The authors have no acknowledgements.

1. EOB-DTPA和Ga的制备EOB-DTPA] 注意:使用前请先咨询的使用有机溶剂，耐酸，耐碱所有相关的材料安全数据表（MSDS）。执行所有步骤，在通风橱中，并使用个人防护用品（防护眼镜，手套，实验室外套）。 <ol><li> 从gadoxetic酸EOB-DTPA的分离 <ol><li>花费3毫升0.25M的gadoxetic酸注射溶液到烧瓶中。草酸的500毫克（5.6毫摩尔）添加到搅拌的溶液中。 </li><li>搅拌1小时后，通过使用减压玻璃料过滤悬浮液。用3毫升的水洗涤残余物三次，分别。 </li><li>合并的含水滤液和装备有pH电极的溶液。添加12M盐酸向滤液直到pH为约-0.1。 </li><li> 在真空中除去溶剂，得到一种无色残余物。在惰性气体下储存。 </li><li>彻底清洗残余物（至少三个次），用乙酸乙酯以除去过量的草酸。干燥在真空下将残余物。 </li><li>再溶解在2ml水，残余物在室温下，然后冷却在冰浴中的溶液中。不除去冰浴，加入0.5M的氢氧化钠水溶液逐滴直至形成一种无色胶固体观察。 </li><li>通过倾析除去水。固体两次用1毫升冷水冲洗。干燥该固体在真空下 ，得到第一个产物级分。 </li><li>隔离的倾析水通过柱色谱法（二氧化硅，甲醇/水4/1）将合并的级分的第二产品级分。24 在真空中除去溶剂。 </li><li>如果这样得到的固体是不是纯白色，再溶解它在1ml水中，加入10毫升乙醇，随后10毫升二乙醚中以沉淀出产物。通过采用减压真空干燥玻璃料过滤。 </li><li>结合无论EOB-DTPA的固体成分并进行NMR光谱，25质谱26和元素分析27。 </li></ol></li><li> 嘎的合成EOB-DTPA] 注意:在干燥惰性气氛下储存固体镓（III），氯化，因为在与空气，水份或油脂分解接触发生，导致腐蚀性烟雾和形成的黄色，棕色或黑色杂质。 <ol><li>由镓（III），氯化1.94克（11.0毫摩尔）溶解于100ml水制备0.11 1M贮存液。稀释加入1ml 25％氨水溶液用4毫升水。 </li><li>溶解EOB-DTPA的80毫克（0.15毫摩尔）在10毫升水的烧瓶中。如果需要的话，加热溶剂以达到完全溶解。 </li><li>添加镓（III），氯化原液1.4毫升（0.15毫摩尔）。装备有搅拌器和pH电极的烧瓶中。加稀氨水溶液中滴加直至溶液的pH为约4.1。在搅拌滚装嗡温度30分钟。 </li><li> 在真空中除去溶剂。放置在一烧瓶中的残余物中，配有中央和平行的侧颈部stillhead。装备中央颈部用冷却手指和侧颈部用真空泵出口</li><li>加热减压（125℃，0.6毫巴）的残基。周期性地从冷却手指和静止头从烧瓶的上部用微湿布除去升华氯化铵（如玻璃表面的白色涂层可见），以及。继续这个过程，直到有新的升华没有明显的形成。 </li><li>分别取出的氯化铵最后的痕量三次用0.5毫升热甲醇洗涤残余物。干燥真空无色残余物。执行NMR光谱，25质谱26和元素分析27。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.一般标记过程注意:所有前periments包括与放射性物质直接或间接接触，必须仅通过受过训练的人员进行。请使用适当的屏蔽设备。单独收集任何放射性废物和储存，并按照现行规定处理。 <ol><li> 发电机的洗脱 注:绑定为氧化物的十二烷基3,4,5-三羟基苯二氧化硅母核素一个40毫居里68锗/ 68镓发生器使用。