarak boyun ventral yönü. </li><li> % 70 izopropil alkol ile alternatif cerrahi fırçalayın (betadin solüsyon) 3 uygulamalarıyla kesi davranın. </li></ol> 3. Cerrahi <ol><li> Bir yatar pozisyonda fare yerleştirin. ayak sıkıştırarak reflekslerin kontrol edin ve cevap kalmayıncaya kadar anestezi ayarlayın. Bir neşter ile fare boyun altında yaklaşık 1 cm orta hat kesi olun. kesim sol tarafında dikkatle temel bağ dokusu cildi ayırarak bir deri altı alan yaratmak. </li><li> fareyi ters çevirin ve skapula arkasında dorsal sol tarafında yaklaşık 1.5 cm&#39;lik bir cilt kesi yapmak için bir neşter kullanabilirsiniz. Cihazı sığabilecek büyüklükte hayvanın kanadı boyunca subkutan cep oluşturun. cebe vericiyi yerleştirin. </li><li> arka kesi küçük hemostat kelepçe takın ve öne doğru subkutan manevraboyun açıklığı. eklenen-hemostat kelepçe kullanılarak hafifçe toksik olmayan bir polietilen tüp (4 cm uzunluk x 1 mm iç çap) tutun. <ol><li> boru hem karın ve sırt kesi dışarı çıkana dek, arka lateral insizyon dışarı tünelden geri hemostat çekin hemostat tüp bırakın. arka, boyun tünel için tüpe basınç algılama kateterin ucu kateter sensörünü takın. Boyun ön itibaren, çekin ve polietilen tüp kaldırmak ve metal klips kullanarak dorsal kesi kapatın. </li></ol></li><li> Dikkatle steril pamuk uçlu aplikatör kullanarak mandibular bezleri ayırmak ve elastik bir konaklama kanca kullanarak sol alt bezi geri çekin. ince uçlu Kavisli bir forseps kullanarak, trakea sol tarafındaki karotis arter bulun. yerleştirme ve steril örtüyü güvence altına alarak steril cerrahi siteyi tutun. <ol><li> Dikkatle çevreleyen dokudan gemi izole ve yavaşça ayrıuzak arter karotis arter boyunca olduğu vagus siniri (beyazımsı). kesmek veya sinir ya da arter zarar vermemek için dikkatli olun. </li></ol></li><li> İzole karotid arter bölümünün altında 7-0 emilmeyen sütür üç adet geçirin. kan akışını kapatmak için kranial dikiş kravat. geçici olarak aorta kan akışını tıkamak için sternum en yakın olan dikiş çekin. </li><li> Orta sütür kullanarak gevşek bir düğüm yapın. Bu kap içinde deriye tespit için kullanılır. kranial ve mikro-makas kullanarak sternal sütür arasındaki artere küçük bir kesi kesin. </li><li> prob gelen jel kaybını önlemek için kateter sıkmak için dikkatli olmak, özel damar kanülasyon forseps ile kateter tut. Yavaşça, ince uçlu cımbız kavisli forseps ile arteri kapmak kateter almak ve küçük bir kesi yoluyla geminin takın. </li><li> arter çevresinde orta dikiş düğümü sıkın ve yavaşça kedi ilerlemekheter. Yavaşça sternum yakın olan dikiş bırakın ve enine aort doğru kateter ilerlemeye devam ediyor. <ol><li> Kateter takılması gerekir ne kadar yaklaşık bir indeksini verir kateter işareti gözlemleyin. nokta ulaşıldığında, yavaşça her iki alt ve kateter etrafında üst dikiş sıkın. Kateter sütür ile karotid arter sabitlenmektedir. </li></ol></li><li> emilmeyen 5-0 sütür ile cilt kesisi kapatın. Kapalı kez doku yapıştırıcı ile kesi mühür. </li></ol> 4. Cerrahi Kurtarma ve BP Ölçümleri <ol><li> Normal duruş ve davranışları iadesi için yakından hayvan izleyin. bir personel veteriner tarafından yönlendirildiği gibi 24 saat ameliyat sonrası dönemde yönetmesini analjezi sırasında. </li><li> hayvanlar kurtardıktan sonra (5-7 gün sonrası ameliyat), telemetri alıcı plaka üstüne yerleştirilir düzenli bir fare kafes içinde onları tek tek ev. </li><li> implante tr çevirinmanyetik cihaz kullanarak ve &quot;off&quot; &quot;on&quot; ansmitters kısaca kafesin dışından hayvan yakın bir konumdadır. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Danaei, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+preventable+causes+of+death+in+the+United+States:+comparative+risk+assessment+of+dietary,+lifestyle,+and+metabolic+risk+factors.">The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors.</a> PLoS Med. 6 (4), e1000058 (2009).</li><li>Dornas, W. C., Silva, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+the+study+of+arterial+hypertension.">Animal models for the study of arterial hypertension.</a> J Biosci. 36 (4), 731-737 (2011).</li><li>Henze, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+alterations+in+heart+rate+variability,+baroreflex+sensitivity,+and+anxiety-like+behaviors+during+development+of+heart+failure+in+the+rat.">Persistent alterations in heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and anxiety-like behaviors during development of heart failure in the rat.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 295 (1), H29-H38 (2008).</li><li>Hoffmann, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+tempol+prevents+hypertension,+proteinuria,+and+poor+feto-placental+outcomes+in+BPH/5+mouse+model+of+preeclampsia.">Chronic tempol prevents hypertension, proteinuria, and poor feto-placental outcomes in BPH/5 mouse model of preeclampsia.</a> Hypertension. 51 (4), 1058-1065 (2008).</li><li>Lerman, L. O., Chade, A. R., Sica, V., Napoli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+hypertension:+an+overview.">Animal models of hypertension: an overview.</a> J Lab Clin Med. 146 (3), 160-173 (2005).</li><li>Johns, C., Gavras, I., Handy, D. E., Salomao, A., Gavras, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+experimental+hypertension+in+mice.">Models of experimental hypertension in mice.</a> Hypertension. 28 (6), 1064-1069 (1996).</li><li>Vatner, S. F., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+control+mechanisms+in+the+conscious+state.">Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.</a> N Engl J Med. 293 (19), 970-976 (1975).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+Pressure+Monitoring+in+Mice.">Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice.</a> Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 1, 105-122 (2011).</li><li>Whitesall, S. E., Hoff, J. B., Vollmer, A. P., D'Alecy, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+simultaneous+measurement+of+mouse+systolic+arterial+blood+pressure+by+radiotelemetry+and+tail-cuff+methods.">Comparison of simultaneous measurement of mouse systolic arterial blood pressure by radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 286 (6), H2408-H2415 (2004).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+humans+and+experimental+animals.+Part+2:+Blood+pressure+measurement+in+experimental+animals:+a+statement+for+professionals+from+the+subcommittee+of+professional+and+public+education+of+the+American+Heart+Association+council+on+high+blood+pressure+research.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research.</a> Hypertension. 45 (2), 299-310 (2005).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+animals:+summary+of+an+AHA+scientific+statement+from+the+Council+on+High+Blood+Pressure+Research,+Professional+and+Public+Education+Subcommittee.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in animals: summary of an AHA scientific statement from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research, Professional and Public Education Subcommittee.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25 (3), 478-479 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Implante edilebilir radyo telemetri son on yılda önemli ölçüde iyileşmiştir; Daha küçük prob boyutu hayvan için implant daha az travmatik yapar daha uzun bir pil ömrü maliyetlerini düşürmeye yardımcı olur ve bağımsız telemetre frekans alıcıları arasında karışma ortadan kaldırır. Telemetri serbestçe diğer tekniklerle 8,9 gerekli olan kısıtlama, insan etkileşimi, ya da anestezi kullanımı ile ilgili eserler olmadan hayvan hareket fizyolojik parametrelerin çeşitli toplamak i?...

