The authors' work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 103-2320-B-002-068-MY2), the National Health Research Institute (NHRI-EX104-10418SC), and National Taiwan University (NTU 104R4000).

所有的动物实验均按照指南实验动物的护理和使用，卫生的美国国立卫生研究院公布（NIH公开号85-23，1996年修订）进行。该协议被批准，并按照规定设置的机构动物护理和使用委员会台大的准则。 1.动物手术<ol><li>通过钝的针尖上的珩磨石制备22克的注射器针头。使用钳子，折扇针直角。 </li><li>手术前，准备所需的手术器械和材料，以及作为恢复笼。使用前高压灭菌所有仪器和手术用品。 </li><li>维持约200克老鼠，并让他们在12小时亮/暗周期在控制温度（21±2℃），免费获得食物和水。包括至少6只大鼠各组中使用。麻醉戊巴比妥大鼠（75毫克/公斤0.5毫升，IP）或另一种适当的麻醉剂。通过测试尾反射确认麻醉深度。 注意:没有尾反射的是充足的麻醉的一个指标。 </li><li>将在仰卧位老鼠在手术平台，加热垫，以保持体温。剃鼠的腹部区域与动物毛发推剪和毛发去除洗剂，以避免手术污染。擦洗优碘或手术之前，另一个清洁剂的干净剃光腹部。 注:保持整个过程中的无菌场是很重要的。 </li><li>使沿着用手术刀腹部中线2厘米的切口。在手术过程中使用生理盐水，保持腹腔脏器湿润。仔细置换消化器官用棉球，以暴露下腔静脉即位于后腹膜区域的一侧。识别腹主动脉，其位于并列并通常在离开下腔静脉。 注:腹主动脉是在时间上与心脏速率脉动容器中。 </li><li>刺破腹膜一双镊子到下面揭露的船只。轻轻隔离邻近肾动脉的腹部大动脉，并传递一个8厘米长的4-0丝线缝合右侧的起源和左肾动脉之间的腹主动脉下方。 </li><li>请用缝线一个松散的双结;留3毫米直径的环形，并放置迟钝和弯曲22克针在循环内。拧紧围绕主动脉和针的结，然后立刻取出针达到0.7毫米直径的收缩。 </li><li>用6-0可吸收缝合线材料关闭腹腔。缝合肌肉或皮肤切口，用简单的间断缝合。为了防止感染，擦洗手术部位用碘酒。 </li><li>仔细观察动物，直到它重新获得足够的意识，通过自由移动指示和食物摄取。无人看管，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧不要让动物。以防止手术后的疼痛，治疗与对乙酰氨基酚（于0.5ml 300毫克/千克，IP）的大鼠。 注:用户应给予止痛药批准的体制政策。 </li></ol> 2.组织和血液样品采集<ol><li> 10周手术后，称重大鼠并（0.5毫升，IP 75毫克/千克）用戊巴比妥麻醉它。手术前，通过测试其尾部反射确认麻醉深度。放置鼠上的金属托盘。 </li><li>使沿使用手术刀颈部的中线2厘米的切口。仔细取代肌肉用钳子暴露气管。仔细观察，以确定在颈动脉，其中平行于气管和在时间上与心脏速率脉动。 </li><li>收集从颈动脉血液进入涂有EDTA的血液收集管。立时离心机血在2000 XG 15分钟，收集血浆。直到需要在-80存储血浆℃。 </li><li>使5厘米的切口在胸部区域，围绕xyphoid过程的中线。皮尔斯锋利的钳隔膜。使用剪刀，切割和去除肋骨沿两侧中期锁骨线暴露心脏。仔细切除的心脏沿心脏和血管的边界。不抓组织轻轻取出心脏。 </li><li>通过捆绑主动脉树干灌注针安装在修改后的Langendorff灌流心脏。灌注用Krebs缓冲液的心脏（含有110 mM氯化钠，2.6毫摩尔的KCl，1.2毫摩尔KH 2 PO 4，1.2毫硫酸镁 ，25mM的碳酸氢钠 ，和11毫米的葡萄糖[pH为7.4]）洗出血液。权衡的心脏，并计算心脏重量到身体重量比。修正了冰4％多聚甲醛的心脏。记得要戴口罩，因为水蒸气多聚甲醛是TOX我知道了。 </li></ol> 3.组织纤维化定量<ol><li>将组织切片设备上的多聚甲醛固定的心脏组织，切2mm厚的部分。放置的组织切片中的包埋盒。通过一系列梯度乙醇浴（50％，75％，95％，并且对于每个1小时100％）的脱水的组织。 </li><li>渗透用二甲苯组织1小时，最后在蜡1小时。放置渗透组织成一个包埋盒和石蜡嵌入。储存在室温下石蜡块的包埋组织直到显微切片。 </li><li>切片包埋组织成4微米厚的切片。放置在部分45ºC水浴。以一个角度浸载玻片放入水浴中，并逐渐接近石蜡切片边缘，以允许部分附着到滑动。 </li><li>移动滑动进出浴下的组织切片去除潜在的气穴，并促进更好附件。干ŧ他滑动在37ºC1小时，并将其在室温下储存用于组织学染色。 </li><li>把滑入的槽。 Deparaffinize用二甲苯滑动30分钟，并在顺序地稀释酒精再水合它（95％，75％和50％对每个3分钟）和最后在蒸馏水中。使用足够天狼猩红溶液完全覆盖组织切片1小时。冲洗在0.5％的乙酸溶液的幻灯片两个变化，然后在无水乙醇执行两个漂洗。 </li><li>风干载玻片和盖玻片安装在合成树脂的幻灯片。照片在可见光领域的幻灯片。 注:红色区域中的照片显示了在200倍显微镜下天狼猩红正面区域。计算天狼猩红正面区域超过总面积，这表明纤维化11的程度的百分比。 </li></ol> 4.血肌钙蛋白定量<ol><li>量化血浆肌钙蛋白水平使用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）。测定一式两份每个样品。负载血浆的50微升和50微升的抗体鸡尾酒到适当孔中。密封该板，并在400rpm在室温下孵育1小时在板振荡器上。 注:在血浆中心脏肌钙蛋白是心肌损伤的标记物。 </li><li>吸出液体，并用250微升洗涤缓冲液三次洗每个孔中。最后一次洗涤后，翻转板吸干对清洁纸巾除去多余的液体。 </li><li>加入100μl四甲基联苯胺底物至每孔，并孵育在黑暗中10分钟上以400rpm板振荡器。加入100微升终止液到每个孔中。摇板振荡器上在板1分钟以混合。记录450nm处的光密度（OD）。 注:肌钙蛋白浓度是成比例的OD值。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hypertensive heart disease, a major health problem that contributes greatly to morbidity and mortality, can lead to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure5. The pathogenesis and progression of hypertensive heart disease in humans is complex, so an appropriate animal model is critical to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to test novel therapeutics that aim to improve cardiac structure and function5. The abdominal aortic constriction model, which simulates chronic heart disease, is an effective...