洗脱和纯化可以手动进行，或者，如在此过程中的情况下，作为使用蠕动泵和分配器单元组合的自动化过程。 <ol><li>制备的5.5米的解决方案，1.0M和0.05M的盐酸。制备的5.0微米含有25微升的每毫升5.5摩尔的盐酸氯化钠溶液。通过组合4.1克乙酸钠，加入1ml的HCl（30％）和2.5毫升冰醋酸和水的混合物稀释至50ml制备的pH 4.6的缓冲溶液。 </li><li> PRECondition对PS-H +盒通过用1ml的1.0M的盐酸，随后5ml水慢慢冲洗它。 </li><li>用4ml的0.05M盐酸洗脱发生器的二氧化硅柱12装入68镓洗脱液上对PS-H +墨盒。 </li><li>冲洗盒用5毫升水，随后用5毫升的空气干燥。从盒1毫升5.0微米酸化氯化钠溶液洗脱68镓28 </li></ol></li><li> EOB-DTPA的标签与68嘎 <ol><li>溶解EOB-DTPA的1毫克（1.9微摩尔）在1毫升水中。从该溶液中取100微升（0.19微摩尔）和9.9毫升水稀释它们，以制备19微米（10微克/毫升）的EOB-DTPA的原液。 </li><li>删除50微升（相当于22-29活度）含68嘎溶液，放入瓶中。加EOB-DTPA的19毫米原液的50微升（0.5微克）和300微升ö˚F缓冲到pH升至4.0。简要地摇动并孵育在室温下将溶液5分钟。除去1-5微升的等分试样，并把通过HPLC或TLC分析。 </li><li> 。水/三氟乙酸（99.9％/ 0.1％），B - -乙腈/三氟乙酸（99.9％/ 0.1％），梯度A:在反相（RP）C18柱29使用以下流动相进行无线HPLC分析:06分钟80％A→0％A（0.5毫升/分钟），610分钟0％A（0.5毫升/分钟）。 </li><li>确定的无线型HPLC信号作为曲线下面积的峰强度。计算出示踪剂的标记率如放射化学纯度（RCP）如下: RCP = A 嘎EOB-DTPA /（A 嘎 + A 嘎EOB-DTPA）∙100％ Ga的-EOB-DTPA:在68嘎[EOB-DTPA]的曲线下面积 Ga的:下免费68嘎曲线下面积</li></ol></li></ol> 3.标记效率<ol><li>执行程序的标签作为描述d在部分2，使用一个一致的范围开始68镓洗脱液活性， 例如，22-29活度（40-140微升，取决于洗脱物的新鲜度）。 </li><li>添加所需的缓冲溶液的量以调节pH至3.8-4.0（40-190微升，这取决于68镓洗脱液的体积上）。添加所需的配体原液量（10-70微升19毫溶液）。 </li><li>添加所需量的水到每个标记探针的总体积调整至1.75毫升调匀并让样品静置在室温下5分钟。在第2节，以确定标记率进行HPLC分析。 </li><li>执行与0.1微克步骤0.1微克和0.7之间微克配位体的量的标记过程。一式三份每个配体浓度进行实验。计算平均产量和标准偏差。 </li></ol> 4. 体外稳定性<ol><li> 一般≥10rocedure和准备<ol><li>在200毫升的去离子水溶解的磷酸盐缓冲盐水的片剂（PBS）中以制备PBS原液10mM的磷酸盐浓度。 </li><li>用0.5微升EOB-DTPA原液进行22-29活度68嘎的标签，如第2部分所述根据不同的68嘎洗脱液的体积，调节缓冲量，如在第3节撤柜样本描述含6-12活度示踪剂进行稳定度测量标签解决方案。 </li><li>上用0.1M含水柠檬酸钠作为洗脱液80毫米硅胶被覆铝板进行无线TLC分析，并用薄层色谱放射性扫描器分析板30确定TLC信号的强度为曲线下面积。