Hipertansiyon tartışmasız bu gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde 1 hem önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olduğunu kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için önemli risk faktörlerinden biridir. Deneysel hipertansiyon birkaç hayvan modelinde, insanlarda 2 gözlenenlere benzer hipertansif yanıtları taklit etmek için geliştirilmiştir. Diğerlerinin arasında, ayaktan fare oluşumunu ve hipertansiyon kronik maruziyet sonuçları in vivo analizlerde izin hipertansiyon ilerlemesini incelemek için mükemmel bir model temsil eder. Kan basıncı farelerde (BP) izleme fizyolojisi ve hipertansiyon ve kalp yetmezliği 3, 4 gibi hastalıkların patofizyolojisinde rol birkaç mekanizmaları açıklığa kavuşturabilmek için araştırmacılar yardımcı olmuştur. Gerçekten de, fare genomu manipülasyon hipertansiyon 5, 6 çalışmak için transgenik ya da gen hedefli modelleri uygun üretilmesini sağladı. Ancak, hatta nazik manipülasyonbilinçli farelerin sedasyon veya sakinleştirici kullanımı derinden kan basıncını 7 etkilerken potansiyel, veri toplama sırasında eserleri tanıtmak için heyecanlar neden olur. Bu yönleri özellikle önemlidir ve uzun vadeli BP izleme çalışırken göz önüne alınmalıdır. Orada farelerde BP kaydetmek için çeşitli yollar vardır ve şu anda mevcut en yaygın teknikler arasında bir karşılaştırma, başka yerde 9 8 tartışılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, kan basıncı ölçümü için AHA tavsiyelerine BP intraarteriyel ölçüm yaparken, çünkü doğrudan zaman 10 uzun bir süre boyunca kan basıncını ölçmek için kabiliyetleri tercih edilir olduğu sonucuna varıldı. Arter basıncı direkt ölçümü ile birleştiğinde Radyo telemetri uyanık fizyolojik fonksiyonları izleme ve stres ve çevre bağlantılı eserler 9, 11 en aza indirerek serbestçe laboratuvar hayvanları taşımak için state-of-the-art yöntemidir.Radyo Telemetri otomatik olarak birden fazla bilinçli hayvanlardan kan basınçları, kalp atım hızı, vücut ısısını ve hayvan aktivitesini toplamak için yeteneği sunar. Bu metodoloji birçok laboratuvarda çok yaygın olmasına rağmen, farelerde radyo-telemetri implantasyon teknik olarak zor olabilir. Burada farelerde bir basınç transdüktörü implant verilmektedir adım adım protokolünü gösterir. teknik fare vücutta prob deri altı ekleme içerir, boyun kateteri kanal ve sol karotis arter yoluyla aort arkı yakın ileri. Uzaktan yakalanan verileri bilgisayar monitöründe canlı gösterilmiştir. Veriler ayrıca &quot;off-line&quot; analiz için saklanır.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal anesthesia system</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>low-Flow small animal anesthesia system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>allows monitoring body temperature,&#160; and homeothermic control in small animals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular Microscope</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>KSCXTS-1121</td>
			<td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostat Forceps</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>INS750451</td>
			<td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small metal Clips, 7mm, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>INS750344</td>
			<td>used for skin closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td>
			<td>NDC-67618-150-01</td>
			<td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal saline solution</td>
			<td>Abott Laboratories</td>
			<td>04930-04-10</td>
			<td>Needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braide silk suture</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>15000-10</td>
			<td>for minor dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors (angled to side)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>14063-011</td>
			<td>No. 3 handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2976-0</td>
			<td>No. 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (curved)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>11150-10</td>
			<td>for holding tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (straight)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>11151-10</td>
			<td>for holding tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>12002-12</td>
			<td>for suturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein&#160;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>B1000</td>
			<td>sterilize surgical tools&#160;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Pads</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>JJ8513</td>
			<td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbin or dressing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry Device</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td>DSI-PA-C10</td>
			<td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry receiver system&#160; coumpled with a PC</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small Tubing</td>
			<td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td>
			<td>BTPE-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13cm, 0.5mm OD</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>503374</td>
			<td>special vessel cannulation forceps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td>NAC No.:&#160;11380041</td>
			<td>&#160;use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weighing scale&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BB300</td>
			<td>&#160;Precision Analytical Laboratory Balance</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

