这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助R01AI077610资助。

所有程序均按照指南的护理与健康研究所（NIH）的实验室动物的用途进行，由约翰霍普金斯大学动物护理和使用委员会（JHUACUC）获得批准。经批准的ACUC协议MO13M292和MO13M370下进行的具体程序。 1.捐赠皮肤丰收<ol><li>麻醉供体小鼠异氟醚（感应蒸发器4％，在维持1 - 2％，通过鼠标锥）。使用脚趾捏撤回反射来监测麻醉深度。 </li><li>使用电动剃须刀，剃动物的背部，并用10％聚维酮碘（ 例如 ，聚维酮碘）消毒它。 </li><li>在乳晕结缔组织的水平使用无菌剪刀，手套和无菌技术，从臀部到颈部收获供体背部皮肤，用钝器解剖。 </li><li>安乐死颈椎脱位动物收获后植皮。 </li><li>在显微镜下，分离结缔组织，脂肪组织，并用细切断术剪刀背部皮肤肉膜。肉膜负责皮肤抽搐动作的薄的，透明的肌肉。 </li><li>使用无菌仪器技术，切出15毫米×15毫米的移植物从背部皮肤为10毫米×10毫米至15毫米×15毫米的接枝床。 </li><li>储存在冰上的培养皿用无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）中浸泡的纱布的移植物。 注:8 - 10移植可以从一个供体小鼠获得。 </li></ol> 2.收件人皮肤移植<ol><li>麻醉受体小鼠异氟醚（感应蒸发器4％，在维持1 - 2％，通过鼠标锥）。使用脚趾捏撤回反射来监测麻醉深度。 </li><li>辖丁丙诺啡0.02毫克/千克体重缓解术后疼痛。 </li><li>剃动物的背部的一侧的接枝无线LL是插入并用10％聚维酮碘消毒。 </li><li>使用剪刀，切割10毫米×10毫米至15毫米的皮肤×15毫米的正方形。缺陷尺寸应比接枝稍大（10％）。作为切割表面越好。小心保存肉膜和船只。肉膜可以是从通过它的流动性和血管运行浅到它的底层筋膜分开。 </li><li>对接枝床接枝定位，避免沿边缘折叠。 </li><li>放置在角落和在每个边的中间8缝线。对于每个缝合，通过接枝通过针，然后通过床周边接受者皮肤下面的移植物的肉膜。 </li><li>取下面罩麻醉剂，让动物从麻醉中应用粘性绷带前部分恢复。 </li><li>包裹收件人鼠标拥有超过移植折叠的纱布粘性绷带。通过结合两个绷带作包扎，切割一项所述的粘合剂部分和放置在两个吸收垫一起。 </li><li>在恢复过程中密切监测鼠标以确保绷带没有限制胸部偏移和呼吸。取下绷带，如果呼吸速率降低或动物开始喘息浅或呼吸。 </li></ol> 3.术后护理<ol><li>手术感染预防后施用恩诺沙星5毫克/公斤。 </li><li>发生在一个干净的笼子里移植鼠标可微波加热垫，直到它完全从麻醉中恢复。 </li><li>观察小鼠1小时术后之前将其返回到壳体设施。 </li><li>手术后七天，麻醉小鼠如步骤2.1。通过仅在绷带的腹侧切割取下绷带。 </li><li>观察和触诊第二天对结痂，收缩或硬度的迹象接枝。如果存在，接枝可能不会取得恰当的vasculariza重刑和应被视为一个技术故障。 </li><li>每天监测排斥反应的迹象。考虑移植时，移植组织的≥90％变为坏死拒绝。 </li><li>安乐死被拒绝的动物和收获他们进行分析。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+Hind+Limb+Transplantation+in+the+Mouse.">Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2016).</li><li>Oh, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Microsurgical+Model+for+Heterotopic,+En+Bloc+Chest+Wall,+Thymus,+and+Heart+Transplantation+in+Mice.">A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2016).</li><li>Oberhuber, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+cervical+heart+transplantation+model+using+a+modified+cuff+technique.">Murine cervical heart transplantation model using a modified cuff technique.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50753 (2014).</li><li>Jones, T. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+behaviour+and+fate+of+skin+autografts+and+skin+homografts+in+rabbits:+A+report+to+the+War+Wounds+Committee+of+the+Medical+Research+Council.">The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in rabbits: A report to the War Wounds Committee of the Medical Research Council.</a> J Anat. 78, 176-199 (1944).</li><li>Billingham, R. E., Brent, L., Medawar, P. B., Sparrow, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+studies+on+tissue+transplantation+immunity.+I.+The+survival+times+of+skin+homografts+exchanged+between+members+of+different+inbred+strains+of+mice.">Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The survival times of skin homografts exchanged between members of different inbred strains of mice.