计算出示踪剂的RCP如下: RCP = A 嘎EOB-DTPA /（A-免费嘎 + A 嘎EOB-DTPA + A 嘎胶体 ）∙100％ Ga的-EOB-DTPA:在68嘎[EOB-DTPA]的曲线下面积 Ga的免费电话 :下免费68嘎曲线下面积 Ga的胶体 :面积在68胶体嘎曲线</li><li>计算RCP 吨 / RCP 0为每个时间点。积从而标准化RCP 与自出发点t = 0分钟的时间差。 RCP T =在时间点t 68嘎[EOB-DTPA]的RCP。 RCP 0 = RCP 68嘎[EOB-DTPA]在t = 0分钟。 </li></ol></li><li> 在磷酸盐缓冲盐水稳定性（A）中 <ol><li>到65微升的标记溶液添加的PBS原液15​​0微升和60微升的氢氧化钠溶液（0.1M）将pH提高到7.4。调匀。 </li><li>除去1-5微升等分进行TLC分析（&#39;起点&#39;）。立即孵化器解决方案存储在37℃，取出等分在代表进行TLC分析经3小时ative时间点。 </li></ol></li><li> 朝过量载脂蛋白 -transferrin的在PBS中的稳定性（B）中 <ol><li>至120微升的标记溶液添加的PBS原液50微升和430微升的氢氧化钠溶液（0.1M）将pH提高到7.4。添加40微升载脂蛋白 -transferrin（25毫克/毫升）的溶液。调匀。 </li><li>除去1-5微升等分进行TLC分析（&#39;起点&#39;）。立即在培养箱的溶液储存于37℃，取出等分试样在代表时间点超过3小时，从而进行TLC分析。 </li></ol></li><li> 人血清中的稳定性（C） <ol><li>到500微升的人血清中添加的标记溶液25微升和45微升的氢氧化钠溶液（0.1M）将pH提高到7.4。调匀。 </li><li>除去1-5微升等分进行TLC分析（&#39;起点&#39;）。立即存储在一个INCU溶液乌兰巴托37℃，取出等分在代表时间点超过3小时进行TLC分析。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.确定分配系数的LogD <ol><li>如第2中所述为50微升的标记溶液添加的PBS原液20微升和170微升的氢氧化钠溶液（0.1M）将pH升高到7.4进行标记的程序。 </li><li>从解决方案支取200微升，放入一个塑料V-瓶。加入200μl 正辛醇的。关闭小瓶涡旋2分钟。然后在1600 xg离心离心样品5分钟。 </li><li>从n辛醇相和各水相取出的40微升一式三份，并把它们放在单独的V-小瓶。要小心，不要混淆层。 </li><li>测量在30秒的伽马井计数器各样品的活性。对于每个样品立即重复测量两次，并计算其平均活动ᾹŤ </子&gt;以每分钟计数（CPM）。列出从而得到ᾹT，W1，ᾹT，W2和ᾹT，W3（水样中的活动），并ᾹT，O1，ᾹT，O2，ᾹT，O3与各自沿（在正辛醇活动）他们的决心的时间点t。 </li><li>定义的最后一个样本为t 0的测量的时间点。确定并通过计算ΔT= TT 0列出Δt的以分钟。执行Ᾱ 吨衰变校正，使用下面的公式: Ᾱ0 =ᾹT·2（ΔT/ 68分钟）。 </li><li>计算Ᾱ0，W为平均Ᾱ0，W 1，Ᾱ0，W2和Ᾱ0，W3以及Ᾱ0，O作为平均Ᾱ0，O1，Ᾱ0，O2和Ᾱ0，O3。使用下列公式计算logD: logD =日志[（Ᾱ <sub&gt; 0，O·40微克）/（Ᾱ0，W·33微克）。 </li><li>执行一式三份整个实验和计算平均logD与标准偏差一起。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