Yeni vazoaktif ajanların geliştirilmesi sırasında, arteriyel kan basıncı izleme yeni önerilen ilaçların etkinliğini değerlendirmek için çok önemlidir. Nitekim, genetik olarak değiştirilmiş fareler kullanarak yeni potansiyel terapötik hedeflerin keşif odaklanan araştırma sistemik arteriyel basınç değişiminin güvenilir, uzun vadeli değerlendirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Şu anda, ayaktan farelerde kan basıncının uzun süreli ölçümleri elde etmek için altın standart arter kanülasyonu gerektiren implante radyo-vericileri kullanır. Bu teknik frenleyici veya veri örnekleme sırasında stres ve eserleri tanıtmak hayvanlar anestezi, tethering ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırır. Ancak, kateterizasyon yoluyla farelerde kan basıncı izleme nedeniyle damarların küçük boyutu oldukça zor olabilir. Burada radyo vericileri ve karotid arter c başarılı bir deri altı implantasyon için çok önemli anahtar pasajları göstermek için bir adım-adım bir rehber sunuyoruzFarelerde halka oluşturma. Ayrıca ameliyat sonrası bir iyileşme süresinden sonra serbestçe hareket farelerden alınan uzun süreli kan basıncı aktivitesi örnekleri arasında. Bu işlemi takiben aynı anda birden fazla hayvanlardan güvenilir doğrudan kan basıncı kayıtları sağlayacaktır.

