We thank the children and families who have participated in our studies and the research assistants of the Emotion Regulation Lab for their assistance with data collection and coding.

注:该大学的机构审查委员会批准的所有程序之前招募或数据收集与人类受试者的开始。家长对孩子的参与提供了知情同意书，儿童提供语言（或口头和如7岁以上书面）同意参加这些活动。 1.随机分配参加实验条件<ol><li>测试的两种不同的情绪和对接收没有情绪调节指令的对照组两个不同的情绪调节策略指导的影响，采用了2（离散情感状态:悲伤或吓人）×3（情绪调节条件:控制，分散注意力，或者重新评估）被试间实验设计。 注:其他的实验设计，也可以使用，只要适当的控制组被包括针对其感兴趣的效果进行比较。例如，中性膜状态，其中没有情感被诱发，可以包括，或可以使用一个试内设计。无论如何，孩子的大致相等数目应当被分配给每个实验条件。 </li><li>随机指定孩子的六个条件之一，他们到达实验室（与男孩和女孩的大致相等的数量分配给每个条件约束）之前。 </li></ol> 2.与孩子参与者建立良好关系<ol><li>为引实验者下面是步骤，E1跟随。在访问的开始，建立融洽的孩子，确保他们与研究程序合规性。 </li><li>坐在一张小桌子与孩子，并引入艺术用品如果需要的话（ 例如 ，蜡笔，纸）的孩子可以使用。问2 - 关于孩子的爱好和兴趣3个问题搞的孩子友好的交谈。 </li><li>一旦孩子似乎已适应实验室环境和放松在他或她的相互作用（通常约5 - 10分钟），开始其他程序。 </li></ol> 3.培养孩子自我报告自己的情绪<ol><li>培养孩子自我报告的简单，四点卡通脸的情绪反应（ 如，悲伤，恐惧，快乐）的强度扩展到单独的利率每个离散情绪（ 见图1）。每个刻度描绘了一个中性面（ 例如，"完全没有"悲伤/吓得/愤怒/快乐"），其次是三个面描绘日益夸张的每一个情感（ 一点点 ， 非常 ， 非常 ）目标的面部表情。 </li><li>目前一台秤孩子，并宣读了规模锚大声一边指着每个相应的脸。 注意:你说:"今天我们打了很多不同的游戏，有时我们会问你要告诉我们你的想法和感受这种规模的展示了一些悲伤的面孔，您可以使用日。就是告诉我们多么悲伤你是在不同的时间今天感觉。" </li><li>演示如何使用规模。 注意:你说:"那么，这张脸就是如果你觉得你会点"一点也不"伤心[ 指向第一面 ];这个人是在这里，如果你觉得"有点"伤心[ 指向第二张脸 ，你会点];这个人是在这里，如果你觉得"非常"伤心[ 百分点至第三面]你会点;而这一次，你点，如果你觉得"非常"伤心[ 百分点至第四面 ]"。 </li><li>重复这个训练过程中为每个感兴趣的情绪（ 如悲伤，恐惧，愤怒，快乐）。 </li><li>对于每一个情感的规模，给孩子两练的问题，以确保理解。如果儿童指向一个不正确的脸，或表达对做什么混乱，重复指令（和实践试验），直到孩子正确回答两个练习题。 注:说（ 例如 ，"哪个脸就会哟的U Point，如果你感到非常难过吗？"，"你会在哪里点，如果你觉得一点也不难过？"）。 </li><li>在训练试验后，解释，他们将被要求报告使用同一尺度研究过程中几次感情的孩子。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55200/55200fig1.jpg" /> 图1.情绪量表。这种规模的显示图片缩放，研究人员显示整个实验的孩子们收集最一瞬间有多伤心，害怕评级，快乐它们。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55200/55200fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4.