The authors have no acknowledgements.

EOB-DTPA와 조지아 1. 준비 [EOB-DTPA] 주의 : 사용하기 전에 사용되는 유기 용매, 산 및 알카라인의 모든 관련 물질 안전 보건 자료 (MSDS)를 참조하십시오. 흄 후드에서 모든 단계를 수행하고 개인 보호 장비 (안전 안경, 장갑, 실험실 코트)를 사용합니다. <ol><li> gadoxetic 산에서 EOB-DTPA의 분리 <ol><li> 플라스크에 0.25 M gadoxetic 산 주사 용액 3 ㎖를 넣습니다. 교반 된 용액에 옥살산 500 밀리그램 (5.6 밀리몰)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 1 시간 동안 교반 한 후, 감압을 사용하여 프릿을 통해 현탁액을 필터. 각각 물 3 ㎖로 잔류 물을 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 수성 여액을 결합하고 pH 전극과 솔루션을 장비. pH가 약 -0.1가 될 때까지 여액에 12 M 염산. </li><li> 무색의 잔류 물을 수득하는 용매를 진공하에 제거한다. 불활성 기체에서 보관하십시오. </li><li> 충분히 잔류 워시 (적어도 세에틸 아세테이트 시간) 옥살산의 과잉을 제거한다. 진공 잔류 물을 건조. </li><li> 실온에서 물 2 ㎖에 재용 해 잔류하고 얼음 용기에 용액을 냉각. 빙욕을 제거하지 않고 형성 될 때까지 0.5 M 수산화 나트륨 수용액을 적가하여 무색 고체를 관찰 끈끈한. </li><li> 경사에 의해 물을 제거합니다. 차가운 물 1 mL로 고체 두 번 더 씻는다. 제 생성물 분획을 수득 진공하에 고체를 건조. </li><li> 칼럼 크로마토 그래피 (실리카, 메탄올 / 물 4/1)를 통해 경사 물의 결합 분획 제 생성물 분획을 분리. 24, 진공에서 용매를 제거한다. </li><li> 얻어진 고체는 순수한 흰색이 아닌 경우, 물 1 ㎖에 재용 해하여 생성물을 침전 10 ml의 에탄올 및이어서 10 ㎖의 디 에틸 에테르를 추가한다. 감압하고, 진공에서 건조하여 프릿을 통해 필터. </li><li> 콤바인고체 EOB-DTPA의 분수 및 NMR 분광, 25 질량 분석 (26)와 원소 (27) 분석을 수행 둘. </li></ol></li><li> 가인의 합성 EOB-DTPA] 주의 : 건조한 불활성 분위기 하에서 스토어 고체 조지아 (III) 클로라이드, 이후 공기, 수분이나 기름 분해와 접촉시 부식성 가스 및 노란색, 갈색 또는 검은 색 불순물의 형성의 결과로 발생한다. <ol><li> 물 100 ㎖에서의 Ga (III) 클로라이드 1.94 g (11.0 밀리몰)을 용해하여 0.11 M 스톡 용액을 제조 하였다. 물 4 ml의 25 % 암모니아 수용액 1 mL로 희석. </li><li> 물 10 ㎖의 플라스크에 EOB-DTPA 80 밀리그램 (0.15 밀리몰)을 녹인다. 필요한 경우, 완전한 용해를 달성하기 위해, 용매를 가열한다. </li><li> 조지아 (III) 클로라이드 원액 1.4 ㎖ (0.15 밀리몰)를 추가합니다. 교반하여 pH 전극과 플라스크를 착용. 용액의 pH가 약 4.1이 될 때까지 묽은 암모니아수 용액을 적하하여 추가한다. RO에서 교반30 분 톰 온도. </li><li> 진공에서 용매를 제거한다. 중앙 및 병렬 측 경부와 stillhead가 장착 된 플라스크의 잔류 물을 넣습니다. 진공 펌프 출구와 냉각 손가락 측면 목 중심 목에 착용 </li><li> 감압 (125 ° C, 0.6 밀리바)에서 잔류 물을 가열한다. 주기적 냉각 핑거 여전히 헤드로부터 (유리 표면의 백색 코팅과 같은 표시) 승화 염화 암모늄을 제거 할뿐만 아니라, 약간 젖은 천으로 플라스크의 상부 부분에서. 새로운 승 화성의 가시적 형성이 없을 때까지 프로세스를 계속한다. </li><li> 각각 뜨거운 메탄올 0.5 ㎖로 잔류 물을 세 번 씻어 염화 암모늄의 마지막 흔적을 제거합니다. 진공에서 무색 잔류 물을 건조. NMR 분광, 25 질량 분석 (26)와 원소 (27) 분석을 수행합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 일반 라벨 절차 주의 : 모든 전방사성 물질에 직접 또는 간접 접촉을 포함위한 실험은 숙련 된 기술자가 수행해야합니다. 적절한 차폐 장치를 사용하십시오. 개별적으로 방사성 폐기물을 수집하고 저장하고 유효한 규정에 따라 폐기 할 것. <ol><li> 발전기 용출 참고 : 도데 실-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 실리카 산화물 결합 된 어머니 핵종과 40 mCi의 68 창 / 68 조지아 발생하는 사용되었다. 