The authors have no acknowledgements.

EOB-DTPAとGaの調製[EOB-DTPA] 注意：使用前に使用される有機溶剤、酸、アルカリ類の関連するすべての物質安全データシート（MSDS）を参照してください。ヒュームフード内のすべてのステップを実行し、個人用保護具（安全眼鏡、手袋、白衣）を使用します。 <ol><li> gadoxetic酸からEOB-DTPAの単離 <ol><li>フラスコに0.25 M gadoxetic酸注射液の3ミリリットルを入れてください。攪拌溶液にシュウ酸500mgの（5.6ミリモル）を追加します。 </li><li> 1時間撹拌した後、減圧を使用してフリットを通して懸濁液を濾過します。それぞれ、3mlの水で残留物3回洗浄します。 </li><li>水性ろ液を合わせ、pH電極を有する溶液を装備。 pHが約-0.1となるまでろ液に12​​ M塩酸を追加します。 </li><li>無色の残渣を得、真空中で溶媒を除去します。不活性ガス下で保管してください。 </li><li>徹底的に残留物を洗う（少なくとも3シュウ酸の過剰を除去するために酢酸エチルで倍）。 真空中で残留物を乾燥させます。 </li><li>室温で水2mlに残渣を再溶解し、次いで氷浴中で溶液を冷却します。氷浴を除去することなく、形成されるまで、0.5M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を滴下して加える無色観察される固体膠質。 </li><li>デカンテーションにより水を除去します。冷たい水の1ミリリットルで固体をさらに2回洗浄します。最初の生成物画分を得、真空下で固体を乾燥させます。 </li><li>カラムクロマトグラフィー（シリカ、メタノール/水4/1） を経由してデカント水を合わせた画分から第二生成物画分を分離してください。24溶媒を真空中で除去します。 </li><li>得られた固体は純粋な白ではない場合、生成物を沈殿させるためにエタノール10ml、続いて10 mlのジエチルエーテルを追加し、水1ml中に再溶解。減圧し、 真空下で乾燥を使用して、フリットを通して濾過。 </li><li>コンバイン固体EOB-DTPAの分画およびNMR分光、25質量分析26、元素27分析を行うの両方。 </li></ol></li><li> Gaの合成[EOB-DTPA] 注意：ストア乾燥した不活性雰囲気下で固体のGa（III）塩化物は、空気との接触時にあるため、水分やグリースの分解は、黄褐色または黒色の不純物の腐食性のフューム及び形成をもたらす、行われます。 <ol><li> 100mlの水でのGa（III）塩化物の1.94グラム（11.0ミリモル）を溶​​解させることによって0.11 Mストック溶液を準備します。水4mlの25％アンモニア溶液1mlを希釈します。 </li><li>水10mlでフラスコにEOB-DTPAの80ミリグラム（0.15ミリモル）を溶​​解します。必要であれば、完全な溶解を達成するために溶媒を加熱します。 </li><li> Ga（III）塩化ストック溶液1.4ミリリットル（0.15ミリモル）を追加します。攪拌機およびpH電極を備えたフラスコを装備。溶液のpHが約4.1になるまで希釈したアンモニア水溶液を滴下して加えます。 ROで撹拌30分間OM温度。 </li><li>溶媒を真空中で除去します。中央と並列側ネックとstillheadを備えたフラスコ中の残渣を、置きます。真空ポンプの出口と冷却指で中央首と側ネックを装備</li><li>減圧下（125℃、0.6ミリバール）下で残留物を加熱します。定期的に冷却指とまだ頭から（ガラス表面の白いコーティングとして見える）昇華塩化アンモニウムを除去するだけでなく、わずかに濡れた布でフラスコの上部から。新しい昇華物の目に見える形成がなくなるまで処理を続行します。 </li><li>塩化アンモニウムの最後の痕跡を除去するためには、それぞれ、熱メタノール0.5mlを、残留物を3回洗浄します。 真空中で無色の残留物を乾燥させます。 NMR分光、25質量分析26、元素27の分析を行います。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.一般的な標識化手順注意：すべてのex放射性物質との直接的または間接的な接触を含むperimentsは、訓練を受けた担当者によって行われなければなりません。適切な遮蔽装置を使用してください。別々に任意の放射性廃棄物を収集し、保存し、有効な規制に従って廃棄してください。 <ol><li> 発電機の溶出 注：ドデシル-3,4,5-トリヒドロキシシリカの酸化物として結合母核種40 mCiの68 Ge / 68 Gaジェネレータを使用しました。この手順の場合のように溶出し、精製は蠕動ポンプディスペンサ装置を使用して結合自動プロセスとして、手動で行ってもよいです。 <ol><li> 5.5 M、1.0 Mおよび0.05 M塩酸の溶液を調製します。 1mlあたり5.5 M塩酸の25μLを含む5.0 M塩化ナトリウムの溶液を調製します。 4.1グラムの酢酸ナトリウムを1mlのHCl（30％）、2.5 mlの氷酢酸を合成し、50mlの水で混合物を希釈してpH 4.6の緩衝液を調製します。 </li><li> PREC1.0Mの塩酸、水、続いて5mlを1mlでゆっくり流すことによってPS-H +カートリッジondition。 </li><li> 4ミリリットル0.05 M HClで発電機のシリカカラムを溶出。12ロードPS-H +カートリッジへの68 Ga溶出液。 </li><li> 5mlの水でカートリッジをフラッシュし、続いて空気5mlで乾かし。 1ミリリットル5.0 M酸性塩化ナトリウム溶液でカートリッジからの68 Gaを溶出させる。28 </li></ol></li><li> 68 GaとEOB-DTPAの標識 <ol><li> 1mlの水にEOB-DTPA 1mgの（1.9マイクロモル）を溶​​解します。この溶液から100μL（0.19マイクロモル）に乗り、19μM（10 / mlの）EOB-DTPAのストック溶液を調製するために水の9.9ミリリットルでそれらを希釈します。 </li><li> 68 Gaを含む溶液50μl（22-29 MBqのに等しい）を外し、バイアルに入れました。 EOB-DTPAの19 mMストック溶液50μl（0.5μgの）と300μlのOを追加します。F pHを4.0に上げるためにバッファ。簡単に振ると5分間、室温で溶液をインキュベートします。 1-5μlのアリコートを取り出して、HPLC又はTLC分析に置きます。 </li><li>逆相（RP）C18カラム上の無線HPLC分析を行い29次の移動相を使用します。A -水/トリフルオロ酢酸（99.9％/ 0.1％）、B -トリフルオロ/アセトニトリル酸（99.9％/ 0.1％）、勾配：06分で80％のA→0％A（0.5ml /分）、610分0％A（0.5ml /分）。 </li><li>曲線下面積などの無線HPLC信号のピーク強度を決定します。次のようにトレーサーの放射化学的純度（RCP）などの標識率を計算します。 RCP = A のGa-EOB-DTPA / ガリウム（Ga + A のGa-EOB-DTPA）は、100％を∙します Ga-EOB-DTPA：68のGa [EOB-DTPA]の曲線下面積 ジョージア ：無料の68 Gaの曲線下面積</li></ol></li></ol> 3.標識効率<ol><li>説明するように標識手順を実行しますセクション2.中のd（溶出液の鮮度に応じて40から140マイクロリットル） の68 Ga溶出液の活動を開始する一貫性の範囲、 例えば、22から29 MBqの。 </li><li> （68 Gaの溶出液の量に応じて、40から190μl）を3.8から4.0にpHを調整するための緩衝液の必要量を加えます。リガンドストック溶液（19 mM溶液の10から70マイクロリットル）の必要量を追加します。 </li><li> 1.75ミリリットルに各標識化プローブの全体の音量を調整するために水の必要量を追加します。徹底的に混合し、サンプルを室温で5分間放置しました。標識収率を決定するために、項2に記載のようにHPLC分析を行います。 </li><li> 0.1μgのと0.1μgの刻みで0.7μgの間のリガンドの量で標識する手順を実行します。各リガンド濃度について三連で実験を行います。平均収量と標準偏差を計算します。 </li></ol> 4. インビトロ安定性<ol><li> 一般のprocedureと準備<ol><li> 10mMのリン酸濃度のPBSストック溶液を調製し、脱イオン水200mlにリン酸緩衝食塩水（PBS）の錠剤を溶解させます。 </li><li>部3のサンプルを撤回で説明したように、セクション2に記載されるように、68 Gaの溶出液の量に応じて、EOB-DTPA原液の0.5μlの22から29 MBqでの68 Gaのラベル付けを行うバッファの量を調整安定性の測定を実行するためのトレーサーの6-12 MBqのを含む標識溶液。 </li><li>溶離液として0.1 M水性クエン酸ナトリウムを使用して、80ミリメートルシリカゲル被覆アルミニウムプレート上でラジオTLC分析を行い、TLC放射能スキャナーでプレートを分析する。30は、曲線下面積としてTLC信号の強度を決定します。次のようにトレーサのRCPを計算します。 RCP = A のGa-EOB-DTPA / ガリウム（Ga-無料 + のGa-EOB-DTPA + A のGa-コロイド ）∙100％ Ga-EOB-DTPA：68のGaの曲線下面積[EOB-DTPA] Gaを無料 ：無料の68 Gaの曲線下面積 コロイドの68 Gaの曲線下面積：Gaをコロイド </li><li>すべての時点についてRCP トン / RCP 0を計算します。出発点t = 0分からの時間差対このように標準化されたRCPをプロットします。 RCP トン =時点tでの68 Ga [EOB-DTPA]のRCP。 = 0分tでの68 Ga [EOB-DTPA]のRCP 0 = RCP。 </li></ol></li><li> リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（A）中での安定性 <ol><li>標識溶液の65μlにpHを7.4に上昇させるためにPBS原液15​​0μlの水酸化ナトリウム溶液（0.1 M）の60μlを添加します。完全に混合。 </li><li> （ &#39;出発点&#39;）TLC分析を実行するために1-5μlのアリコートを削除します。すぐに表現でTLC分析を実行するために37℃のインキュベーター中の溶液を保存し、アリコートを除去3時間かけ時点をティブ。 </li></ol></li><li> PBS中のアポ -transferrinの過剰に対する安定性（B） <ol><li>標識溶液の120μlに7.4のpHを上昇させるためにPBS原液50μlの水酸化ナトリウム溶液（0.1 M）の430μLを加えます。 アポ -transferrin（25 mg / mlで）の溶液40μLを加えます。完全に混合。 </li><li> （ &#39;出発点&#39;）TLC分析を実行するために1-5μlのアリコートを削除します。すぐに37℃のインキュベーターでソリューションを保存し、3時間かけて代表の時点でTLC分析を実行するためにアリコートを削除します。 </li></ol></li><li> ヒト血清中での安定性（C） <ol><li>ヒト血清の500μlに7.4にpHを上げるために、標識溶液25μl及び水酸化ナトリウム溶液（0.1 M）の45μlを添加します。完全に混合。 </li><li> （ &#39;出発点&#39;）TLC分析を実行するために1-5μlのアリコートを削除します。すぐにincuでソリューションを保存します37℃でバートル、アリコートを除去し、3時間かけて代表時点でTLC分析を実行します。 </li></ol></li></ol>分配係数の5決意のlogD <ol><li>標識溶液50μlに、セクション2で説明したように標識化手順を実行し7.4のpHを上昇させるためにPBS原液20μlの水酸化ナトリウム溶液（0.1 M）の170μLを加えます。 </li><li>その溶液から200μLを撤回し、プラスチック製のV-バイアルにそれを置きます。 オクタノール 200μlのを追加します。 2分間バイアルおよび渦を閉じます。その後、5分間1600×gでサンプルを遠心します。 </li><li> n個のオクタノール相と水相からそれぞれ40μLの三連を外し、別のV-バイアルに入れます。層を混在しないように注意してください。 </li><li> 30秒間ガンマウェルカウンターで各試料の活性を測定します。各サンプルについて、すぐに二回の測定を繰り返し、その平均活動Ᾱ トンを計算</分当たりのカウント（cpm）でサブ&gt;。このようにして得られたᾹ トン、W1、Ᾱのトン、W2とᾹ トン、W3（水性試料中の活動）とᾹのトン、O1、Ᾱのトン、O2、Ᾱのトン、O3（ オクタノールでの活動は）それぞれと一緒に一覧表示しますその決意の時点t。 </li><li>トン0として最後のサンプルの測定の時点を定義します。 = TT 0Δtだけを計算することにより分でΔtだけを判別し、一覧表示します。次の式を使用して、Ᾱtの減衰補正を実行します。 Ᾱ0 =Ᾱ トン ・2（ΔT/ 68分）。 </li><li> Ᾱ0、O1、Ᾱ0、O2とᾹ0、O3の平均としてᾹ0、W1、Ᾱ0、W2とᾹ0、W3と同様にᾹ0、Oの平均値としてW、Ᾱ0を計算します。次の式を使用してのlogDを計算します。 logD =ログ[（Ᾱ <sub&gt; 0、O・40μgの）/（Ᾱ0、W・33μgの）]。 </li><li>三重での実験全体を実行し、その標準偏差と共に平均のlogDを算出します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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Chem. 38, 1134-1144 (1999).</li><li>Zhernosekov, K., Nikula, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=68Ga+generator+for+positron+emission+tomography.">68Ga generator for positron emission tomography.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Simecek, J., Hermann, P., Wester, H. 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Med. Biol. 39, 785-794 (2012).</li><li>Beck, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hematology. , (1998).</li><li>Patel, V., Morrissey, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical and Professional Clinical Skills. , (2001).</li><li>Bartke, A., Constanti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Basic Endocrinology. , (1998).</li><li>Bernstein, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+Therapeutic+Activity+for+Gallium.">Mechanisms of Therapeutic Activity for Gallium.</a> Pharmacol. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

