The authors' work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 103-2320-B-002-068-MY2), the National Health Research Institute (NHRI-EX104-10418SC), and National Taiwan University (NTU 104R4000).

모든 동물 실험은 미국 국립 보건 연구소에 의해 게시 된 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용에 대한 가이드 (NIH 간행물 없습니다. 85-23가 1996 년 개정)에 따라 실시 하였다. 이 프로토콜은에 의해 국립 대만 대학에서 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 명시된 지침에 따라 승인을 받았다. 1. 동물 수술 <ol><li> 호닝 돌에 바늘의 끝을 둔화로 22 G 주사기 바늘을 준비합니다. 집게를 사용하여 직각으로 니들 plicate. </li><li> 수술 전에 필요한 수술기구 및 재료뿐만 아니라 회복 케이지를 준비한다. 사용하기 전에 모든 장비 및 수술 공급을 압력솥. </li><li> 200g의 주위에 쥐를 유지하고 음식과 물을 무료로 액세스 할 수있는 제어 온도 (21 ± 2 ° C)에서 12 시간 빛 / 어둠 사이클에서 보관하십시오. 각 그룹에서 최소 6 마리를 포함합니다. 펜토 바르 비탈로 쥐를 마취또는 다른 적절한 마취제 (0.5 ml의 IP를 75 ㎎ / ㎏). 꼬리 반사를 테스트하여 마취의 깊이를 확인합니다. 참고 : 꼬리 반사의 부재는 적절한 마취의 지표입니다. </li><li> 체온을 유지하기 위해 가열 패드와 수술 플랫폼 앙와위에서 쥐를 놓는다. 수술 오염을 방지하기 위해 동물 이발기 헤어 리무버 로션 래트의 복부를 면도. betadine 또는 수술 전에 다른 클렌징 시약으로 깔끔하게 면도 복부를 문질러. 참고 :이 절차를 통해 멸균 필드를 유지하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 메스와 복부의 정중선을 따라 2cm의 절개를합니다. 생리 식염수를 사용하여 수술 중 습기 복부 기관을 유지합니다. 후방 복막 영역에 놓여 하대 정맥을 노출 면봉을 사용하여 측면을주의 깊게 소화 기관을 대체. 온 일반적으로 병렬 및 거짓말 복부 대동맥을 확인대정맥의 왼쪽. 주 : 복부 대동맥은 심장 박동에 맞춰 맥동 용기이다. </li><li> 아래의 혈관을 밝히기 위해서 집게 한 쌍의 복막을 관통. 부드럽게 신장 동맥에 인접한 복부 대동맥을 분리하고, 오른쪽의 기원과 왼쪽 신장 동맥 사이의 복부 대동맥 아래 8 CM-긴 4-0 실크 봉합사를 전달합니다. </li><li> 봉합사와 느슨한 두 번 매듭을 확인; 3 mm 직경의 루프를두고 루프 내부의 무딘 구부러진 22 G 바늘을 배치합니다. 대동맥과 바늘 주위의 매듭을 체결 한 후 0.7 mm 직경의 수축을 달성하기 위해 즉시 바늘을 제거합니다. </li><li> 6-0 흡수성 봉합사 재료로 복강을 닫습니다. 간단한 중단 봉합과 근육이나 피부 절개를 봉합. 감염을 예방하기 위해, 요오드 팅크와 수술 부위 스크럽. </li><li> 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 자유 이동에 의해 표시된 바와 같이,주의 동물을 관찰음식 섭취. 이 흉골 드러 누움을 유지하기 위해 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 무인 동물을 두지 마십시오. 수술 후 통증을 방지하기 위해, 아세트 아미노펜 (0.5 ml를 300 ㎎ / ㎏, IP)와 쥐를 치료. 주 : 기관의 정책에 의해 승인 된 사용자 진통제를 관리해야합니다. </li></ol> 2. 조직과 혈액 샘플 컬렉션 <ol><li> 십주 수술 후에서, 쥐의 무게 (0.5 ml의 IP를 75 ㎎ / ㎏)을 펜토 바르 비탈로 마취. 수술 전에 꼬리 반사를 테스트하여 마취의 깊이를 확인합니다. 금속 트레이에 쥐를 놓습니다. </li><li> 메스를 사용하여 목의 정중선을 따라 2cm의 절개를합니다. 기관을 노출 집게로 조심스럽게 근육을 대체. 기관 평행 및 심박수에 맞춰 맥동 경동맥을 식별하기 위해주의 깊게 관찰한다. </li><li> EDTA로 코팅 된 혈액 수집 관에 경동맥에서 피를 수집합니다. 즉시 원심 분리기2,000 XG에 15 분 동안 혈액과 플라즈마를 수집합니다. 필요할 때까지 -80 ° C에서 혈장을 저장합니다. </li><li> xyphoid 과정의 중간 선 주위에, 흉부 영역에서 5cm의 절개를합니다. 날카로운 집게로 다이어프램을 관통. 가위를 사용하여 절단하고 심장을 노출 양쪽에 중반 쇄골 라인을 따라 흉곽을 제거합니다. 심장 및 혈관 국경을 따라 조심스럽게 마음을 절제. 