</a> Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 143, 43-58 (1954).</li><li>Garrod, K. R., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+skin+transplantation.">Murine skin transplantation.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Schmaler, M., Broggi, M. A., Rossi, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+tail+skin+to+study+allogeneic+CD4+T+cell+responses+in+mice.">Transplantation of tail skin to study allogeneic CD4 T cell responses in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. , e51724 (2014).</li><li>Bergstresser, P. R., Toews, G. B., Gilliam, J. N., Streilein, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unusual+numbers+and+distribution+of+Langerhans+cells+in+skin+with+unique+immunologic+properties.">Unusual numbers and distribution of Langerhans cells in skin with unique immunologic properties.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 74, 312-314 (1980).</li><li>Chen, H. D., Silvers, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Langerhans+cells+on+the+survival+of+H-Y+incompatible+skin+grafts+in+rats.">Influence of Langerhans cells on the survival of H-Y incompatible skin grafts in rats.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 81, 20-23 (1983).</li><li>Chong, A. S., Alegre, M. L., Miller, M. L., Fairchild, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+and+limits+of+mouse+models.">Lessons and limits of mouse models.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 3, a015495 (2013).</li><li>Mayumi, H., Nomoto, K., Good, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+surgical+technique+for+experimental+free+skin+grafting+in+mice.">A surgical technique for experimental free skin grafting in mice.</a> Jpn J Surg. 18, 548-557 (1988).</li><li>McFarland, H. I., Rosenberg, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+allograft+rejection.">Skin allograft rejection.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. Chapter 4, (2009).</li><li>Lee, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preventing+Allograft+Rejection+by+Targeting+Immune+Metabolism.">Preventing Allograft Rejection by Targeting Immune Metabolism.</a> Cell reports. 13, 760-770 (2015).</li><li>Pollizzi, K. N., Powell, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+canonical+and+metabolic+signalling+programmes+in+the+regulation+of+T+cell+responses.">Integrating canonical and metabolic signalling programmes in the regulation of T cell responses.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 435-446 (2014).</li><li>Pearce, E. L., Poffenberger, M. C., Chang, C. H., Jones, R. 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作者什么都没有透露。