이 절차의 경우이었던 것에 용출 및 정제는 연동 펌프 및 디스펜서 장치를 사용하여 결합 된 자동화 된 프로세스로, 수동으로 수행하거나 할 수있다. <ol><li> 5.5 M의 1.0 M 및 0.05 M 염산 용액을 준비합니다. mL의 5.5 M 염산 25 μl를 함유하는 5.0 M 염화나트륨의 용액을 제조 하였다. 4.1 g의 나트륨 아세테이트, 1 mL의 염산 (30 %) 및 ​​2.5 ml의 빙초산과 함께, 50 ml의 물을 혼합물을 희석하여 pH가 4.6의 완충 용액을 제조 하였다. </li><li> PREC1 1.0 M 염산 mL 및 이후 5 ml의 물과 함께 천천히 세척하여 PS-H + 카트리지 ondition. </li><li> 4 ml의 0.05 M HCl로 발전기의 실리카 컬럼을 용출. (12)로드 PS-H + 카트리지 상에 68 조지아의 용출액. </li><li> 물 5ml와 카트리지를 세척하고이어서 공기 5 ㎖로 건조. 1 ㎖의 5.0 M로 산성화 식염수로 카트리지로부터 용리 68 조지아. 28 </li></ol></li><li> 68 조지아와 EOB-DTPA의 라벨링 <ol><li> 물 1 ㎖에 EOB-DTPA 1 밀리그램 (1.9 μmol)을 녹인다. 이 솔루션에서 100 μL (0.19 μmol)를 타고 19 μM (10 μg의 / ㎖) EOB-DTPA의 원액을 준비하기 위해 물 9.9 ml의로 희석. </li><li> 68 조지아를 포함하는 용액 (22 ~ 29 MBq의 같게) 50 μl를 제거하고 유리 병에 넣어. EOB-DTPA의 19 mM의 주식 솔루션의 50 μL (0.5 μg의) 300 ㎕를 O를 추가F 4.0으로 pH를 높이기 위해 버퍼. 간단히 흔들어 5 분 동안 실온에서 용액을 배양한다. 1-5 μL의 분취 량을 제거하고 HPLC 또는 TLC 분석했습니다. </li><li> . 물 / 트리 플루오로 아세트산 (99.9 % / 0.1 %), B - - 트리 플루오 / 아세토 니트릴로 아세트산 (99.9 % / 0.1 %), 그라데이션 A : 역상 (RP) C18 컬럼 (29)를 사용하여 다음 이동상에 무선 HPLC 분석을 수행 06 분 80 % A를 0 % → A (0.5 ㎖ / 분), 610 분 0 % A (0.5 ㎖ / 분). </li><li> 곡선 아래의 영역으로서 무선 HPLC 신호의 피크 강도를 결정한다. 다음과 같이 추적의 방사 화학적 순도 (RCP)와 라벨 수율을 계산한다 : RCP = A 조지아-EOB-DTPA / (A 조지아 + A 조지아-EOB-DTPA)은 100 % ∙ 조지아-EOB-DTPA : 68 조지아 [EOB-DTPA]의 곡선 아래 영역 조지아 : 무료 68 조지아의 곡선 아래 영역 </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 라벨 효율성 <ol><li> 설명으로 라벨링 절차를 수행섹션 2.에 D (용출액의 신선도에 따라 40-140 μL) 68 조지아의 용출액의 활동을 시작하는 일관된 범위, 예를 들어, 22 ~ 29 MBq의. </li><li> (68 조지아 용출액의 부피에 따라 40-190 μL) 3.8-4.0로 pH를 조정하기 위해 완충액의 요구량을 추가한다. 리간드 모액의 요구량 (19 mM의 용액을 10 내지 70 μL)을 추가한다. </li><li> 1.75 mL의 각 라벨 프로브의 전체 볼륨을 조정하는 물을 필요한 양의 추가. 잘 혼합하고, 샘플을 실온에서 5 분간 방치하자. 라벨 수율을 결정하기 위해 2 절에 설명 된대로 HPLC 분석을 수행합니다. </li><li> 0.1 μg의 단계에서 리간드의 양 μg의 μg의 0.1 내지 0.7와 라벨링 절차를 수행합니다. 각 리간드 농도 3 회 반복 실험을 수행합니다. 평균 수익률과 표준 편차를 계산합니다. </li></ol> 4. 체외 안정성 <ol><li> 일반 페이지rocedure 및 준비 <ol><li> 10 mm의 포스페이트 농도와 PBS 원액을 제조 탈 이온수 200 ml의 인산염 완충 염수 정제 (PBS)를 녹인다. </li><li> 섹션 3. 샘플 인출에 기재된 바와 같이, 제 2 항에 기재된 바와 같이, 68 조지아 용출액의 부피에 따라 EOB-DTPA 원액 0.5 μL와 22 ~ 29 MBq 내지 68의 Ga의 표시를 수행 버퍼의 양을 조절 안정성 측정을 수행하는 추적의 6 ~ 12 MBq의를 포함하는 라벨 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 용리액으로서 0.1 M 수성 시트르산 나트륨을 사용하여 80mm 실리카겔 피복 알루미늄 판에 무선 TLC 분석을 수행하고 TLC 방사능 스캐너 판을 분석한다. (30)은 곡선 아래의 영역으로서 TLC 신호의 강도를 결정한다. 