EOB-DTPAは、多段階合成33を介してアクセス可能ですが、全く同じようにgadoxetic酸を含む利用可能な造影剤から単離することができます。この目的のために、中央のGd（III）イオンは、シュウ酸の過剰析出させることができます。 Gd（III）、シュウ酸とシュウ酸を除去した後、リガンドは、pH 1.5で冷水中での沈殿によって単離することができます。しかし、濾液の歩留まりカラムクロマ?...

Gadoxetic酸、リガンドEOB-DTPA 1ののGd（III）錯体の一般名は、肝胆道磁気共鳴画像（MRI）で頻繁に使用される造影剤である。2,3により、その肝細胞によって特異的な取り込みと高い割合に肝胆道排泄のそれは、局所性病変と肝腫瘍の局在化を可能にする。MRI技術（ 例えば、造影剤の毒性、閉所恐怖症または金属インプラントの患者に限定された適用）の2-5しかし、一定の制限が代替診断ツールを求めます。 陽電子放射断層撮影（PET）分子イメージング法であり、前記放射性物質（トレーサー）少量の体内での分布をPETスキャナによって記録される際に、投与される。6 PETは高いが可能に動的な方法であります空間的および時間的な画像の解像度と同様にしなくても、結果の定量化、MRI造影剤の副作用に対処します。得られた代謝情報の有益な価値はさらに、最も一般的にPET / CTスキャナにおけるコンピュータ断層撮影（CT）とのハイブリッド画像化することによって達成さ、付加的な画像化方法から受け取った解剖学的データと組み合わせることによって増加させることができます。 PETに適したトレーサーの化学構造は、陽電子放射体として放射性同位元素を含まなければなりません。陽電子は、彼らはほとんどすぐに周辺組織の原子殻の電子と消滅するので、短い寿命を持っています。消滅によって運動の反対方向を有する2つの511keVのγ光子がPETスキャナによって記録され、放出される。7,8トレーサーを形成するために2デオキシの場合のように、PET核種は、分子に共有結合され得ます2- [18 F] fluoroglucose（FDG）、最も広く使用されるPETトレーサー7が、核種はまた、1つまたは複数のリガンドに配位結合を形成することができる（ 例えば、[68 Gaの] -DOTATOC 9,10）、または溶存無機塩（ 例えば、[18 F]フッ化ナトリウム11）として適用されます。それは、その生体内分布、代謝および排泄動作を決定するよう要するに、トレーサーの構造が重要です。 適切なPET核種は便利な陽電子エネルギーと可用性だけでなく、意図された調査のための十分な半減期のような良好な特性を組み合わせる必要があります。 68 Gaの核種は、過去20年間に、PETの分野で不可欠な力となっています。12,13これが原因サイクロトロン付近から独立して、オンサイトの標識を可能にする発電システムを介してその可用性、主にあります。発電機では、母親は68 Geが娘核種68 Gaは、適切なキレート剤に溶出し、続いてラベル付けされたカラムに吸収される核種。6,14 の68 Ga核種がtrivalとして存在するので、ただのGd（III）10,13のような耳鼻咽喉科カチオン、代わりにgadoxetic酸と同じ全体的に負電荷を有する複合体を生じるであろう68のGaとEOB-DTPAキレート。したがって、その68のGaトレーサーは、PETイメージングのための適性と同様の特性肝臓特異性を組み合わせることがあります。 gadoxetic酸は、次のコンテキストで購入し、二ナトリウム塩として投与されていますが、私たちはGdの[EOB-DTPA]と呼ぶことにしますのGa [EOB-DTPA]、または68 Gaの[などの非放射性のGa（III）錯体へ便宜的に、放射性標識成分の場合にはEOB-DTPA]。 PET用のトレーサーとしてのそれらの適用性を評価するために、放射性金属錯体は、最初にin vivoまたはex vivo実験で、インビトロで広範に検討される必要があります。それぞれの医学的問題のための適合性を判断するために、生体内分布挙動およびクリアランスプロフィール、安定性、器官特異性および細胞またはTISSUのような様々なトレーサー特性電子取り込みを検討する必要があります。それらの非侵襲的な文字に、in vitroでの決定は、多くの場合、in vivo実験に先立って行われています。一般的には、DTPAおよびその誘導体が原因で、in vivoで投与した場合に比較的速い分解その結果、運動不活性を欠いているこれらの複合体への68 Gaのためのキレート剤として限られた適合性であることが認められている。14-20これは主にアポトランスフェリン作用によって引き起こされます血漿中の68 Gaのための競争相手。それにもかかわらず、我々は診断情報は、それによって必ずしも長期トレーサー安定性を必要としない、数分以内に注射後3,4,21-23を提供することができる、請求肝胆道造影、その適用可能性に関するこの新しいトレーサーを調べました。この目的のために、我々はgadoxetic酸からEOB-DTPAを単離し、最初に二つの安定同位体、69 Gaと71の混合物として存在する天然のGa（III）、との複合体形成を行いました</SUP&gt;ジョージア。このようにして得られた複合体は、68 Gaを、以下のキレート化のための非放射性標準を務めました。我々は方法を確立し、同時にEOB-DTPAの68 Galabeling効率を決定し、新しいの68 Gaトレーサーの親油性と異なる媒体でのその安定性を調査するための適性を評価した使用します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="682">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">primovist</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.25 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gallium(III) chloride</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">450898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (deionized)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>&#160;tap water deionizing equipment by Auma-Tec GmbH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 12 M</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20252.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Polskie Odczynniki Chemiczne S.A.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">810925429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">oxalic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.10832.9025</td>
			<td>Geduran Si 60 0,063-0,2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TLC silica gel 60 F254</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.16834.0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20903.55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10018366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">eiethylether</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23807.468</td>
			<td>stored over KOH plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ammonia solution (25 %)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1133.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">662-1657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">stirring and heating unit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heidolph</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505-20000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Ilmvac GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">322002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">frit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bruker Coorporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Ultra Shield 400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">elemental analyser</td>