EOB-DTPA是通过多步骤合成33访问，但可能只是以及由含有gadoxetic酸可用的造影剂中分离。为了这个目的，中央的Gd（III）离子可以与过量草酸的沉淀。除去钆（Ⅲ）草酸盐和草酸后的配位体可以通过沉淀在冷水中，在pH 1.5分离。然而，为了增强滤液产量柱色谱可以代替或作为后续程序执行的。任一方法产生的70％的总产率的分析纯的配体（ 图1-3， 表1）。 <p class...

Gadoxetic酸，对配体的钆（III）络合物的EOB-DTPA 1的通用名称，是在肝胆磁共振成像（MRI）。2,3-一个常用的造影剂由于其特异性摄取由肝细胞和高百分比肝胆排泄它使局灶性病变和肝脏肿瘤的本地化。2-5然而，MRI技术有一定的局限性（如造影剂毒性，患者的幽闭恐惧症或金属植入物的应用受到限制）调用的替代诊断工具。 正电子发射断层扫描（PET）是一种分子成像方法，其中，一种放射性物质（示踪）的少量施用，在其它在体内的分布由PET扫描器记录6 PET是一种动态的方法，其允许高图像的空间和时间分辨率以及结果的量化，而无需处理MRI造影剂的副作用。所获得的代谢信息的信息值可与来自其他成像方法接收解剖数据进一步增加组合，最通常通过在PET / CT扫描仪计算机断层扫描（CT）的混合成像实现的。 适用于PET示踪剂的化学结构必须包括用作正电子发射放射性同位素。正电子有一个短暂的寿命，因为它们几乎立即消灭与周围组织的原子炮弹电子。通过湮灭与运动的相反方向的两个511keV的伽玛光子发射，这是由PET扫描器记录。-7,8-为了形成示踪剂，PET的核素可以共价结合到分子，如在2-脱氧的情况下2- [18 F] fluoroglucose葡萄糖（FDG），是最广泛使用的PET示踪剂。7然而，核素也可以形成配位键合到一个或多个配体（ 如[68镓] -DOTATOC 9,10）或溶解无机盐）施加（ 例如，[18 F]氟化物钠11。总而言之，示踪剂的结构是至关重要的，因为它决定了它的生物分布，代谢和排泄行为。 合适的PET核素应该结合像便利正电子的能量和可用性，以及半衰期足够预期调查有利特征。 68镓核素已成为PET的字段的必要的力，在过去的二十年。12,13这主要是由于通过一个发电机系统其可用性，它独立地允许在现场标签从回旋加速器的附近。在一台发电机，母核素68戈被吸收在从该子体核素68镓洗脱，随后标记，以一个合适的螯合剂的一列。6,14由于68镓核素的存在是为繁琐耳鼻喉科阳离子就像钆（III）10,13，螯合EOB-DTPA 68嘎，而不是将产生复杂的具有相同的整体负电荷的gadoxetic酸。相应地，68镓示踪剂可能与适宜用于PET成像合并相似的特性肝特异性。虽然gadoxetic酸购买并施用二钠盐，在下面的上下文中，我们将称其为钆〔EOB-DTPA]和非放射性镓（Ⅲ）配合物作为镓[EOB-DTPA]，或68镓[ EOB-DTPA]为方便起见放射性标记组分的情况下。 要用作PET示踪剂，放射性金属配合物需要被广泛地在体外第一检查，在体内或离体实验评估其适用性。要确定相应的医学难题的适用性，各种示踪特征，如生物分布行为和清除轮廓，稳定性，器官特异性和细胞或Tissu酒店Ë摄取需要进行调查。由于它们的非侵入性的性质， 在体外测定常常之前在体内实验进行。人们普遍承认，DTPA及其衍生物是有限的适用性如由于这些配合螯合剂为68镓缺乏动力学惰性，导致同等快速分解的，当体内施用。14-20这主要是通过充当载脂蛋白转引起竞争对手68嘎血浆。然而，我们研究了关于在肝胆成像，其特征在于，可在数分钟内提供诊断信息后注入3,4,21-23，从而不一定需要长期示踪剂稳定性及其可能的应用这种新的示踪剂。为此目的，我们从gadoxetic酸分离EOB-DTPA和最初与天然镓（Ⅲ），它存在两个稳定同位素，69 Ga和71的混合物进行的络合</SUP&gt;嘎。由此获得的复杂的担任非放射性标准68的Ga以下螯合。我们采用建立的方法，同时评估其是否适合确定EOB-DTPA的68 Galabeling效率，并探讨新的68嘎示踪剂的亲脂性及其在不同介质中的稳定性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="682">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">primovist</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.25 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gallium(III) chloride</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">450898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (deionized)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>&#160;tap water deionizing equipment by Auma-Tec GmbH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 12 M</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20252.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Polskie Odczynniki Chemiczne S.A.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">810925429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">oxalic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.10832.9025</td>
			<td>Geduran Si 60 0,063-0,2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TLC silica gel 60 F254</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.16834.0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20903.55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10018366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">eiethylether</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23807.468</td>
			<td>stored over KOH plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ammonia solution (25 %)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1133.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">662-1657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">stirring and heating unit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heidolph</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505-20000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Ilmvac GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">322002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">frit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bruker Coorporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Ultra Shield 400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">elemental analyser</td>
			<td>Hekatech GmbH Analysentechnik</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>EuroVector EA 3000 CHNS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">deuterated water D2O</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">euriso-top</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D214</td>
			<td>99,90 % D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:681px;">Material/Equipment required for labeling procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">68Ge/68Ga generator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ITG Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump and dispenser system</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Scintomics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Variosystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 30 % (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00318.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (ultrapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.01262.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium chloride (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06406.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium acetate (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06264.0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glacial acetic acid (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00066.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VEB Laborchemie Apolda</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10782</td>
			<td>&#62;98.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PS-H+ Cartridge (S)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">731867</td>
			<td>Chromafix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">apo-Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T2036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS&#160; buffer (tablets)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">79382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">human serum</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4522</td>
			<td>from human male AB plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flasks, columns etc.</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Knick Elektronische Messger&#228;te GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">765-Set</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">binary pump (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1312A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV Vis detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1315A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">radioactive detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">EGRC Berthold</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">HPLC C-18-PFP column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Advanced Chromatography Technologies Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-1110-1503/A100528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HPLC glass vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GTG Glastechnik Graefenroda GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8004-HP-H/i3&#181;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sarstedt AG &#38; Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6542.007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Greiner Bio-One International GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">717201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">activimeter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">incubator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51008815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisons</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Whirlimixer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75003360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">gamma well counter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.15333.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">acetonitrile for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00030.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">TLC radioactivity scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">raytest Isotopenmessger&#228;te GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B00003875</td>
			<td>equipped with beta plastic detector</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigations on the ga(iii) complex of eob-dtpa and its 68ga radiolabeled analogue