心脏衰竭是一种复杂的临床综合征，其中包括疲劳，呼吸困难症状，运动耐受力，和体液潴留在外围组织。它是死亡的发达国家1的首要原因。除了引起的肌节蛋白质或离子通道2突变遗传性心肌病，心肌功能障碍可以通过各种医学病症，包括高血压，心脏瓣膜疾病，肥胖和糖尿病3引起的。在心肌结构，电传导，和能量代谢导致心脏泵送能力不足的变化，以满足循环的要求，最终导致心脏衰竭3,4。调查心脏衰竭背后的机制，因此，是在心血管领域的研究非常重要。识别导致心脏衰竭恶化的分子机制，最终可以帮助在新的治疗目标的或有用的生物标记物的发现<s达&gt; 1。因此，开发出与人类5心脏衰竭共享关键临床特征心脏衰竭的动物模型非常重要的。 心脏肥大和重塑起着心脏衰竭的发展中起关键作用。高血压心脏疾病是心肌肥厚和人类患者1所示的适应不良重塑的关键因素。模仿这些人类的条件下，动物模型通常通过外科手术成立。特别是，在横向或腹主动脉可以收缩，以增加对左心室，这最终导致在心脏的压力超负荷的阻力。这种现象通常导致心脏肥大，心肌细胞的一生理补偿，以满足对心血管系统的功能需求。然而，功能需求覆盖了正常的生理代偿机制，导致心肌纤维化和承包商瓷砖损害。横向主动脉缩窄（TAC）手术往往涉及复杂的程序，包括开胸，机械通气和胸腺分离和脂肪组织从主动脉弓。相比之下，腹主动脉缩窄，需要简单的实验技术6-8。腹主动脉，在左右肾动脉之间，是在手术过程中收缩。心肌肥厚和重塑可在腹主动脉缩窄手术后6-8可以观察到几个星期;它们产生类似于由横向主动脉缩窄术9,10-生成健壮高血压心脏疾病。在这里，我们描述了一种协议使用高效的，高度可再现的，和微创方法大鼠进行腹主动脉缩窄。邻近肾动脉腹主动脉通过由4-0丝线形成的0.72毫米环收缩。手术，心脏肥大和remodelin十周后g的被观察到。腹主动脉缩窄致心肌肥大的大鼠模型为研究疾病机理与病理生理学，以及潜在疗法的发展平台。