Veriler bir alıcı tarafından uzaktan elde edilebilir; izleri kalite kontrol (Şekil 1a) için bir bilgisayar ekranında görsel edilir. Böyle hayvan kimliği, diyastolik kan basıncı ve sistolik kan basıncı gibi detaylar da (Şekil 1b) gösterilmektedir. Arter BP sürekli (24/7) kaydedilebilir, ya da kısa programlanmış aralıklarla (yani, 60 sn edinme her saat). Veriler otomatik olarak daha sonra analiz için bir sabit diskte saklanabi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Telemetri kullanarak Serbestçe Hareketli Fare Uzun süreli Tansiyon Ölçümü

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

long-term-blood-pressure-measurement-freely-moving-mice-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

Video: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Farelerde Akut Akciğer Hasarı tetikleyebilecek Basınç Kontrollü Havalandırma

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

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Epidural Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Rats Using a Fiber-optic Pressure Transducer

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest. This elevation may result in further neurological injury, in the form of transtentorial herniation1,2,3,4, midbrain compression, neurological deficit or increased cerebral infarct2,4. Current therapies are often inadequate to control elevated ICP in the clinical setting5,6,7 . Thus there is a need for accurate methods of ICP measurement in animal models to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms and to develop new treatments for elevated ICP.
In both the clinical and experimental setting ICP cannot be estimated without direct measurement. Several methods of ICP catheter insertion currently exist. Of these the intraventricular catheter has become the clinical 'gold standard' of ICP measurement in humans8. This method involves the partial removal of skull and the instrumentation of the catheter through brain tissue. Consequently, intraventricular catheters have an infection rate of 6-11%9. For this reason, subdural and epidural cannulations have become the preferred methods in animal models of ischemic injury. 
Various ICP measurement techniques have been adapted for animal models, and of these, fluid-filled telemetry catheters10 and solid state catheters are the most frequently used11,12,13,14,15. The fluid-filled systems are prone to developing air bubbles in the line, resulting in false ICP readings. Solid state probes avoid this problem (Figure 1). An additional problem is fitting catheters under the skull or into the ventricles without causing any brain injury that might alter the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we have developed a method that places an ICP catheter contiguous with the epidural space, but avoids the need to insert it between skull and brain. 
An optic fibre pressure catheter (420LP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was used to measure ICP at the epidural location because the location of the pressure sensor (at the very tip of the catheter) was found to produce a high fidelity ICP signal in this model. There are other manufacturers of similar optic fibre technologies13 that may be used with our methodology. Alternative solid state catheters, which have the pressure sensor located at the side of the catheter tip, would not be appropriate for this model as the signal would be dampened by the presence of the monitoring screw. 
Here, we present a relatively simple and accurate method to measure ICP. This method can be used across a wide range of ICP related animal models.