收购的儿童情绪基线报告<ol><li>问问孩子的自我报告他们是如何"真的感觉，现在，"使用相同的4点面对情感孩子之前接受尺度情绪调节指令或观看任何影片剪辑。 </li><li>这种自我报告构成了基本的情感评估认为有必要确保儿童不觉得会影响他们对实验操作反应预先存在的，消极的情绪。再次使用观看悲伤或恐怖电影剪辑后，这个相同的格式孩子还报告他们的悲伤，害怕，幸福的感觉。 </li></ol> 5.采集心脏心理生理学数据<ol><li>有第二成年实验者（E2）进入，以协助电极放置。 注意:E2解释说，孩子戴在他们的躯干粘传感器，使实验者可以在研究过程中监测他们的心。 </li><li>帧放置电极作为一个游戏，以提高孩子们的的程序合规。此外，为响应"贴纸游戏，"孩子从板材选择多个贴，可以让他们，把他们放在experimenters，把他们放在自己的父母，或穿着他们自己的身体。 </li><li>安全贴纸（由孩子选择）三个一次性的，预胶化电极，并将这些在孩子的右侧远端锁骨，下左肋，和右下肋骨采集心电图信号。 <ol><li>问问父母，如果他们习惯使用E2将电极放置在自己的孩子。如果没有，请父母帮忙放置电极对子女的躯干，与E2指导。 </li></ol></li><li>连接电极后，给孩子5分钟来适应环境戴着传感器，然后获得一个休息的副交感神经基线。记录基线心电图（ECG）五分钟。在此基础阶段，孩子们静静地端坐在E1表，着色或看书。 </li><li>继续卧床，无线心电记录与固定在一个孩子大小的背包动态监控访问的其余部分挂在椅子上，以尽量减少M的背面ovement文物。对于动态采集ECG信号一般是在500毫秒和带通在40和250赫兹过滤的速率采样。 </li><li>在研究结束时，轻轻取出并丢弃电极 注意:这是类似于在潜在的不适到参与者而言去除胶粘绷带。 </li></ol> 6.情绪调节指令提供儿童<ol><li>根据实验条件下作业，向他们展示，旨在唤起消极情绪一个电影剪辑之前提供特定的脚本情绪调节指令的每个孩子。 <ol><li>对于分配到控制病情的孩子<ol><li>显示一个短片给孩子们并指示他们要注意所有的电影中发生的事情。注:教师说:"我现在要告诉你一个短片密切关注的电影，因为我们将在后面问你一些关于它的问题，当你看这部电影，我想。你只是试图要注意所有的电影中发生的事，好吗？你可以尝试这样做呢？好了，你有什么打算尝试做，而你看这部电影吗？" </li></ol></li><li>对于分配给撑开孩子的条件<ol><li>显示一个短片给孩子们并指示他们要注意电影。指导孩子们，如果他们感觉不好或心烦意乱，然后去思考，而不是什么高兴。注:教师说:"我现在要告诉你一个短片密切关注的电影，因为我们将在后面问你一些关于它的问题，当你看这部电影，如果你开始感觉不好或烦躁，。我希望你能想想什么幸福，而不是你能想到的一个时间，你很开心玩耍，或吃冰淇淋，想想还是电视节目，你喜欢看，凡是你能想到的，是幸福的是确定的思考约相反，好吗？你能尝试做呢？好了，你有什么打算尝试做，而你看日e动画？" </li></ol></li><li>对于分配给重新评价条件的孩子<ol><li>显示一个短片给孩子们并指示他们要注意电影。指导孩子们，如果他们感觉不好或心烦意乱，那么认为它不是真的发生了。 注:教师说:"我现在要告诉你一个短片密切关注的电影，因为我们将在后面问你一些关于它的问题，当你看这部电影，如果你开始感觉不好或烦躁，。我希望你能考虑一下这是如何在电影中发生的一切是不是真的发生，所以它不是一个大问题。想想它是如何的只是一部电影，而不是真正的好不好？你可以尝试这样做呢？好吧，所以你有什么打算尝试做，而你看这部电影吗？" </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>提供后续的具体说明到底的问题，以确保儿童了解他们应该做什么。