因为由梅达沃，首先在人体研究，然后在兔子和老鼠其介绍，皮肤移植已成为同种异体免疫反应6,7研究的宝贵模型。在这个手稿中，我们提出采用上，下背部皮肤大规模，非血管，皮肤全层移植的典范。各种替代方法，包括使用尾部皮肤或鼠标作为接枝组织来源的耳部皮肤，已经报道了迄今8,9。这些模型展示技术简单的独特优势，并允许高容量的吞吐量。表皮朗格汉斯细胞和真皮...

器官移植是选择用于患者的终末期器官衰竭的治疗和结果都与在外科手术和免疫抑制剂的协议的进步显着提高。然而，长期免疫抑制与显著的副作用，以及促进容忍新的战略发展仍然现代移植研究的目标。 许多动物模型已经开发了用于移植的基础研究，研究移植排斥反应的机制和测试用于防止移植排斥和促进长期耐受1-3的免疫抑制方法。小鼠模型已成为免疫学研究的中流砥柱，由于诊断和治疗性抗体和良好定义的近交系和转基因品系的独家和广阔的可用性。皮肤移植的是，不需要特殊的显微技术和可以简单的程序轻松术后监测。总之，小鼠皮肤移植一直是一个特殊的工具来研究许多方面参与同种免疫反应，包括抗原呈递细胞贩运，和移植排斥4,5期间组织破坏。 在这里，我们展示了一步一步的程序使用鼠标模型皮肤全层移植，而我们描述必要的移植皮肤移植成功的重要步骤。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Straight micro forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F4017</td>
			<td style="width:415px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Curved micro forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BD333R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Curved Stevens tenotomy scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BC905R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Mayo dissecting&#160; scissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S3146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Micro needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BM563R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Sterile gauze</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">441218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">6-0 Nylon suture&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">MWI</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">31849</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Plastic Strips Band-Aid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Obtained from pharmacy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">10 cm Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Quality Biological</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">119069131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>DEA Number required; Obtained from hospital pharmacy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Enrofloxacin</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Bayer Health Care</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">186599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine full-thickness skin transplantation

鼠全层皮肤移植是一种行之有效的体内模型来研究同种免疫反应和移植排斥。尽管它的应用有限给人类，小鼠皮肤移植已被广泛用于移植研究。该程序是很容易学习和执行，并且它不需要细腻的显微外科技术，也没有广泛的培训。此外，在该模型中移植排斥反应发生在一个非常可重复的免疫反应，并且容易地通过直接检查和触诊监测。此外，与供体匹配的或第三方皮肤移植继发的皮肤移植可以在更复杂的移植模型作为替代，并评估供体特异性耐受简单的方法进行。的并发症是低，并且在一般限于在手术后麻醉过量或呼吸窘迫。移植失败，另一方面，通常发生作为制备较差克的结果船尾，不正确的定位于移植床上，或包扎不当位置。在这篇文章中，我们提出了小鼠全层皮肤移植的协议，并描述必需的成功过程中的重要步骤。

收件人鼠标绷带的位置是该过程的一个重要步骤。皮肤移植物被定位在接受者躯干，肩膀，臀部和脊柱（ 图1）之间。绷带与折叠纱布和两个塑料粘性绷带的组合制成。收件人鼠标向下放置与接枝在纱布上的绷带的中心。使用两个弯曲微钳，绷带的下端首先拉出，然后将绷带的顶部被缠绕在鼠标腹部。 在完全不匹?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation at JoVE.com

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

鼠全层皮肤移植是一种行之有效的模型来研究排斥同种免疫的设置。在这里，我们提供了执行的BALB / c每个步骤的教程 - &gt;的C57BL / 6的全层皮肤移植。

鼠全层皮肤移植

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

murine-full-thickness-skin-transplantation

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.9K 次观看.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 鼠全层皮肤移植是一种行之有效的模型来研究排斥同种免疫的设置。在这里，我们提供了执行的BALB / c每个步骤的教程 - >的C57BL / 6的全层皮肤移植。 

视频: Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

激活的B细胞CD40的小鼠模型

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

科研

免疫与感染

Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel therapeutic entity in reconstructive surgery. However, long term high-dose multi-drug immunosuppressive therapy is required to ensure graft survival, bearing the risk of serious side effects which halters broader application. Further progression in this field may depend on better understanding of basic immunology and ischemia reperfusion injury in composite tissue grafts.
To date, orthotopic hind limb transplantation in rats has been the preferred rodent model for reconstructive transplantation (RT), however, it is an extremely demanding procedure that requires extraordinary microsurgical skills for reattachment of vasculature, bones, muscles and nerves.
We have introduced the vascular cuff anastomosis technique to this model, providing a rapid and reliable approach to rat hind limb transplantation. This technique simplifies and shortens the surgical procedure and enables surgeons with basic microsurgical experience to successfully perform the operation with high survival and low complication rates. The technique seems to be well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) studies.