다음과 같이 추적의 RCP 계산 : RCP = A 조지아-EOB-DTPA / (A 조지아 무료 + A 조지아-EOB-DTPA + A 조지아 콜로이드) ∙ 100 % 조지아-EOB-DTPA : 68 조지아 [EOB-DTPA]의 곡선 아래 영역 조지아 무료 : 무료 68 조지아의 곡선 아래 영역 콜로이드 (68) 조지아의 곡선 하 면적 : 조지아 콜로이드 </li><li> 때마다 포인트 RCP의 t / RCP 0을 계산합니다. 기점 t = 0 분부터 시간차 대 따라서 표준화 RCP 플롯. 시점 t에서 68 조지아 [EOB-DTPA]의 RCP의 t는 = RCP. t에서 68 조지아 [EOB-DTPA] = 0 분의 RCP 0 = RCP. </li></ol></li><li> 인산염 완충 염수 중 안정성 (A) <ol><li> 라벨 용액 65 ㎕를 7.4로 pH가 상승하는 PBS 스톡 용액 150 μL 및 수산화 나트륨 용액 (0.1 M)의 60 μL를 추가한다. 철저하게 섞는다. </li><li> ( &#39;출발점&#39;) TLC 분석을 수행 1-5 μL의 분취 량을 제거합니다. 즉시 37 ℃에서 항온 용액을 저장하고, 대표에서 TLC 분석을 수행 분취 삭제3 시간에 걸쳐 시점을 극상. </li></ol></li><li> PBS에서 아포 -transferrin의 과잉으로 안정성 (B) <ol><li> 라벨 용액 120 ㎕를 7.4로 pH가 상승하는 PBS 스톡 용액 50 μL 및 수산화 나트륨 용액 (0.1 M) 430 μL를 추가한다. 아포 -transferrin (25 ㎎ / ㎖)의 용액 40 μl를 추가합니다. 철저하게 섞는다. </li><li> ( &#39;출발점&#39;) TLC 분석을 수행 1-5 μL의 분취 량을 제거합니다. 즉시 37 ℃에서 항온 용액을 저장하고, 3 시간에 걸쳐 대표적인 시점에서 TLC 분석을 수행 분취 량을 제거한다. </li></ol></li><li> 인간 혈청의 안정성 (C) <ol><li> 인간 혈청 500 ㎕를 7.4로 pH를 높이기 위해 라벨링 용액 25 μL 및 수산화 나트륨 용액 (0.1 M)의 45 μL를 추가한다. 철저하게 섞는다. </li><li> ( &#39;출발점&#39;) TLC 분석을 수행 1-5 μL의 분취 량을 제거합니다. 즉시 인큐에서 솔루션을 저장37 ° C에서 울란바토르 분취 량을 제거는 3 시간에 걸쳐 대표적인 시점에서 TLC 분석을 수행한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 분배 계수 5. 결​​정 (L) 접속자 <ol><li> 7.4 pH를 올리는 PBS 스톡 용액 20 μL 및 수산화 나트륨 용액 (0.1 M) 170 ㎕를 추가 라벨 용액 50 μL에 제 2 항에 기재된 표시 절차를 수행한다. </li><li> 해당 솔루션에서 200 μl를 철회 및 플라스틱 V-유리 병에 넣어. n 옥탄 올의 200 μl를 추가합니다. 2 분 동안 유리 병 및 소용돌이를 닫습니다. 그런 다음 5 분 동안 1,600 XG에서 샘플을 원심 분리기. </li><li> n 개의 -octanol 상과 각 성상에서 40 μL의 삼중를 제거하고 별도의 V-유리 병에 넣어. 레이어를 혼합하지 않도록주의하십시오. </li><li> 30 초 동안 잘 감마 카운터로 각 시료의 활성을 측정한다. 각 시료는 즉시 회 측정을 반복하고, 그 평균 활동 Ᾱ의 t를 계산 들어 </서브&gt; 분 (CPM)에 따라 계산한다. 이렇게 얻은 Ᾱ의 t을 나열, 각과 함께 W1, Ᾱ의 t, W2 및 Ᾱ의 t, W3 (수성 샘플 활동) 및 Ᾱ의 t, O1, Ᾱ의 t, O2, Ᾱ의 t, O3 (n 옥탄 올 활동) 그 판정 시점 t. </li><li> t를 0으로 마지막 샘플의 측정 시점을 정의한다. 결정의 Δt = TT 0을 계산하여 분에서의 Δt를 나열합니다. 다음 식을 사용 Ᾱ (T)의 감쇠 보정을 수행 Ᾱ 0 = Ᾱ의 t · 2 (의 Δt / 68 분). </li><li> 의 평균으로 W Ᾱ 0을 계산 Ᾱ 0, W1, Ᾱ 0, W2 및 Ᾱ 0, W3뿐만 아니라 Ᾱ 0, O의 평균으로 Ᾱ 0, O1, Ᾱ 0, O2 및 Ᾱ 0, O3. 다음 식을 사용하여 계산 (L) 접속자 : (L) 접속자 = 로그 [(Ᾱ <sub&gt; 0, O · 40 μg의) / (Ᾱ 0, W · 33 μg의)]. </li><li> 삼중의 전체 실험을 수행하고 그 표준 편차와 함께 평균 (L) 접속자을 계산합니다. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