任何重复的说明孩子谁表示做什么混乱。 注:跟进的问题，如"你有什么打算尝试做？" </li></ol> 7.引导学生负性情绪<ol><li>标准化的电影短片展的孩子引起的负面情绪（ 如悲伤或恐惧）。虽然各种电影剪辑可以选择，剪辑应该是短暂的（大约3 - 5分钟长），年龄相适应的和可接受的父母（ 如用G或PG级的电影，应选择）。 注:运行实验前，中试与目标年龄范围的电影剪辑，以确保预期离散情绪或消极的情感状态与引起足够的强度和specificity.Though悲伤和恐惧在这个协议中，其他的消极和积极的进行检查如使用其他电影剪辑所需的情绪可以诱发。 <ol><li>通过展示儿童从土地简短（约5分钟）的场景时 32 &lt; 之前引起悲伤/ SUP&gt;。 注:在剪辑，在风暴期间对他的母亲年轻的恐龙搜索。她一直受伤，他发现她后不久，他们有一个谈话，她死。小恐龙被单独留在家中，失去了，虽然他试图找到他的方式回到主牛群哭。 </li><li>通过展示儿童NIMH 33 的秘密简短（约5分钟），现场引起恐惧。 注:在剪辑，鼠标导航她的方式，通过一个黑暗而阴森的洞穴（猫头鹰的巢穴）寻求帮助，为她的儿子，谁生病了。洞内，她出游的骨头了桩，并用巨型蜘蛛来面对面的脸洞穴，一个巨大的可怕的猫头鹰谁吞噬在她面前飞蛾的所有者之前几乎吃掉，击碎蜘蛛。她与她询问有关如何帮助她的儿子的意见猫头鹰简短的交谈。 </li></ol></li><li>看着情绪引发电影后，让孩子们自我报告他们的感情再次采用t他面临着鳞片。后来，这第二个自我报告的比较基准情感的评价，以保证操控的情感是有效的。 </li></ol> 8.缓解激烈的缠绵或负面情绪<ol><li>任务和去除电极完成后，提供了一个积极的影响情绪的诱导，确保儿童不会离开实验室的感觉心烦意乱。 注:与以前的电影剪辑，选择一个电影是短暂的（大约3 - 5分钟长），年龄相适应的和可接受的父母（ 如用G或PG等级）。 </li><li>通过展示呼吁鸟类 34短片（〜4分钟）诱发儿童积极情绪。 注:在剪辑上电话线鸟土地，由其他几个鸟连接起来，然后通过一个大的，尴尬的看着鸟。一系列有趣的互动发生，并剪辑所有的鸟儿一起笑结束。 注:如果一个孩子成为在研究过程中的任何一点过分懊恼，遵循道德准则与儿童工作。如果一个孩子由协议的任何方面（ 例如 ，看着悲伤或恐怖电影），似乎过于心疼，暂时休息。让孩子平静下来〜30秒后，请检查，如果孩子愿意继续或者他们需要一个较长的休息。 注意:如果孩子仍然是过分心疼，调用父的房间帮助安慰他们的孩子。如果遇险持续时间超过两分钟的时间越长，孩子不能平静下来，或者参加希望停止参与（在任务或干脆学习）的协议，应立即停止，并积极影响感应开始结束访问。 </li></ol> 9.流程和代码生理学数据<ol><li>连续记录心电图（ECG）在整个实验室的任务和处理这些数据离线（9.2中描述的 - 9.6）。 注:呼吸性窦性心律不齐（RSA），感兴趣的指数孩子的上网情绪调节副交感神经生理的措施，从使用软件程序（ 例如 ，Mindware心率变异）心电图信号导出。该Mindware软件程序允许行为或程序的事件标记被插入到所述生理数据流在线或离线。 </li><li>使用心脏速率编辑软件的验证算法35来检测interbeat区间（IBIS）和生理上不大可能根据收集到的数据的总体分布的间隔。 <ol><li>打开软件后，选择数据文件路径的正确参与者的文件。在事件和模式选项卡中输入情节的正确的开始和结束时间，并进入30秒的时间段。 </li></ol></li><li>在校准设置选项卡中，选择孩子在学习年龄的高频率范围。为了孩子betwEEN 3和12岁，呼吸性窦性心律不齐（RSA）被定义为0.15的自然对数积分- 8赫兹功率带36，37 <ol><li>然后，点击分析（ENTER）按钮在右下角。