我们证明为EOB-DTPA（3,6,9-三氮杂-3,6,9-三（羧甲基）-4-（乙氧基苄基）-undecanedioic酸）从其钆（III）络合物和协议的分离方法制备其的新的非放射性的， 即天然镓（Ⅲ），以及放射性68镓络合物。通过核磁共振（NMR）谱，质谱和元素分析复杂的配位体以及作为Ga（III）进行了表征。68嘎通过标准洗脱法从68锗/ 68 Ga产生获得。实验，以评估在pH值进行3.8-4.0 EOB-DTPA的68嘎标记效率。建立的分析技术无线电TLC（薄层色谱法）和无线电HPLC（高效液相色谱法）来测定示踪剂的放射化学纯度。由于68嘎示踪剂&#39;亲脂性正辛醇/水分布的第一个调查的存在于pH为7.4的溶液68镓物种n个系数是由萃取法在体外在生理pH下在各种媒体示踪剂的稳定性的测量进行测定。，揭示分解的不同的费率。

该配体EOB-DTPA和非放射性镓（III）络合物通过 1 H和13 C {1 1 H} NMR谱，质谱和元素分析进行分析。 表1中列出并描绘在图1-6的结果证实了物质的纯度。 68锗/ 68镓发生器洗脱，得到400-600活度68嘎的解决方案。在所需的示踪剂68镓[EOB-DTPA]形成所?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue at JoVE.com

Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

一种用于EOB-DTPA的分离和随后的络合天然镓（III）和68镓是本文中所呈现，以及所有化合物和调查上标记效率的透彻分析，体外稳定性和辛醇 /水过程放射性标记的复杂分配系数。

在EOB-DTPA和镓（三）复杂的调查其<sup&gt; 68</sup&gt;嘎放射性标记模拟

We demonstrate a method for the isolation of EOB-DTPA (3,6,9-triaza-3,6,9-tris(carboxymethyl)-4-(ethoxybenzyl)-undecanedioic acid) from its Gd(III) ...

investigations-on-ga-iii-complex-eob-dtpa-its-68ga-radiolabeled

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

9.9K 次观看.  University Hospital Jena. 一种用于EOB-DTPA的分离和随后的络合天然镓（III）和68镓是本文中所呈现，以及所有化合物和调查上标记效率的透彻分析，体外稳定性和辛醇 /水过程放射性标记的复杂分配系数。 