EOB-DTPA 다단계 합성 (33)를 통해 액세스 할 수 있지만 단지 또 gadoxetic 아세트산 함유 사용할 조영제로부터 분리 될 수있다. 이를 위해, 중앙 하나님 (III) 이온은 옥살산의 과잉으로 석출 할 수있다. 하나님 (III), 옥살산 및 옥살산을 제거한 후 리간드을 pH 1.5에서 냉수 침전에 의해 단리 될 수있다. 그러나, 여액 수율 칼럼 크로마토 향상시키기 위해서 대신에 또는 후속 절차로 수행 될 수있다. ...

Gadoxetic 산, EOB-DTPA 한 리간드 Gd의 (III) 착물에 대한 일반적인 이름 인해 간 간세포 높은 퍼센티지는 특정 흡수에 간담 자기 공명 영상 (MRI). 2,3-에서 자주 사용되는 조영제 인 간담 배설의이 초점 병변 및 간 종양의 위치 파악을 가능하게한다. 2-5 그러나 MRI 기술의 특정 제한 사항 (예를 들면, 조영제의 독성, 밀실 공포증 또는 금속 임플란트 환자에서 제한 적용) 다른 진단 도구를 요구 . 양전자 방출 단층 촬영 (PET)는 본문에 그 분포는 PET 스캐너로 기록되는 때 방사성 물질 (추적)을 소량 투여하는 것을 특징 분자 이미징 법을한다. 6 PET 높은 허용 동적 방법 않고도 시공간 이미지 해상도뿐만 아니라 결과를 정량화MRI 조영제의 부작용 다룬다. 얻어진 메타 정보의 정보 값이 상기와 같은 가장 일반적으로 PET / CT 스캐너의 전산화 단층 촬영 (CT)과 하이브리드 이미징 달성 추가 촬상 수단으로부터 수신 된 데이터와 해부학 적 조합에 의해 증가 될 수있다. PET 적합한 트레이서의 화학 구조는 양전자 방출로서 방사성 동위 원소를 포함한다. 양전자는 즉시 주변 조직의 원자 껍질의 전자를 몰살하기 때문에 짧은 수명을 가지고있다. 소멸함으로써 움직임 반대 방향으로 두 511 keV의 감마 광자는 PET 스캐너에 의해 기록되는, 방출된다. 7,8, PET 핵종은 분자에 공유 결합 될 수있는 탐침을 형성하는 2- 데 옥시의 경우처럼 2- [F 18] fluoroglucose (FDG)는 가장 널리 사용되는 PET 추적자. 7 그러나 핵종는 하나 이상의 리간드에 배위 결합을 형성 할 수있다 (예를 들면[68 조지아] -DOTATOC 9,10) 나)는 (용해 된 무기 염으로 예컨대, [F 18] (11), 불화 나트륨을 적용. 그것의 생체 내 분포, 대사 및 배설 동작을 결정으로서 전체적으로 트레이서의 구조가 중요하다. 적합한 애완 동물 핵종 편리 양전자 에너지 및 가용성뿐만 아니라 의도 된 조사에 적합한 반감기 같은 유리한 특성을 결합해야합니다. 68 조지아 핵종은 지난 20 년간 PET 분야에서 필수적인 힘이되었다. 12,13이 때문에 사이클로트론 부근으로부터 독립적 현장 라벨링 할 수있는 발전기 시스템으로의 가용성을 주로한다. 발전기에서 어머니 (68) 창은 딸 핵종 (68) 가인이 적당한 킬레이트로 용출하고 이후에 표시되는 열을 흡수 핵종. 6,14 68 조지아의 핵종은 trival로 존재하기 때문에gadoxetic 산 같은 전반적인 음전하와 복합체를 얻을 것 대신에 68 조지아와 EOB-DTPA를 킬레이트 단지 하나님 (III) 10, 13와 같은 엔트 양이온. 따라서, 그 68 조지아의 추적은 PET 영상에 대한 적합성과 유사한 특성 간 특이성을 결합 할 수 있습니다. gadoxetic 산 다음과 같은 맥락에서 구입하고, 나트륨 염으로 관리하고 있지만 우리는 하나님 [EOB-DTPA]과 같이 참조됩니다 조지아 [EOB-DTPA, 또는 68 조지아 [같은 비 방사성 조지아 (III) 복잡한 편의상 방사성 표지 된 성분의 경우 EOB-DTPA]. PET에 대한 추적자는, 방사성 금속 착물 먼저 생체 내 또는 생체 외 실험에서, 체외에서 광범위하게 조사 할 필요가 그들의 적용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 각각의 의료 문제에 대한 적합성을 확인하려면, 생체 분포 행동과 통관 프로필, 안정성, 장기 특이 세포 또는 tissu 같은 다양한 추적 특성전자 흡수를 조사 할 필요가있다. 그들의 비 침습적 문자, 체외 결정은 종종 생체 실험 이전에 수행된다. 일반적으로 생체 내에서 투여시 DTPA 및 그 유도체가 비교적 빨리 분해의 결과로 운동 불활성 결여로 인해이 단지 68 조지아에 대한 킬레이트, 제한된 적합성의 것으로 인정된다. 14-20 이것은 주로 역할을 apo- 트랜스페린에 의해 발생 플라즈마에서 68 조지아에 대한 경쟁. 그럼에도 불구하고, 우리는 진단 정보함으로써 반드시 장기 추적 안정성을 필요로하지 않는, 분 이내에 포스트 분사 3,4,21-23를 제공 할 수있다 특징으로 간담 영상에서의 가능한 적용에 관한 새로운 추적을 조사 하였다. 이를 위해 우리는 gadoxetic 산에서 EOB-DTPA를 분리하고 처음 두 개의 안정 동위 원소, 69 Ga 및 (71)의 혼합물로서 존재하는 자연 조지아 (III)와 착물을 수행 </SUP&gt; 조지아. 복잡한 따라서 68 조지아의 다음 킬레이트 비 방사성 표준을 역임 얻을. 우리는 방법을 확립 함과 동시에 EOB-DTPA의 68 Galabeling 효율을 결정하고 새로운 68 조지아 트레이서의 친 유성 및 다른 매체에서의 안정성을 조사하기 위해 자신의 적합성을 평가 사용했다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="682">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">primovist</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.25 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gallium(III) chloride</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">450898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (deionized)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>&#160;tap water deionizing equipment by Auma-Tec GmbH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 12 M</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20252.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Polskie Odczynniki Chemiczne S.A.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">810925429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">oxalic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.10832.9025</td>
			<td>Geduran Si 60 0,063-0,2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TLC silica gel 60 F254</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.16834.0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20903.55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Brenntag GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10018366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">eiethylether</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23807.468</td>
			<td>stored over KOH plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ammonia solution (25 %)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1133.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">662-1657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">stirring and heating unit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heidolph</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">505-20000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Ilmvac GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">322002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">frit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bruker Coorporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Ultra Shield 400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">elemental analyser</td>
			<td>Hekatech GmbH Analysentechnik</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>EuroVector EA 3000 CHNS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">deuterated water D2O</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">euriso-top</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D214</td>
			<td>99,90 % D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:681px;">Material/Equipment required for labeling procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">68Ge/68Ga generator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ITG Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump and dispenser system</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Scintomics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Variosystem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">hydrochloric acid 30 % (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00318.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water (ultrapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.01262.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium chloride (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06406.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium acetate (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.06264.0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glacial acetic acid (suprapur)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00066.0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VEB Laborchemie Apolda</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10782</td>
			<td>&#62;98.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PS-H+ Cartridge (S)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">731867</td>
			<td>Chromafix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">apo-Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T2036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS&#160; buffer (tablets)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">79382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">human serum</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4522</td>
			<td>from human male AB plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flasks, columns etc.</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">pH electrode</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Knick Elektronische Messger&#228;te GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">765-Set</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">binary pump (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1312A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV Vis detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1315A (HP 1100)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">radioactive detector (HPLC)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">EGRC Berthold</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">HPLC C-18-PFP column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Advanced Chromatography Technologies Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-1110-1503/A100528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HPLC glass vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GTG Glastechnik Graefenroda GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8004-HP-H/i3&#181;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sarstedt AG &#38; Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6542.007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">plastic vials</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Greiner Bio-One International GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">717201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">activimeter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom design</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">incubator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51008815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisons</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Whirlimixer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Heraeus Instruments GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75003360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">gamma well counter</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MED Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Isomed 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.15333.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">acetonitrile for chromatography</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00030.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">TLC radioactivity scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">raytest Isotopenmessger&#228;te GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B00003875</td>
			<td>equipped with beta plastic detector</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigations on the ga(iii) complex of eob-dtpa and its 68ga radiolabeled analogue