观察数据的问题在屏幕上出现一段"倒置心电图？"。目视检查的数据，如果它看起来正常，或者如果它看起来是倒没有回应。 </li></ol></li><li>目测文物的数据，并根据需要进行更正。蓝色点表示没有必要修改的数据，黄点指示数据应该仔细检查和编辑。 <ol><li>点击绿色的"编辑RS"按钮，在顶部检查和编辑数据段。检查对屏幕的右下角的RSA部分每段RSA的值。值应为0之间 - 10。 </li></ol></li><li>写干净，编辑数据到电子表格文件使用页面顶部的白色的"写入"按钮。完成后写出段，点击屏幕顶部的红色"完成"按钮。 <ol><li>使用电子表格文件，计算间信度上〜25％的病例。要构成可靠的匹配，对于来自两个得分手任何30秒时期最后的RSA值应该落在另一个31，38，39的0.1。评估者应同意对时代的至少85％。 </li></ol></li><li>在电子表格文件，单击"HRV统计"选项卡上的检索RSA值为每个编码段。通过平均插曲中的所有部分计算RSA分数的一个插曲。 </li></ol> 10.计算RSA反应比分<ol><li>计算使用下面描述的方法之一的RSA的反应性。 <ol><li>首先，计算RSA反应性基线之间的差异简单（静静坐着）与挑战（看一部情感电影引发的）任务。减去平均任务值的基准值，每个参与者（ 例如 ，RSA悲情电影= 7.20时，RSA基线时= 7.00;任务减去基线:7.20 - 7.00 = 0.20）。 注意:在此方法中，阳性反应性值表示的RSA已（RSA增强）相对于基线增加了。包括基线的RSA值作为其他协变量分析实验范围内表征变化的图案时，以占初始水平的个体差异。 </li></ol></li><li>计算RSA反应作为residualized变化得分通过线性回归从基线的RSA预测任务的RSA。从该分析作为新的变量保存标准化残差。在这种方法中，阳性反应性值表示的RSA比样品平均增加更多。 </li></ol> 11.数据分析<ol><li>通过开展儿童操纵检查自我报告的情绪。 注:初步分析（ 例如 ，单向ANOVA）应该比较儿童在基线每一个情感的评级，以确保有情感收视观看电影之前，没有差异通过实验条件。 <ol><li>确定情感的电影无论是孩子的基线自我报告评级的比较（电影前）用配对t检验或ANOVA电影后立即提供评级引发的预期消极情绪。 注:在目标情感的显着增长表明，电影唤起目标情感。如果多个负面情绪通过自我报告（ 如 ，悲伤和恐惧）进行评估，以确保情感启发的有效性的另一种方法是比较电影后立即提供不同的情感评级的力度。目标负性情绪（ 如悲伤）应显著更强烈行吟诗人被诱发- [R负面情绪（ 如愤怒，恐惧）。 </li></ol></li><li>检查的情绪调节指令对孩子的生理反应的影响。用方差分析在不同的情绪调节指令条件儿童的基线水平RSA比较，并确保有在RSA观看电影（再次担任随机分配的假设进行检查）之前，没有差别。 注:RSA反应性（从基线到任务的变化），表示从基线水平（增强）增加时，情绪都使用胶片剪辑29，30，31诱发是典型的。平均基线RSA考试和平均的任务（观片）RSA应显示为RSA所有与会者显著上升，无论实验条件。 <ol><li>检查在使用ANOVA实验条件之间的RSA反应模式的差异，在协根据需要cluded。 注:RSA反应是感兴趣的因变量在这里，但类似的程序可用于检查情绪过程的其他指数（面部表情的连续的编码，例如）。 </li></ol></li><li>探测方差分析的结果，进行成对比较，以确定在不同的实验条件之间的RSA反应分数显著差异。 注意:回想一下，对照组参与者没有指示使用特定的情绪调节策略来管理悲伤或恐惧。因此，在RSA反应对比的关键是两个实验策略条件（牵引和重新评价）和控制条件之间。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