			<td>Hekatech GmbH Analysentechnik</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>EuroVector EA 3000 CHNS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">deuterated water D2O</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">euriso-top</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D214</td>
			<td>99,90 % D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:681px;">Material/Equipment required for labeling procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">68Ge/68Ga generator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ITG Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump and dispenser system</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Scintomics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Variosystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 30 % (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00318.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (ultrapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.01262.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium chloride (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06406.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium acetate (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06264.0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glacial acetic acid (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00066.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VEB Laborchemie Apolda</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10782</td>
			<td>&#62;98.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PS-H+ Cartridge (S)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">731867</td>
			<td>Chromafix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">apo-Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T2036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS&#160; buffer (tablets)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">79382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">human serum</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4522</td>
			<td>from human male AB plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flasks, columns etc.</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Knick Elektronische Messger&#228;te GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">765-Set</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">binary pump (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1312A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV Vis detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1315A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">radioactive detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">EGRC Berthold</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">HPLC C-18-PFP column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Advanced Chromatography Technologies Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-1110-1503/A100528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HPLC glass vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GTG Glastechnik Graefenroda GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8004-HP-H/i3&#181;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sarstedt AG &#38; Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6542.007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Greiner Bio-One International GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">717201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">activimeter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">incubator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51008815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisons</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Whirlimixer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75003360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">gamma well counter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.15333.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">acetonitrile for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00030.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">TLC radioactivity scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">raytest Isotopenmessger&#228;te GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B00003875</td>
			<td>equipped with beta plastic detector</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigations on the ga(iii) complex of eob-dtpa and its 68ga radiolabeled analogue