A novel technique to record the pressures within the skull is described. The minimally invasive method uses a fibre-optic pressure sensing system to accurately measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats without causing significant brain trauma. The technique may be used in a wide range of experimental models.

Bir Fiber optik Basıç kullanarak Sıçanlarda Epidural İntrakraniyal Basınç Ölçümü

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and ...

Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential phenotypic changes are best assessed by measurement of the changes in lung elasticity. To best understand specific mechanisms underlying such pathologies in mice, it is essential to make functional measurements that can reflect the developing pathology. Although there are many ways to measure elasticity, the classical method is that of the total lung pressure-volume (PV) curve done over the whole range of lung volumes. This measurement has been made on adult lungs from nearly all mammalian species dating back almost 100 years, and such PV curves also played a major role in the discovery and understanding of the function of pulmonary surfactant in fetal lung development. Unfortunately, such total PV curves have not been widely reported in the mouse, despite the fact that they can provide useful information on the macroscopic effects of structural changes in the lung. Although partial PV curves measuring just the changes in lung volume are sometimes reported, without a measure of absolute volume, the nonlinear nature of the total PV curve makes these partial ones very difficult to interpret. In the present study, we describe a standardized way to measure the total PV curve. We have then tested the ability of these curves to detect changes in mouse lung structure in two common lung pathologies, emphysema and fibrosis. Results showed significant changes in several variables consistent with expected structural changes with these pathologies. This measurement of the lung PV curve in mice thus provides a straightforward means to monitor the progression of the pathophysiologic changes over time and the potential effect of therapeutic procedures.

Here we present a protocol to simply and reliably measure the lung pressure-volume curve in mice, showing that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect phenotypic parenchymal changes in two common lung pathologies, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This metric provides a means to quantify the lung&#8217;s structural changes with developing pathology.

Fare Akciğerler Basınç-hacim Eğrisi Ölçümü

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

Rahim içi Telemetri Fare Kontraktil Basıncını Ölçmek<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

Domuz uzun süreli Kardiyovasküler Egzersiz Testi için Kateter Cerrahi Yerleştirme

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The measurement system consists of a miniaturized fluorescence detector that is directly attached to the skin on the back of conscious, freely moving animals, and measures the excretion kinetics of the exogenous GFR tracer, fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin (an inulin analog). This system has been described in detail in rats. However, because of their smaller size, measurement of transcutaneous GFR in mice presents additional technical challenges. In this paper we therefore provide the first detailed practical guide to the use of transdermal GFR monitors in mice based on the combined experience of three different investigators who have been performing this assay in mice over a number of years.

Here we describe a protocol to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious, freely moving mice using a transdermal GFR monitor.

Farelerde Glomerular filtrasyon transdermal ölçümü

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

Eşzamanlı elektrokardiyografi kayıt ve invaziv kan basınç ölçüm sıçanlarda

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

Farelerde subclavian ven delinme yoluyla kan toplama

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

Bilinçli Farelerde Spontan Barorefleks Duyarlılığını Belirlemek için Kombine Telemetrik EKG ve Kan Basıncı Transmitterlerinin İmplantasyonu

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

Farelerde Aritmileri Tespit Etmek için Uzun Süreli Elektrokardiyografi Kayıtlarının Analizi

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...