该议定书中的关键步骤有效地引发负性情绪和指导孩子使用特定的情绪调节策略是协议中的关键步骤。 修改和故障排除影片剪辑必须选择（和试点测试）是年龄适当考虑到年龄问题，以确保他们唤起指定的年龄范围的利益目标的情感。研究人员还应该注意，以确保孩子了解情绪调节指令。提供监管指令后，研究人员应该问孩子如果他们开...

儿童体验到悲伤的负面情绪，每天惧怕。随着他们的发展和成熟，孩子学习的监管策略，允许他们管理范围广泛的压力和挑战，以适应这个世界。他们的情绪调节剧目扩大，从主要行为策略成分的变化，包括更多的认知策略1。由中间童年的结束，孩子们使用认知和行为策略2调节自己的情绪。了解不必要的负面情绪有效的管制和管理，近年来已经越来越有趣发育的科学家。这种兴趣驱动，部分由科研连接情绪调节过程，以儿童的日常生活（ 如学习成绩3，友谊主机具有造成严重后果的社会，情感和认知成果<sup系列="外部参照"&gt; 4，和精神病理学5）。 这里介绍的方法主要针对已经收到的实证关注的大部分份额至今两种认知情绪调节策略:重新评价和分心。已经与成人所做的研究表明，再评价和分心是用于减轻情感6，7，8，9，10，11的有效方法。颜师古，其中涉及更改或重新规划怎么一解释情绪或问题，已被证明是有效地减少负面情绪的学龄儿童12强，13。分心，相反，包括改变什么人正在考虑，比如当一个关于儿童接收VAccine认为代替冰淇淋，他们将与他们的父母日后欣赏。儿童也可以开始使用这些认知策略有效地调节负面情绪，从年仅5 - 6年14岁。 研究情绪调节的理论与实践的挑战情绪反应和监管过程交织在一起，双向和迭代15，16。因此，科学家们发展的一个关键概念的挑战是确定并聘请了情感响应和监管流程之间有意义的区分方法。这里所描述的方法利用情绪作为调节 （相对于情绪作为调节 ）的视图15。情绪调节被定义为在该改变的强度的方式改变一个有经验的情感17的过程，持续时间和/或情感18的化合价。 尽管有前途的行为证据，像分心，重新评估认知情绪调节策略，减少负面情绪14，有其突出的自我报告或限制可从现有的实证研究得出，尤其是青少年儿童的结论观测方法的许多局限性。例如，情感体验自我报告受到不精确和需求特征。尽管行为观察（ 如面部表情）指数的情感反应表面上是比自我报告更客观，观察仍然受到掩盖或隐藏困扰或消极情绪的真实体验自动和明确的监管过程。为了解决这些概念和方法问题，本文介绍了考察情绪调节S的影响的方法对儿童的心理生理学后续的trategies使得研究人员能够更清楚地反应性和消极情绪的主动调控区分。用于引发负面情绪和评估不同的指示情绪调节策略的后果，这个实验范式提供了可与各种年龄段，青少年，成人或的儿童使用的方法。 心理生理学是情绪调节的一种非侵入性指标呼吸性窦性心律不齐（RSA）是副交感神经心脏生理心理学的一个常用指标，并已成为儿童情绪能力监管19,20的关键相关。 RSA是从心脏速率变化的测量结果导出的呼吸周期21，22内（由迷走神经传出纤维控制）<html> 。高基线RSA表示较好的调节情绪和社会情绪能力21，而较低的基准RSA被链接到消极社会情绪的结果23。基线RSA反映系统的监管能力，从基线水平的挑战（RSA反应性）实现更高的交感神经的影响力和资源调动的条件下应对压力，而改变RSA。这个过程反映了从稳态诉求的持续关注，行为自律便利客场转变，应对策略来控制情感或行为觉醒20,26的产生。 RSA反应具有挑战性的任务，实验室用更好的情绪调节能力和一般的适应能力有关，包括少负情绪和风险行为问题和更好的持续关注21，屁股="外部参照"&gt; 23，24，25，26，27。 RSA反应性的挑战可谓增加（增强RSA）或降低（RSA抑制）副交感神经的影响。与在心脏副交感神经的影响整个环境监管的灵活性，被认为是背后适应性情绪调节。 事实上，一系列富有挑战性的任务期间的变化在儿童的RSA幅度预测自己的情绪调节技能28。 RSA响应在感情上具有挑战性的环境中也是如此。例如，RSA抑制（从基线水平下降到任务级）是与经历的恐惧和悲伤，但增强（增加从基线到任务）是与情绪的有效监管时，悲伤和恐惧是通过电影剪辑29诱发， </SUP&gt; 30。已经对这种非侵入性的方法， 在体内的情绪调节过程评估工具大写以前的工作已经证明儿童使用的具体认知情绪调节策略如何预测RSA反应性，同时他们在看情绪，引发视频31。本文描述了使用带有积极情绪调节指数的监管能力有关的生理模式，提供了一个创新的方法来解析负面情绪的经验和规范了一种新的实验范式。