私たちは、EOB-DTPA（3,6,9-トリアザ - 3,6,9-トリス（カルボキシメチル）-4-（エトキシ）-undecanedioic酸）そののGd（III）から複雑とプロトコルのための単離のための方法を実証します斬新な非放射性、 すなわち、自然のGa（III）と同様に放射性の68 Ga錯体の製造。リガンド並びにジョージア（III）錯体は、核磁気共鳴（NMR）分光法、質量分析および元素分析によって特徴づけした。 の68 Gaは、68 Ge / 68 Gaジェネレータから、標準的な溶出法により得ました。 pHが3.8から4.0でEOB-DTPAの68 Gaの標識効率を評価するための実験を行いました。確立された分析技術ラジオTLC（薄層クロマトグラフィー）、ラジオHPLC（高速液体クロマトグラフィー）は、トレーサーの放射化学的純度を決定するために使用しました。 68 Gaトレーサー」親油性オクタノール /水distributioの最初の調査として、pH7.4の溶液中に存在する68のGa種のN個の係数は、抽出法によって決定した。行った生理的pHでの様々な媒体におけるトレーサのインビトロ安定性の測定値を、分解の異なる速度を明らかにする。

リガンドEOB-DTPA、および非放射性のGa（III）錯体は、1 H及び13 C {1 H} NMR分光法、質量分析および元素分析によって分析しました。 図1-6に、表1に記載されていると示した結果は、物質の純度を確認します。 68 Ge / 68 Gaジェネレータの溶出は400〜600 MBqで<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue at JoVE.com

Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

EOB-DTPAの単離およびその後の複合体形成の自然のGa（III）および68とGaが本明細書に提示されるだけでなく、標識効率上のすべての化合物との調査を徹底的に分析、in vitroでの安定性およびオクタノール /水のための手順放射性標識された複合体の分配係数。

EOB-DTPAとそのののGa（III）錯体に関する研究<sup&gt; 68</sup&gt; Gaの放射性標識アナログ

We demonstrate a method for the isolation of EOB-DTPA (3,6,9-triaza-3,6,9-tris(carboxymethyl)-4-(ethoxybenzyl)-undecanedioic acid) from its Gd(III) ...

investigations-on-ga-iii-complex-eob-dtpa-its-68ga-radiolabeled

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

9.9K ビュー.  University Hospital Jena.  EOB-DTPAの単離およびその後の複合体形成の自然のGa（III）および68とGaが本明細書に提示されるだけでなく、標識効率上のすべての化合物との調査を徹底的に分析、in vitroでの安定性およびオクタノール /水のための手順放射性標識された複合体の分配係数。 

ビデオ: Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

LabVIEW-operated Novel Nanoliter Osmometer for Ice Binding Protein Investigations