조직을 잡아없이 부드럽게 마음을 제거합니다. </li><li> 관류 바늘에 대동맥 트렁크를 묶는하여 수정을 Langendorff 관류 장치에 마음을 탑재합니다. 크렙스 버퍼 심장 관류 (110 mM의 염화나트륨, 2.6 밀리미터의 KCl을 포함하는 1.2 밀리미터 KH 2 PO 4, 1.2 mM의 황산, 25 mM의 NaHCO3을, 11 mM의 포도당 [산도 7.4]) 혈액을 씻어. 심장의 무게를 측정하고 심장 무게 - 투 - 몸 무게 비율을 계산한다. 얼음에 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드와 심장을 수정합니다. 파라 포름 알데히드 증기 TOX이기 때문에, 마스크를 착용 기억IC. </li></ol> 3. 조직 섬유증 정량 <ol><li> 조직 절편 장치의 파라 포름 알데히드 고정 심장 조직을 놓고 2mm 두께 부분을 잘라. 매립 카세트에서 조직 섹션을 배치합니다. 등급 알코올 욕 (50 %, 75 %, 95 %, 1 시간마다, 100 %)의 일련의 조직을 탈수. </li><li> 1 시간 동안 왁스에 마지막 1 시간 동안 자일 렌과 조직을 침투합니다. 매립 카세트에 침투 조직을 놓고 파라핀 왁스 포함. microtoming 때까지 실온에서 파라핀 블록에 포함 된 조직을 저장합니다. </li><li> 4 μm의 두께 섹션으로 포함 된 조직을 조각입니다. 45 ºC 물을 욕조에 섹션을 놓습니다. 각도 수조에 유리 슬라이드를 담궈 서서히 슬라이드 부분 부착 있도록 파라핀 섹션 가장자리 접근. </li><li> 에 슬라이드를 이동하고 화장실에서 조직 섹션에서 잠재적 인 공기 주머니를 제거하고 더 나은 부착을 용이하게 할 수 있습니다. 드라이 t그 1 시간 동안 37 ºC에서 슬라이드 조직 학적 염색을 실온에서 보관. </li><li> 탱크에 슬라이드를 넣습니다. 30 분간 크실렌으로 슬라이드 Deparaffinize 최종적 증류수 (3 분마다 95 %, 75 %, 50 %)을 순차적으로 희석하여 알콜을 재수. 완전히 1 시간 동안 조직 섹션을 충당하기 위해 적절한 picrosirius 빨간 솔루션을 사용합니다. 두 변화 0.5 % 아세트산 용액에 슬라이드를 헹군 후 무수 알코올 두 헹굼을 수행한다. </li><li> 슬라이드를 공기 - 건조 및 커버 슬립과 합성 수지에서 슬라이드를 탑재합니다. 가시 광선 필드에 슬라이드를 사진. 참고 : 사진에서 빨간색 영역은 200X 배율의 현미경 아래 picrosirius 빨간색 긍정적 인 영역을 보여줍니다. 섬유증 (11)의 정도를 나타내는 총 면적 위에 picrosirius 적색 양 영역의 비율을 계산한다. </li></ol> 4. 혈액 트로포 닌 정량 <ol><li> 플라즈마 트로포 닌 농도를 정량화효소 결합 면역 분석법 (ELISA)을 사용. 중복 된 각 샘플을 분석. 로드 혈장 50 ㎕를 적절한 웰에 항체 칵테일 중 50 μL. 플레이트를 밀봉하고 400 rpm에서 플레이트 진탕 기에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안 배양한다. 참고 : 플라즈마의 심장 트로포 닌은 심장 부상 마커입니다. </li><li> 액체를 대기음 및 세척 버퍼의 250 μl를 3 회 각 웰을 씻는다. 마지막 세척 후, 플레이트를 반전 과도한 액체를 제거하기 위해 깨끗한 종이 타월에 대해 그것을시킨다. </li><li> 각 웰에 테트라 메틸 기판의 100 μl를 추가하고 400 rpm에서 접시 쉐이커에 어둠 속에서 10 분 동안 품어. 각 웰에 스톱 솔루션의 100 μl를 추가합니다. 1 분 혼합하는 접시 통에서 접시를 흔들어. 450 nm에서의 광학 밀도 (OD)를 기록한다. 주 : 트로포 닌 농도가 OD 값에 비례한다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hypertensive heart disease, a major health problem that contributes greatly to morbidity and mortality, can lead to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure5. The pathogenesis and progression of hypertensive heart disease in humans is complex, so an appropriate animal model is critical to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to test novel therapeutics that aim to improve cardiac structure and function5. The abdominal aortic constriction model, which simulates chronic heart disease, is an effective...