우리는 EOB-DTPA (-3,6,9- 트리 아자 -3,6,9- 트리스 (카르복시 메틸) -4- (에 톡시) -undecanedioic 산)의 하나님 (III)에서 복잡한 프로토콜의 분리 방법을 보여 그 소설 비 방사성, 즉, 자연 조지아 (III)뿐만 아니라 방사성 68 조지아 복합체의 제조. 착물 리간드뿐만 아니라의 Ga (III)는 핵 자기 공명 (NMR) 분광법, 질량 분석 및 원소 분석을 특징으로 하였다. 68 조지아 68의 Ge / 68 조지아 발생기로부터 표준 용출 방법으로 얻었다. 실험은 3.8-4.0를 실시했다 pH에서 EOB-DTPA의 68 조지아 - 라벨의 효율성을 평가한다. 설립 분석 기술 무선 TLC (박층 크로마토 그래피) 및 라디오 HPLC (고성능 액체 크로마토 그래피)는 탐침의 방사 화학적 순도를 결정 하였다. 68 조지아의 추적자 &#39;친 유성 n 옥탄 올 / 물 소소의 첫 번째 조사로는 pH 7.4 용액에 존재하는 68 종의 Ga N 계수 추출 방법에 의해 측정 하였다. 실시 하였다 생리적 pH에서 각종 미디어의 추적자 시험 관내 안정성의 측정, 다른 분해 속도를 드러내는.