Here we describe the orthotopic rat hind-limb transplantation procedure, which seems to be the gold standard in vivo model for composite tissue allotransplantation research.

原位大鼠后肢移植

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel ...

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Autoimmune phenomena occur in healthy individuals, but when self-tolerance fails, the autoimmune response may result in specific pathology. According to Witebsky's postulates, one of the criteria in diagnosing a disease as autoimmune is the reproduction of the disease in experimental animals by the passive transfer of autoantibodies. For epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), a prototypic organ-specific autoimmune disease of skin and mucous membranes, several experimental models were recently established. In the animal model described in our present work, purified IgG antibodies against a stretch of 200 amino acids (aa 757-967) of collagen VII are injected repeatedly into mice reproducing the blistering phenotype as well as the histo- and immunopathological features characteristic to human EBA 1. Full-blown widespread disease is usually seen 5-6 days after the first injection and the extent of the disease correlates with the dose of the administered collagen VII-specific IgG. The tissue damage (blister formation) in the experimental EBA is depending on the recruitment and activation of granulocytes by tissue-bound autoantibodies 2,-4. Therefore, this model allows for the dissection of the granulocyte-dependent inflammatory pathway involved in the autoimmune tissue damage, as the model reproduces only the T cell-independent phase of the efferent autoimmune response. Furthermore, its value is underlined by a number of studies demonstrating the blister-inducing potential of autoantibodies in vivo and investigating the mechanism of the blister formation in EBA 1,3,-6. Finally, this model will greatly facilitate the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies in autoantibody-induced diseases. Overall, the passive transfer animal model of EBA is an accessible and instructive disease model and will help researchers to analyze not only EBA pathogenesis but to answer fundamental biologically and clinically essential autoimmunity questions.

In the animal model described in our present work, purified IgG antibodies against a stretch of 200 amino acids (aa 757-967) of collagen VII are injected repeatedly into mice reproducing the blistering phenotype as well as the histo- and immunopathological features characteristic to human epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA)1.

粒细胞相关的自身抗体引起的皮肤起泡

Autoimmune phenomena occur in healthy individuals, but when self-tolerance fails, the autoimmune response may result in specific pathology. According to ...

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

尾部皮肤来研究异基因CD4 + T细胞应答的小鼠移植

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and selection of T cells specific for self and foreign antigens. The approach entails implantation of thymic grafts derived from various aged mice into immunodeficient scid recipients. Over a relatively short period of time the recipients are fully reconstituted with T cells derived from the implanted thymus graft. Only thymocytes seeding the thymus at the time of isolation undergo selection and develop into mature T cells. As such, changes in the nature and specificity of the engrafted T cells as a function of age-dependent thymic events can be assessed. Although technical expertise is required for successful thymic transplantation, this method provides a unique strategy to study in vivo a wide range of pathologies that are due to or a result of aberrant thymic function and/or homeostasis.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

隔离和不同的老年小鼠胸腺移植的移植。

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

体外和活体评估移植受体的 T、B 和髓细胞抑制活性和体液反应

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

Using Robotic Systems to Process and Embed Colonic Murine Samples for Histological Analyses

The understanding of human diseases has been greatly expanded thanks to the study of animal models. Nonetheless, histopathological evaluation of experimental models needs to be as rigorous as that applied for human samples. Indeed, drawing reliable and accurate conclusions is critically influenced by the quality of tissue section preparation. Here, we describe a protocol for histopathological analysis of murine tissues that implements several automated steps during the procedure, from the initial preparation to the paraffin embedding of the murine samples. The reduction of methodological variables through rigorous protocol standardization from automated procedures contributes to increased overall reliability of murine pathological analysis. Specifically, this protocol describes the utilization of automated processing and embedding robotic systems, routinely used for the tissue processing and paraffin embedding of human samples, to process murine specimens of intestinal inflammation. We conclude that the reliability of histopathological examination of murine tissues is significantly increased upon introduction of standardized and automated techniques.