심장 장애는 말초 조직에서의 피로, 호흡 곤란을 포함하는의 증상이, 편협 운동 복잡한 임상 증후군, 및 체액 저류이다. 그것은 선진국 (1) 사망의 주요 원인이다. 이외에도 근절 단백질 또는 이온 채널이 돌연변이에 의한 유전 심근증, 심근 기능 부전, 고혈압, 판막 심장 질환, 비만, 당뇨병 및 3을 포함하는 의료 조건의 다양한 의해 야기 될 수있다. 부적절한 심장 펌핑 용량 심근 구조, 전기 전도 및 에너지 대사 리드의 변화는 궁극적으로 심장 마비 3,4 결과 순환 요구를 충족합니다. 심부전의 기초가되는 메카니즘을 연구 따라서 심혈관 연구 분야에서 매우 중요하다. 심부전의 진행으로 이어지는 분자 메커니즘을 식별하는 것은 궁극적으로 신규 한 치료 표적 또는 유용한 바이오 마커의 발견에 도움이 될 수있다 <s&gt; 1입니다. 인간 5에서 심장 마비로 키 임상 적 특징을 공유 심장 마비 동물 모델을 개발하는 것이 중요하다. 심장 비대 및 리모델링 심부전의 개발에 중요한 역할을한다. 고혈압 성 심장 질환, 심장 비대 및 인간 환자 1에서 보이는 부적응 리모델링의 주요 기여 요인이다. 이러한 인간의 조건을 모방하기 위해 동물 모델은 종종 수술을 통해 설정됩니다. 특히, 횡 방향 또는 복부 대동맥 궁극적 중심부의 압력 과부하를 초래 좌심실에 대한 저항을 증가 수축 될 수있다. 이 현상은 일반적으로 심장 비대에서, 심근 세포의 생리 보상 심장 혈관 시스템의 기능적 요구에 부응 할 결과. 그러나, 기능적인 수요가 심장 섬유증 및 contrac로 이어지는 정상 생리 보상 메커니즘을 대체타일 ​​손상. 가로 대동맥 수축 (TAC) 수술은 종종 대동맥 궁에서 개흉술, 기계 환기 및 흉선의 분리 및 지방 조직을 포함하는 복잡한 절차를 포함한다. 반면, 복부 대동맥 협착은 간단한 실험 방법 6-8이 필요합니다. 복부 대동맥은 좌우 신장 동맥 사이 수술 동안 수축된다. 심장 비대 및 리모델링은 복부 대동맥 수축 수술 6-8 후 몇 주를 관찰 할 수있다; 그들은 횡 대동맥 협착 수술 9,10 의해 생성 된 것과 유사한 강력한 고혈압 심장병을 생산한다. 여기서, 우리는 효율적인 높은 재현성하고 최소한의 침습적 인 방법을 이용하여 쥐의 복부 대동맥 수축을 수행하는 프로토콜을 기술한다. 신장 동맥에 인접한 복부 대동맥은 4-0 실크 스레드에 의해 형성된 0.72 mm 루프에 의해 수축된다. 텐 주 수술, 심장 비대 및 remodelin 후g가 관찰 될 수있다. 복부 대동맥 수축 유도 심비대의 래트 모델은 질병 및 병태 생리 메커니즘뿐만 아니라, 잠재적 인 치료제의 개발 연구를위한 기반을 제공한다.