리간드 EOB-DTPA와 비 방사성의 Ga (III) 1 H, 13 C} {1 H NMR 스펙트럼, 질량 분석 및 원소 분석을 통해 분석 하였다 복합체. 도 1-6에 표 1에 도시하고 그 결과는 물질의 순도를 확인. 68 창 / 68 조지아 발생기의 용출은 400-600 MBq의 68 조지아의 솔루션을 얻?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue at JoVE.com

Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

EOB-DTPA의 분리 및 후속 착화 천연의 Ga (III) 및 (68)의 Ga 명세서 제시뿐만 아니라 표지 효율 모든 화합물 및 조사의 철저한 분석 시험 관내 안정성 및 N- 옥탄 올 / 물하는 수순 방사성 표지 복합체의 분배비.

EOB-DTPA와의 조지아 (III) 단지에 대한 조사 그것<sup&gt; (68)</sup&gt; 조지아 방사성 표지 된 아날로그

We demonstrate a method for the isolation of EOB-DTPA (3,6,9-triaza-3,6,9-tris(carboxymethyl)-4-(ethoxybenzyl)-undecanedioic acid) from its Gd(III) ...

investigations-on-ga-iii-complex-eob-dtpa-its-68ga-radiolabeled

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

9.9K 조회수.  University Hospital Jena.  EOB-DTPA의 분리 및 후속 착화 천연의 Ga (III) 및 (68)의 Ga 명세서 제시뿐만 아니라 표지 효율 모든 화합물 및 조사의 철저한 분석 시험 관내 안정성 및 N- 옥탄 올 / 물하는 수순 방사성 표지 복합체의 분배비. 