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition proteins, are found in cold-adapted organisms and protect them from freeze injuries by interacting with ice crystals. IBPs are found in a variety of organism, including fish1, plants2, 3, arthropods4, 5, fungi6, and bacteria7. IBPs adsorb to the surfaces of ice crystals and prevent water molecules from joining the ice lattice at the IBP adsorption location. Ice that grows on the crystal surface between the adsorbed IBPs develops a high curvature that lowers the temperature at which the ice crystals grow, a phenomenon referred to as the Gibbs-Thomson effect. This depression creates a gap (thermal hysteresis, TH) between the melting point and the nonequilibrium freezing point, within which ice growth is arrested8-10, see Figure 1. One of the main tools used in IBP research is the nanoliter osmometer, which facilitates measurements of the TH activities of IBP solutions. Nanoliter osmometers, such as the Clifton instrument (Clifton Technical Physics, Hartford, NY,) and Otago instrument (Otago Osmometers, Dunedin, New Zealand), were designed to measure the osmolarity of a solution by measuring the melting point depression of droplets with nanoliter volumes. These devices were used to measure the osmolarities of biological samples, such as tears11, and were found to be useful in IBP research. Manual control over these nanoliter osmometers limited the experimental possibilities. Temperature rate changes could not be controlled reliably, the temperature range of the Clifton instrument was limited to 4,000 mOsmol (about -7.5 &deg;C), and temperature recordings as a function of time were not an available option for these instruments.
We designed a custom-made computer-controlled nanoliter osmometer system using a LabVIEW platform (National Instruments). The cold stage, described previously9, 10, contains a metal block through which water circulates, thereby functioning as a heat sink, see Figure 2. Attached to this block are thermoelectric coolers that may be driven using a commercial temperature controller that can be controlled via LabVIEW modules, see Figure 3. Further details are provided below. The major advantage of this system is its sensitive temperature control, see Figure 4. Automated temperature control permits the coordination of a fixed temperature ramp with a video microscopy output containing additional experimental details.
To study the time dependence of the TH activity, we tested a 58 kDa hyperactive IBP from the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis (MpIBP)12. This protein was tagged with enhanced green fluorescence proteins (eGFP) in a construct developed by Peter Davies' group (Queens University)10. We showed that the temperature change profile affected the TH activity. Excellent control over the temperature profile in these experiments significantly improved the TH measurements. The nanoliter osmometer additionally allowed us to test the recrystallization inhibition of IBPs5, 13. In general, recrystallization is a phenomenon in which large crystals grow larger at the expense of small crystals. IBPs efficiently inhibit recrystallization, even at low concentrations14, 15. We used our LabVIEW-controlled osmometer to quantitatively follow the recrystallization of ice and to enforce a constant ice fraction using simultaneous real-time video analysis of the images and temperature feedback from the sample chamber13. The real-time calculations offer additional control options during an experimental procedure. A stage for an inverted microscope was developed to accommodate temperature-controlled microfluidic devices, which will be described elsewhere16.
The Cold Stage System
The cold stage assembly (Figure 2) consists of a set of thermoelectric coolers that cool a copper plate. Heat is removed from the stage by flowing cold water through a closed compartment under the thermoelectric coolers. A 4 mm diameter hole in the middle of the copper plate serves as a viewing window. A 1 mm diameter in-plane hole was drilled to fit the thermistor. A custom-made copper disc (7 mm in diameter) with several holes (500 &mu;m in diameter) was placed on the copper plate and aligned with the viewing window. Air was pumped at a flow rate of 35 ml/sec and dried using Drierite (W.A. Hammond). The dry air was used to ensure a dry environment at the cooling stage. The stage was connected via a 9 pin connection outlet to a temperature controller (Model 3040 or 3150, Newport Corporation, Irvine, California, US). The temperature controller was connected via a cable to a computer GPIB-PCI card (National instruments, Austin, Texas, USA).