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a model of cardiac remodeling through constriction of the abdominal aorta in rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

10주 복부 대동맥 협착 수술 후, 생성 된 심장 병리를 분석 하였다. 심장 조직학은 체중 심장 중량의 비를 계산함으로써 상기 중심 콜라겐의 양을 검출함으로써 측정 하였다. 심장 손상 플라즈마 심장 트로포 닌 농도를 측정함으로써 확인 하였다. 도 1a에 도시 된 바와 같이 높은 심장 중량에 차체 중량의 비율 <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats at JoVE.com

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

쥐의 복부 대동맥의 수축을 통해 심장 리모델링의 모델

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

a-model-cardiac-remodeling-through-constriction-abdominal-aorta

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K 조회수.  National Taiwan University. A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

비디오: A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population1,2. Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)3 (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity.
CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins.
For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs4. The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter5,6. The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Due to the simplicity of surgery and the robust behavioural outcome, chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve is one of the pre-eminent animal models of neuropathic pain. Within 24 hrs following surgery, pain hypersensitivity is established and can be quantitatively measured using a von Frey aesthesiometer (mechanical test) and plantar analgesia meter (thermal test).

좌골 신경 및 쥐의 통증 과민성 시험의 만성 수축

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of ...

연구

의학

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

쥐에게 Orthotopic 간 이식

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

압력 과부하 심장 비대 모델의 창조를위한 쥐의 대동맥 수축 오름차순

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, the RV is significantly affected in pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). In addition, the RV is remarkably sensitive to cardiac pathologies, including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, valvular disease or RV infarction4. To understand the role of RV in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases, a reliable and noninvasive method to access the RV structurally and functionally is essential.
A noninvasive trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) based methodology was established and validated for monitoring dynamic changes in RV structure and function in adult mice. To impose RV stress, we employed a surgical model of pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) and measured the RV response over a 7-day period using a high-frequency ultrasound microimaging system. Sham operated mice were used as controls. Images were acquired in lightly anesthetized mice at baseline (before surgery), day 0 (immediately post-surgery), day 3, and day 7 (post-surgery). Data was analyzed offline using software.
Several acoustic windows (B, M, and Color Doppler modes), which can be consistently obtained in mice, allowed for reliable and reproducible measurement of RV structure (including RV wall thickness, end-diastolic&#160;and end-systolic dimensions), and function (fractional area change, fractional shortening, PA peak velocity, and peak pressure gradient) in normal mice and following PAC.
Using this method, the pressure-gradient resulting from PAC was accurately measured in real-time using Color Doppler mode and was comparable to direct pressure measurements performed with a Millar high-fidelity microtip catheter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RV measurements obtained from various complimentary views using echocardiography are reliable, reproducible and can provide insights regarding RV structure and function. This method will enable a better understanding of the role of RV cardiac dysfunction.