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			<td style="width:119px;">ML870B2</td>
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a model of cardiac remodeling through constriction of the abdominal aorta in rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

腹主动脉缩窄手术10周后，将得到的心肌病理分析。心脏组织学是通过计算心脏重量的体重的比率，并通过在心脏检测胶原蛋白的量来测量。心脏损伤，通过测定血浆心肌肌钙蛋白浓度证实。 如在图1A中所示，心脏大小腹主动脉缩窄手术后放大，由更高心脏重量到体重比（ 图1B），心脏肥大的指标作为...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats at JoVE.com

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

心脏重构通过大鼠腹主动脉缩窄的模型

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

a-model-cardiac-remodeling-through-constriction-abdominal-aorta

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K 次观看.  National Taiwan University. A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

视频: A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population1,2. Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)3 (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity.
CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins.
For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs4. The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter5,6. The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Due to the simplicity of surgery and the robust behavioural outcome, chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve is one of the pre-eminent animal models of neuropathic pain. Within 24 hrs following surgery, pain hypersensitivity is established and can be quantitatively measured using a von Frey aesthesiometer (mechanical test) and plantar analgesia meter (thermal test).

慢性缩窄大鼠坐骨神经疼痛过敏测试

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of ...

科研

医学

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

大鼠原位肝移植

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

大鼠建立压力超负荷心肌肥厚模型在升主动脉缩窄

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, the RV is significantly affected in pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). In addition, the RV is remarkably sensitive to cardiac pathologies, including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, valvular disease or RV infarction4. To understand the role of RV in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases, a reliable and noninvasive method to access the RV structurally and functionally is essential.
A noninvasive trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) based methodology was established and validated for monitoring dynamic changes in RV structure and function in adult mice. To impose RV stress, we employed a surgical model of pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) and measured the RV response over a 7-day period using a high-frequency ultrasound microimaging system. Sham operated mice were used as controls. Images were acquired in lightly anesthetized mice at baseline (before surgery), day 0 (immediately post-surgery), day 3, and day 7 (post-surgery). Data was analyzed offline using software.
Several acoustic windows (B, M, and Color Doppler modes), which can be consistently obtained in mice, allowed for reliable and reproducible measurement of RV structure (including RV wall thickness, end-diastolic&#160;and end-systolic dimensions), and function (fractional area change, fractional shortening, PA peak velocity, and peak pressure gradient) in normal mice and following PAC.
Using this method, the pressure-gradient resulting from PAC was accurately measured in real-time using Color Doppler mode and was comparable to direct pressure measurements performed with a Millar high-fidelity microtip catheter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RV measurements obtained from various complimentary views using echocardiography are reliable, reproducible and can provide insights regarding RV structure and function. This method will enable a better understanding of the role of RV cardiac dysfunction.