비디오: Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

LabVIEW-operated Novel Nanoliter Osmometer for Ice Binding Protein Investigations

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition proteins, are found in cold-adapted organisms and protect them from freeze injuries by interacting with ice crystals. IBPs are found in a variety of organism, including fish1, plants2, 3, arthropods4, 5, fungi6, and bacteria7. IBPs adsorb to the surfaces of ice crystals and prevent water molecules from joining the ice lattice at the IBP adsorption location. Ice that grows on the crystal surface between the adsorbed IBPs develops a high curvature that lowers the temperature at which the ice crystals grow, a phenomenon referred to as the Gibbs-Thomson effect. This depression creates a gap (thermal hysteresis, TH) between the melting point and the nonequilibrium freezing point, within which ice growth is arrested8-10, see Figure 1. One of the main tools used in IBP research is the nanoliter osmometer, which facilitates measurements of the TH activities of IBP solutions. Nanoliter osmometers, such as the Clifton instrument (Clifton Technical Physics, Hartford, NY,) and Otago instrument (Otago Osmometers, Dunedin, New Zealand), were designed to measure the osmolarity of a solution by measuring the melting point depression of droplets with nanoliter volumes. These devices were used to measure the osmolarities of biological samples, such as tears11, and were found to be useful in IBP research. Manual control over these nanoliter osmometers limited the experimental possibilities. Temperature rate changes could not be controlled reliably, the temperature range of the Clifton instrument was limited to 4,000 mOsmol (about -7.5 &deg;C), and temperature recordings as a function of time were not an available option for these instruments.
We designed a custom-made computer-controlled nanoliter osmometer system using a LabVIEW platform (National Instruments). The cold stage, described previously9, 10, contains a metal block through which water circulates, thereby functioning as a heat sink, see Figure 2. Attached to this block are thermoelectric coolers that may be driven using a commercial temperature controller that can be controlled via LabVIEW modules, see Figure 3. Further details are provided below. The major advantage of this system is its sensitive temperature control, see Figure 4. Automated temperature control permits the coordination of a fixed temperature ramp with a video microscopy output containing additional experimental details.
To study the time dependence of the TH activity, we tested a 58 kDa hyperactive IBP from the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis (MpIBP)12. This protein was tagged with enhanced green fluorescence proteins (eGFP) in a construct developed by Peter Davies' group (Queens University)10. We showed that the temperature change profile affected the TH activity. Excellent control over the temperature profile in these experiments significantly improved the TH measurements. The nanoliter osmometer additionally allowed us to test the recrystallization inhibition of IBPs5, 13. In general, recrystallization is a phenomenon in which large crystals grow larger at the expense of small crystals. IBPs efficiently inhibit recrystallization, even at low concentrations14, 15. We used our LabVIEW-controlled osmometer to quantitatively follow the recrystallization of ice and to enforce a constant ice fraction using simultaneous real-time video analysis of the images and temperature feedback from the sample chamber13. The real-time calculations offer additional control options during an experimental procedure. A stage for an inverted microscope was developed to accommodate temperature-controlled microfluidic devices, which will be described elsewhere16.
The Cold Stage System
The cold stage assembly (Figure 2) consists of a set of thermoelectric coolers that cool a copper plate. Heat is removed from the stage by flowing cold water through a closed compartment under the thermoelectric coolers. A 4 mm diameter hole in the middle of the copper plate serves as a viewing window. A 1 mm diameter in-plane hole was drilled to fit the thermistor. A custom-made copper disc (7 mm in diameter) with several holes (500 &mu;m in diameter) was placed on the copper plate and aligned with the viewing window. Air was pumped at a flow rate of 35 ml/sec and dried using Drierite (W.A. Hammond). The dry air was used to ensure a dry environment at the cooling stage. The stage was connected via a 9 pin connection outlet to a temperature controller (Model 3040 or 3150, Newport Corporation, Irvine, California, US). The temperature controller was connected via a cable to a computer GPIB-PCI card (National instruments, Austin, Texas, USA).