视频: Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

LabVIEW-operated Novel Nanoliter Osmometer for Ice Binding Protein Investigations

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition proteins, are found in cold-adapted organisms and protect them from freeze injuries by interacting with ice crystals. IBPs are found in a variety of organism, including fish1, plants2, 3, arthropods4, 5, fungi6, and bacteria7. IBPs adsorb to the surfaces of ice crystals and prevent water molecules from joining the ice lattice at the IBP adsorption location. Ice that grows on the crystal surface between the adsorbed IBPs develops a high curvature that lowers the temperature at which the ice crystals grow, a phenomenon referred to as the Gibbs-Thomson effect. This depression creates a gap (thermal hysteresis, TH) between the melting point and the nonequilibrium freezing point, within which ice growth is arrested8-10, see Figure 1. One of the main tools used in IBP research is the nanoliter osmometer, which facilitates measurements of the TH activities of IBP solutions. Nanoliter osmometers, such as the Clifton instrument (Clifton Technical Physics, Hartford, NY,) and Otago instrument (Otago Osmometers, Dunedin, New Zealand), were designed to measure the osmolarity of a solution by measuring the melting point depression of droplets with nanoliter volumes. These devices were used to measure the osmolarities of biological samples, such as tears11, and were found to be useful in IBP research. Manual control over these nanoliter osmometers limited the experimental possibilities. Temperature rate changes could not be controlled reliably, the temperature range of the Clifton instrument was limited to 4,000 mOsmol (about -7.5 &deg;C), and temperature recordings as a function of time were not an available option for these instruments.
We designed a custom-made computer-controlled nanoliter osmometer system using a LabVIEW platform (National Instruments). The cold stage, described previously9, 10, contains a metal block through which water circulates, thereby functioning as a heat sink, see Figure 2. Attached to this block are thermoelectric coolers that may be driven using a commercial temperature controller that can be controlled via LabVIEW modules, see Figure 3. Further details are provided below. The major advantage of this system is its sensitive temperature control, see Figure 4. Automated temperature control permits the coordination of a fixed temperature ramp with a video microscopy output containing additional experimental details.
To study the time dependence of the TH activity, we tested a 58 kDa hyperactive IBP from the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis (MpIBP)12. This protein was tagged with enhanced green fluorescence proteins (eGFP) in a construct developed by Peter Davies' group (Queens University)10. We showed that the temperature change profile affected the TH activity. Excellent control over the temperature profile in these experiments significantly improved the TH measurements. The nanoliter osmometer additionally allowed us to test the recrystallization inhibition of IBPs5, 13. In general, recrystallization is a phenomenon in which large crystals grow larger at the expense of small crystals. IBPs efficiently inhibit recrystallization, even at low concentrations14, 15. We used our LabVIEW-controlled osmometer to quantitatively follow the recrystallization of ice and to enforce a constant ice fraction using simultaneous real-time video analysis of the images and temperature feedback from the sample chamber13. The real-time calculations offer additional control options during an experimental procedure. A stage for an inverted microscope was developed to accommodate temperature-controlled microfluidic devices, which will be described elsewhere16.
The Cold Stage System
The cold stage assembly (Figure 2) consists of a set of thermoelectric coolers that cool a copper plate. Heat is removed from the stage by flowing cold water through a closed compartment under the thermoelectric coolers. A 4 mm diameter hole in the middle of the copper plate serves as a viewing window. A 1 mm diameter in-plane hole was drilled to fit the thermistor. A custom-made copper disc (7 mm in diameter) with several holes (500 &mu;m in diameter) was placed on the copper plate and aligned with the viewing window. Air was pumped at a flow rate of 35 ml/sec and dried using Drierite (W.A. Hammond). The dry air was used to ensure a dry environment at the cooling stage. The stage was connected via a 9 pin connection outlet to a temperature controller (Model 3040 or 3150, Newport Corporation, Irvine, California, US). The temperature controller was connected via a cable to a computer GPIB-PCI card (National instruments, Austin, Texas, USA).