Lack of standardization for murine tissue processing reduces the quality of murine histopathological analysis as compared to human specimens. Here, we present a protocol to perform histopathological examination of murine inflamed and uninflamed colonic tissues to show the feasibility of robotic systems routinely used for processing and embedding&#160;human samples.

利用机器人系统对结肠小鼠样本进行处理和嵌入进行组织学分析

The understanding of human diseases has been greatly expanded thanks to the study of animal models. Nonetheless, histopathological evaluation of ...

Renal Subcapsular Transplantation of 2'-Deoxyguanosine-Treated Murine Embryonic Thymus in Nude Mice

The thymus is an important central immune organ, which plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of T cells. Thymus transplantation is an important method for investigating thymic epithelial cell function and T cells maturation in vivo. Here we will describe the experimental methods used within our laboratory to transplant 2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine (to deplete donor&#8217;s lymphocytes) treated embryonic thymus into the renal capsule of an athymic nude mouse. This method is both simple and efficient and does not require special skills or devices. The results obtained via this simple method showed that transplanted thymus can effectively support the recipient&#8217;s T cells production. Additionally, several key points with regards to the protocol will be further elucidated.

We provide a simple and efficient method to transplant 2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine treated E18.5 thymus into the renal capsule of a nude mouse. This method should aide in the study of both thymic epithelial cells function and T cells maturation.

2'-脱氧核苷在裸体小鼠中治疗鼠胚胎胸腺的肾下囊移植

The thymus is an important central immune organ, which plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of T cells. Thymus transplantation ...

Isolation of Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells from Murine Colon Using Collagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous antigens and modulate responses to potent microbially derived immune stimuli. For this reason, the intestine is a major target site of immune dysregulation and inflammation in many diseases including but, not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and many allergic and infectious conditions. Murine models of gastrointestinal inflammation and colitis are heavily used to study GI complications and to pre-clinically optimize strategies for prevention and treatment. Data gleaned from these models via isolation and phenotypic analysis of immune cells from the intestine is critical to further immune understanding that can be applied to ameliorate gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory disorders. This report describes a highly effective protocol for the isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from the colon using a mixed silica-based density gradient interface. This method reproducibly isolates a significant number of viable leukocytes while minimizing contaminating debris, allowing subsequent immune phenotyping by flow cytometry or other methods.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate mononuclear cells that reside in the lamina propria of the colon by enzymatic digestion of the tissue using collagenase. This protocol allows for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells resulting in a single cell suspension which in turn can be used for robust immunophenotyping.

使用胶原酶E从毛里结肠分离拉米纳普里亚单核细胞

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous ...

Optimization of the Cuff Technique for Murine Heart Transplantation

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to improve surgical efficiency. In our lab, we have optimized the cuff technique with two major steps. First, we used the inner tube technique to insert a temporary inner tube into the external jugular vein and carotid artery blood vessel to facilitate eversion of the vessel over the cuff. Second, we performed complete heterotopic cardiac transplantation through the collaboration of two experienced surgeons. These modifications effectively reduced the operation time to 25 minutes, with a success rate of 95%. In this report, we describe these procedures in detail and provide a supplemental video. We believe that this report on the improved cuff technique will offer practical guidance for murine heterotopic heart transplantation and will enhance the utility of this mouse model for basic research.

We introduce an inner tube approach to the cuff technique for mouse cervical heterotopic heart transplantation to help evert the vessel over the cuff. We found that cooperation between two experienced surgeons markedly shortens the operation time.

穆林心脏移植袖口技术的优化

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to ...