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, yet limited methodologies are available for its evaluation. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging provide a noninvasive and accurate option for longitudinal RV study. Herein, we detail a step-by-step echocardiographic method using a murine model of RV pressure overload.

경 흉부 심 초음파에 의한 폐동맥 수축의 마우스 모델에서 마우스 오른쪽 심실 구조 및 기능의 평가

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, ...

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled microscopic lesions (microlesions) that are remarkable due to the absence of infiltrating immune cells. Due to their release of cardiotoxic products, S. pneumoniae within microlesions are thought to contribute to the heart failure that is frequently observed during fulminate invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. Herein is demonstrated a protocol for experimental mouse infection that leads to reproducible cardiac microlesion formation within 30 hr. Instruction is provided on microlesion identification in hematoxylin &#38; eosin stained heart sections and the morphological distinctions between early and late microlesions are highlighted. Instruction is provided on a protocol for verification of S. pneumoniae within microlesions using antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and immunofluorescent microscopy. Last, a protocol for antibiotic intervention that rescues infected mice and for the detection and assessment of scar formation in the hearts of convalescent mice is provided. Together, these protocols will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying pneumococcal cardiac invasion, cardiomyocyte death, cardiac remodeling as a result of exposure to S. pneumoniae, and the immune response to the pneumococci in the heart.

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Streptococcus pneumoniae forms discrete non-purulent microscopic lesions in the heart. Outlined is the protocol for a murine model of cardiac microlesion formation. Instruction is provided on microlesion visualization using microscopy, discrimination between early and late microlesions, and methods to detect cardiac remodeling in hearts of convalescent animals.

시각화<em&gt; 폐렴 구균</em&gt; 심장 Microlesions 및 후속 심장 리모델링 내

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled ...

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.

The goal of this protocol is to noninvasively assess cardiac structural and functional changes in a mouse model of heart disease created by transverse aortic constriction, using B- and M-mode echocardiography and color/pulse wave Doppler imaging.

심 초음파 이미징에 의해 가로 대동맥 수축의 마우스 모델에서 심장 형태 학적 평가 및 기능 변경

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

풍선-기반 부상 마우스 복 부 대동맥에서 Myointimal 증식을 유도 하

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

마우스에 가로 대동맥 수축 유도를 폐쇄 가슴 모델

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

흉부 및 복 부 대동맥 동맥 류 크기를 결정 하는 쥐에서의 초음파 이미징

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of coronary artery disease. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is determined by an excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue within the stent and limits the long-term success of stents. A variety of animal models have been used to elucidate pathophysiological processes underlying in-stent restenosis (ISR), with the porcine coronary and the rabbit iliac artery models being the most frequently used. Murine models provide the advantages of high throughput, ease of handling and housing, reproducibility, and a broad availability of molecular markers. The apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/- ) mouse model has been widely used to study cardiovascular diseases. However, stents must be miniaturized to be implanted into mice, involving important changes of their mechanical and (potentially) biological properties. The use of apoE-/- rats can overcome these shortcomings as apoE-/- rats allow for the evaluation of human-sized coronary stents while at the same time providing an atherogenic phenotype. This makes them an excellent and reliable model to investigate ISR after stent implantation. Here, we describe, in detail, the implantation of commercially available human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access.

This protocol describes the implantation of human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access. Compared with other animal models, murine models carry the advantages of high throughput, reproducibility, ease of handling and housing, and a broad availability of molecular markers.

대퇴동맥 접근을 이용한 쥐 복부 대동맥에 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트를 이식

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...