Ice binding proteins (IBPs), also known as antifreeze proteins, inhibit ice growth and are a promising additive for use in the cryopreservation of tissues. The main tool used to investigate IBPs is the nanoliter osmometer. We developed a home-designed cooling stage mounted on an optical microscope and controlled using a custom-built LabVIEW routine. The nanoliter osmometer described here manipulated the sample temperature in an ultra-sensitive manner.

LabVIEW操作的新型纳升渗透压仪冰结合蛋白的调查

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition ...

科研

化学

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is one surface modification technique that electrodeposits a polymeric film at the surface of an electrode by utilizing an applied potential to initiate the polymerization of substrates in the Helmholtz layer. This useful technique was first established by a Murray-Meyer collaboration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the early 1980s and utilized to study numerous physical phenomena of films containing inorganic complexes as the monomeric substrate. Here, we highlight a procedure for coating electrodes with an inorganic complex by performing reductive electropolymerization of the vinyl-containing poly-pyridyl complex onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin oxide coated electrodes. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization but are far less sensitive to oxygen and water.

A procedure for performing reductive electropolymerization of vinyl-containing compounds onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin-oxide coated electrodes is presented. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization.

在玻碳和氟掺杂的氧化锡电极的含乙烯基聚吡啶基复合还原电聚合

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is ...

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

铱氧化物纳米颗粒对硒化镉硫化镉@纳米棒光化学氧化增长

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

超分子胶体的合成与表征

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

在线含硫化合物在复杂油气矩阵氮分析

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is prepared by mixing solutions of glycol chitosan with a synthesized benzaldehyde terminated polymer gelator, and hydrogels are efficiently obtained in several minutes at room temperature. By varying ratios between glycol chitosan, polymer gelator, and water contents, versatile hydrogels with different gelation times and stiffness are obtained. When damaged, the hydrogel can recover its appearances and modulus, due to the reversibility of the dynamic imine bonds as crosslinkages. This self-healable property enables the hydrogel to be injectable since it can be self-healed from squeezed pieces to an integral bulk hydrogel after the injection process. The hydrogel is also multi-responsive to many bio-active stimuli due to different equilibration statuses of the dynamic imine bonds. This hydrogel was confirmed as bio-compatible, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells were embedded following standard procedures and the cell proliferation was easily assessed by a 3D cell cultivation process. The hydrogel can offer an adjustable platform for different research where a physiological mimic of a 3D environment for cells is profited. Along with its multi-responsive, self-healable, and injectable properties, the hydrogels can potentially be applied as multiple carriers for drugs and cells in future bio-medical applications.

Here we describe a facile preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. Methods to adjust the hydrogel&#8217;s mechanical strength and its application in 3D cell culture are presented.

糖注射水凝胶的制备及其在3D 细胞培养中的应用

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

复合金属氧化物纳米粒子的熔融盐合成

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

轻度乙醇萃取高β-o-4 的木质素及其对解聚产率的影响

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.

聚类诱导解吸/电电质谱法对复杂分子及其在表面的反应分析

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass ...

Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles, Their Conjugation with the Siderophore Feroxamine and its Evaluation for Bacteria Detection

In the present work, the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine, a siderophore recognized by Yersinia enterocolitica, using a succinyl moiety as a linker are described.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of magnetite (Fe3O4) were prepared by solvothermal method and coated with SiO2 (MNP@SiO2) using the St&#246;ber process followed by functionalization with APTES (MNP@SiO2@NH2). Then, feroxamine was conjugated with the MNP@SiO2@NH2 by carbodiimide coupling to give MNP@SiO2@NH2@Fa. The morphology and properties of the conjugate and intermediates were examined by eight different methods including powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping. This exhaustive characterization confirmed the formation of the conjugate. Finally, in order to evaluate the capacity and specificity of the nanoparticles, they were tested in a capture bacteria assay using Yersinia enterocolitica.

This work describes protocols for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine using a succinyl moiety as a linker. A deep structural characterization description and a capture bacteria assay using Y. enterocolitica for all the intermediate nanoparticles and the final conjugate are also described in detail.

在EOB-DTPA和镓（三）复杂的调查其

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