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, yet limited methodologies are available for its evaluation. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging provide a noninvasive and accurate option for longitudinal RV study. Herein, we detail a step-by-step echocardiographic method using a murine model of RV pressure overload.

右心室结构和功能的肺动脉缩窄经胸超声小鼠模型的评估

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, ...

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled microscopic lesions (microlesions) that are remarkable due to the absence of infiltrating immune cells. Due to their release of cardiotoxic products, S. pneumoniae within microlesions are thought to contribute to the heart failure that is frequently observed during fulminate invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. Herein is demonstrated a protocol for experimental mouse infection that leads to reproducible cardiac microlesion formation within 30 hr. Instruction is provided on microlesion identification in hematoxylin &#38; eosin stained heart sections and the morphological distinctions between early and late microlesions are highlighted. Instruction is provided on a protocol for verification of S. pneumoniae within microlesions using antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and immunofluorescent microscopy. Last, a protocol for antibiotic intervention that rescues infected mice and for the detection and assessment of scar formation in the hearts of convalescent mice is provided. Together, these protocols will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying pneumococcal cardiac invasion, cardiomyocyte death, cardiac remodeling as a result of exposure to S. pneumoniae, and the immune response to the pneumococci in the heart.

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Streptococcus pneumoniae forms discrete non-purulent microscopic lesions in the heart. Outlined is the protocol for a murine model of cardiac microlesion formation. Instruction is provided on microlesion visualization using microscopy, discrimination between early and late microlesions, and methods to detect cardiac remodeling in hearts of convalescent animals.

可视化<em&gt;肺炎链球菌</em&gt;在心脏Microlesions和随后的心脏重构

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled ...

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.

The goal of this protocol is to noninvasively assess cardiac structural and functional changes in a mouse model of heart disease created by transverse aortic constriction, using B- and M-mode echocardiography and color/pulse wave Doppler imaging.

在横向主动脉缩窄的小鼠模型和心脏形态学评估功能改变通过超声心动图成像

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

球囊损伤诱发小鼠腹主动脉 Myointimal 增生的研究

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

诱导小鼠横向主动脉狭窄的闭合胸模型

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

小鼠胸腹主动脉超声检查确定动脉瘤大小

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of coronary artery disease. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is determined by an excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue within the stent and limits the long-term success of stents. A variety of animal models have been used to elucidate pathophysiological processes underlying in-stent restenosis (ISR), with the porcine coronary and the rabbit iliac artery models being the most frequently used. Murine models provide the advantages of high throughput, ease of handling and housing, reproducibility, and a broad availability of molecular markers. The apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/- ) mouse model has been widely used to study cardiovascular diseases. However, stents must be miniaturized to be implanted into mice, involving important changes of their mechanical and (potentially) biological properties. The use of apoE-/- rats can overcome these shortcomings as apoE-/- rats allow for the evaluation of human-sized coronary stents while at the same time providing an atherogenic phenotype. This makes them an excellent and reliable model to investigate ISR after stent implantation. Here, we describe, in detail, the implantation of commercially available human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access.

This protocol describes the implantation of human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access. Compared with other animal models, murine models carry the advantages of high throughput, reproducibility, ease of handling and housing, and a broad availability of molecular markers.

使用跨女性访问将人类大小的冠状动脉支架植入大鼠腹主动脉

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...