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			<td>Mobile acquisition device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:317px;">MindWare Disposable Pediatric Tape Electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mindware Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">93-0101-00</td>
			<td>EKG electrodes for children</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:317px;">MindWare HR/HRV Application w/Key</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mindware Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">60-1100-00</td>
			<td>Scoring software to process EKG</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

psychophysiological assessment of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

如在图2和3所示，典型的结果是，指示孩子使用认知情绪调节策略导致RSA反应性不同的图案不是简单地观看情感薄膜（对照）。这支持的想法，说明使用分心调节负面情绪或重新评价给出一个感情上具有挑战性的任务时引起的生理反应不同的模式，因为在控制条件下的孩子和策略条件中响应的差异。 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood at JoVE.com

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

对于实验范式的详细协议，以评估与儿童情绪调节描述的有效性。儿童随机分配到使用特定的情绪调节策略，负面的情绪被激发与电影剪辑，并改变在后续心理生理学索引到情绪调节是有效的程度。

情绪调节策略的童年有效性的心理生理评估

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

psychophysiological-assessment-effectiveness-emotion-regulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.4K 次观看.  University of California, Riverside (UCR). 对于实验范式的详细协议，以评估与儿童情绪调节描述的有效性。儿童随机分配到使用特定的情绪调节策略，负面的情绪被激发与电影剪辑，并改变在后续心理生理学索引到情绪调节是有效的程度。 

视频: Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of studies show changes in balance phenotype with age in rodents, very few isolate the vestibular contribution to balance under either normal conditions or during senescence. We use two standard behavioral tests to characterize the balance performance of mice at defined age points over the lifespan: the rotarod test and the inclined balance beam test. Importantly though, a custom built rotator is also used to stimulate the vestibular system of mice (without inducing overt signs of motion sickness). These two tests have been used to show that changes in vestibular mediated-balance performance are present over the murine lifespan. Preliminary results show that both the rotarod test and the modified balance beam test can be used to identify changes in balance performance during aging as an alternative to more difficult and invasive techniques such as vestibulo-ocular (VOR) measurements.

Motor control and balance performance are known to deteriorate with age. This paper presents a number of standard noninvasive behavioral tests with the addition of a simple rotary stimulus to challenge the vestibular system and show changes in balance performance in a murine model of aging.

衰老小鼠前庭系统的行为评估

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical instruments within a comparative design assessing physiological and psychopathological features of individuals with BPD. This method aims at studying the psychological and physiological effects of trauma-related dissociation. Since the psychodiagnostic classification of trauma-related disorders relies on the observation of evolutionarily determined responses to life-threat, an integrated assessment paradigm for the study of reactions to traumatic memories proposes a very appropriate methodological approach.
The employed script-driven imagery paradigm uses individual recall instructions to activate trauma-related memory networks and prompt associated emotional and physiological responses. These responses are measured by means of self-rating scales and physiological assessments. During the individual recall, participants are asked to vividly imagine traumatic and everyday experiences and other situations triggered by short personalized verbal scripts they authored beforehand together with the experimenters. A wide range of affective reactions and different physiological parameters can be measured. We used this paradigm to investigate dissociative states in BPD and to find physiological and affective correlates of dissociative states. Some of the participants were having severe traumatic antecedents.
To investigate different reaction patterns within the same diagnostic group, participants with different levels of traumatic histories, symptom severities, and co-morbidities should be included. By using short verbal scripts, the level of stress induced to participants is held as low as possible without affecting the validity of the object of investigation.

We present a protocol of personalized script-driven trauma-related imagery and clinical assessments within a comparison design for investigating peritraumatic dissociation (PD), psychophysiological reactions, i.e. heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC), and psychological features of often severely traumatized individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Assessment of Sexual Behavior of Male Mice

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral pattern. The purpose of this article is to describe the hormone-induced estrus ovariectomized female model and the experimental procedure for the assessment of sexual behavior of male mice. The most important sexual behavioral elements are demonstrated in the video and illustrations. The critical steps, advantages, and limitations of the sexual behavior test are explained as well. Finally, the behavior parameters are presented, and mounting, intromission, and ejaculation processes in mating are distinguished. Behavioral parameters are assessed in terms of the occurred duration and counts during the test period.

This article describes how to perform sexual behavior tests in male mice.

雄性小鼠性行为评估

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

用三种不同的艺术材料考察人力资源管理与艺术创作后的情感变化

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

使用冯·弗雷头发蒙飞丝的中线语言点-压力感觉的评估

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...