Ice binding proteins (IBPs), also known as antifreeze proteins, inhibit ice growth and are a promising additive for use in the cryopreservation of tissues. The main tool used to investigate IBPs is the nanoliter osmometer. We developed a home-designed cooling stage mounted on an optical microscope and controlled using a custom-built LabVIEW routine. The nanoliter osmometer described here manipulated the sample temperature in an ultra-sensitive manner.

アイス結合タンパク質の調査用のLabVIEWオペ新規ナノリッター浸透圧計

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition ...

化学

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is one surface modification technique that electrodeposits a polymeric film at the surface of an electrode by utilizing an applied potential to initiate the polymerization of substrates in the Helmholtz layer. This useful technique was first established by a Murray-Meyer collaboration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the early 1980s and utilized to study numerous physical phenomena of films containing inorganic complexes as the monomeric substrate. Here, we highlight a procedure for coating electrodes with an inorganic complex by performing reductive electropolymerization of the vinyl-containing poly-pyridyl complex onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin oxide coated electrodes. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization but are far less sensitive to oxygen and water.

A procedure for performing reductive electropolymerization of vinyl-containing compounds onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin-oxide coated electrodes is presented. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization.

グラッシーカーボンとフ​​ッ素ドープ酸化スズ電極上にビニル含有ポリピリジル錯体の還元電解重合

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is ...

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

CdSeの@のCdSナノロッド上にイリジウム酸化物ナノ粒子の光化学酸化成長

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

超分子コロイドの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

オンライン複雑な炭化水素マトリックス中の窒素含有化合物の分析

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is prepared by mixing solutions of glycol chitosan with a synthesized benzaldehyde terminated polymer gelator, and hydrogels are efficiently obtained in several minutes at room temperature. By varying ratios between glycol chitosan, polymer gelator, and water contents, versatile hydrogels with different gelation times and stiffness are obtained. When damaged, the hydrogel can recover its appearances and modulus, due to the reversibility of the dynamic imine bonds as crosslinkages. This self-healable property enables the hydrogel to be injectable since it can be self-healed from squeezed pieces to an integral bulk hydrogel after the injection process. The hydrogel is also multi-responsive to many bio-active stimuli due to different equilibration statuses of the dynamic imine bonds. This hydrogel was confirmed as bio-compatible, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells were embedded following standard procedures and the cell proliferation was easily assessed by a 3D cell cultivation process. The hydrogel can offer an adjustable platform for different research where a physiological mimic of a 3D environment for cells is profited. Along with its multi-responsive, self-healable, and injectable properties, the hydrogels can potentially be applied as multiple carriers for drugs and cells in future bio-medical applications.

Here we describe a facile preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. Methods to adjust the hydrogel&#8217;s mechanical strength and its application in 3D cell culture are presented.

キトサンを用いた注射ゲルおよび 3 D 細胞培養への応用の準備

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

複合金属酸化物ナノ粒子の溶融塩合成

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

高 β-O-4 コンテンツによるリグニンの抽出軽度エタノール抽出と脱重合の収量に及ぼす影響

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.

クラスターによる脱着/イオン化質量分析による、表面上の複雑分子とその反応の解析

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass ...

Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles, Their Conjugation with the Siderophore Feroxamine and its Evaluation for Bacteria Detection

In the present work, the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine, a siderophore recognized by Yersinia enterocolitica, using a succinyl moiety as a linker are described.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of magnetite (Fe3O4) were prepared by solvothermal method and coated with SiO2 (MNP@SiO2) using the St&#246;ber process followed by functionalization with APTES (MNP@SiO2@NH2). Then, feroxamine was conjugated with the MNP@SiO2@NH2 by carbodiimide coupling to give MNP@SiO2@NH2@Fa. The morphology and properties of the conjugate and intermediates were examined by eight different methods including powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping. This exhaustive characterization confirmed the formation of the conjugate. Finally, in order to evaluate the capacity and specificity of the nanoparticles, they were tested in a capture bacteria assay using Yersinia enterocolitica.

This work describes protocols for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine using a succinyl moiety as a linker. A deep structural characterization description and a capture bacteria assay using Y. enterocolitica for all the intermediate nanoparticles and the final conjugate are also described in detail.