Ice binding proteins (IBPs), also known as antifreeze proteins, inhibit ice growth and are a promising additive for use in the cryopreservation of tissues. The main tool used to investigate IBPs is the nanoliter osmometer. We developed a home-designed cooling stage mounted on an optical microscope and controlled using a custom-built LabVIEW routine. The nanoliter osmometer described here manipulated the sample temperature in an ultra-sensitive manner.

아이스 바인딩 단백질 수사 LabVIEW 운영하는 소설 Nanoliter의 Osmometer

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition ...

연구

화학

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is one surface modification technique that electrodeposits a polymeric film at the surface of an electrode by utilizing an applied potential to initiate the polymerization of substrates in the Helmholtz layer. This useful technique was first established by a Murray-Meyer collaboration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the early 1980s and utilized to study numerous physical phenomena of films containing inorganic complexes as the monomeric substrate. Here, we highlight a procedure for coating electrodes with an inorganic complex by performing reductive electropolymerization of the vinyl-containing poly-pyridyl complex onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin oxide coated electrodes. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization but are far less sensitive to oxygen and water.

A procedure for performing reductive electropolymerization of vinyl-containing compounds onto glassy carbon and fluorine doped tin-oxide coated electrodes is presented. Recommendations on electrochemical cell configurations and troubleshooting procedures are included. Although not explicitly described here, oxidative electropolymerization of pyrrole-containing compounds follows similar procedures to vinyl-based reductive electropolymerization.

유리 탄소와 불소 도핑 된 주석 산화물 전극에 비닐 함유 폴리 피리 딜 단지의 환원 적 전기 중합

Controllable electrode surface modification is important in a number of fields, especially those with solar fuels applications. Electropolymerization is ...

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

의 CdSe @ CdS와 나노 막대에 이리듐 산화물 나노 입자의 광 화학적 산화 성장

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

복잡한 탄화수소 행렬에 질소 함유 화합물의 온라인 분석

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is prepared by mixing solutions of glycol chitosan with a synthesized benzaldehyde terminated polymer gelator, and hydrogels are efficiently obtained in several minutes at room temperature. By varying ratios between glycol chitosan, polymer gelator, and water contents, versatile hydrogels with different gelation times and stiffness are obtained. When damaged, the hydrogel can recover its appearances and modulus, due to the reversibility of the dynamic imine bonds as crosslinkages. This self-healable property enables the hydrogel to be injectable since it can be self-healed from squeezed pieces to an integral bulk hydrogel after the injection process. The hydrogel is also multi-responsive to many bio-active stimuli due to different equilibration statuses of the dynamic imine bonds. This hydrogel was confirmed as bio-compatible, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells were embedded following standard procedures and the cell proliferation was easily assessed by a 3D cell cultivation process. The hydrogel can offer an adjustable platform for different research where a physiological mimic of a 3D environment for cells is profited. Along with its multi-responsive, self-healable, and injectable properties, the hydrogels can potentially be applied as multiple carriers for drugs and cells in future bio-medical applications.

Here we describe a facile preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. Methods to adjust the hydrogel&#8217;s mechanical strength and its application in 3D cell culture are presented.

주 사용 Hydrogels 키토 산 기반 및 3D 세포 배양에서의 응용의 준비

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

녹은 소금 복합 금속 산화물 나노 입자의 합성

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

온화한 에탄올 추출 및 Depolymerization 수율에 미치는 영향에 의해 높은 β-O-4 콘텐츠 리그 닌의 추출

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.

클러스터 유도 탈착/이온화 질량 분광법에 의한 표면에 대한 복잡한 분자 및 표면의 반응 분석

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass ...

Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles, Their Conjugation with the Siderophore Feroxamine and its Evaluation for Bacteria Detection

In the present work, the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine, a siderophore recognized by Yersinia enterocolitica, using a succinyl moiety as a linker are described.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of magnetite (Fe3O4) were prepared by solvothermal method and coated with SiO2 (MNP@SiO2) using the St&#246;ber process followed by functionalization with APTES (MNP@SiO2@NH2). Then, feroxamine was conjugated with the MNP@SiO2@NH2 by carbodiimide coupling to give MNP@SiO2@NH2@Fa. The morphology and properties of the conjugate and intermediates were examined by eight different methods including powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping. This exhaustive characterization confirmed the formation of the conjugate. Finally, in order to evaluate the capacity and specificity of the nanoparticles, they were tested in a capture bacteria assay using Yersinia enterocolitica.

This work describes protocols for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles, its coating with SiO2, followed by its amine functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and its conjugation with deferoxamine using a succinyl moiety as a linker. A deep structural characterization description and a capture bacteria assay using Y. enterocolitica for all the intermediate nanoparticles and the final conjugate are also described in detail.