我们要感谢由Worrell水技术有限责任公司提供的财政支持。商标或专利产品的提及仅是为了进行识别，并不意味着由农业部美国农业部保证或产品的保证。

1.在封闭腔室的顶部空间气体二氧化氯的测定<ol><li>获得的材料:二氧化氯袋（0.5克在选择用于其释放速率的聚合物膜CLO 2浆料（9.5％AI）的（6厘米2）的总表面面积;确切的组分是专有的），玻璃室（19.14 L），并具有可切换气体入口和出口的盖子。 </li><li>附加二氧化氯袋使用双面胶带盖子。 </li><li>通过密封用凡士林盖关闭所述腔室。 </li><li>连接CLO 2气体检测到所述腔室的入口和出口。 注意:这是一个气体循环系统，并在测量时没有发生气体损失。 </li><li>打开的入口和出口气体流量和测量所述室中的二氧化氯浓度为孵育后0，1，2，3，4，24，26，28，和48小时。 </li><li>监测温度和相对湿度（RH）在与回火腔室ATURE和RH数据记录仪。 </li></ol> 2.水果制品和存储<ol><li>从本地零售商获得15千克的新鲜葡萄番茄（ 番茄变种cerasiforme）。确保水果是健康的，没有视觉上的缺陷。 </li><li> 接种的准备 <ol><li>使用从柑橘类水果表面27 大肠杆菌 （野生型）和链格孢的菌株接种。 </li><li>在35℃下对大肠杆菌琼脂（ECA）培养大肠杆菌中27 1天，然后再培养于1天一个新板的生物体。通过与BAC-环采样ECA板，条纹上莱文细菌曙红亚甲基蓝（EMB）琼脂，并在35℃温育24小时，确认生物体;该转反射，金属绿培养是阳性的大肠杆菌 。 </li><li>在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养链格孢 （PDA），在25℃下直至孢子出现。 </li><li>刮除从琼脂板中的大肠杆菌细胞在50mL的无菌蒸馏水直到估计浓度达到9日志CFU / mL的使用具有麦克法兰等价浊度标准的比较。加入1950毫升的含有0.1％无菌水吐温20，使2 L的总的最终接种物。 </li><li>验证通过在埃克·阿加平板稀释电镀的细胞浓度。从培养基中刮去链格孢孢子，并将其暂停到2L含有0.1％Tween-20的无菌蒸馏水中。 注:最终大肠杆菌人口为7.5日志CFU / g，并且所述链格孢人口为5.5日志CFU / g以下。 </li></ol></li><li> 放置7千克西红柿的入10升的不锈钢制锅，其是完全由耐高压加热的袋覆盖。放置在一个安全罩袋和锅。使用从顶部施加，同时轻轻搅拌该扳机喷雾器应用接种物溶液（2L）到水果水果用戴着手套的手。 <ol><li> 5分钟后，将西红柿上灭菌片材的单个层，并允许他们在空气中干燥2小时。把约200g每个水果的成twent四个1磅（1.14〜L）穿孔的蛤壳。 </li></ol></li><li>小心地折污染箔和它们放入钢锅。取下手套，把它们放进锅里。包裹袋高压灭菌和高压釜中于121℃下所有污染的用品25分钟。 </li><li>附着二氧化氯袋至12个蛤壳盖。使用其他12个蛤壳作为对照。称量每个整个翻盖。保存在20°C的水果14天。 </li><li>采取样品第3天，7，10，和14样品3个蛤壳，代表3次重复，每人每天的治疗。 </li></ol>在蛤壳二氧化氯浓度3.监测<ol><li>插入二氧化氯的气体检测器的入口和出口管导入蛤壳的中心，无线TH两个端部之间的2厘米的距离，并采取天3，7，10，和14中的二氧化氯的测量。 </li></ol> 4.确定微生物种群和果实品质属性的<ol><li> 从各搅拌5种水果（约60g）复制在100rpm在无菌取样袋99毫升无菌磷酸钾缓冲液的沿轨道振荡器上1个小时（0.01M，pH 7.2）中。 <ol><li>的缓冲液洗涤板连续稀释液（1-，10-，和100-倍），每次50微升，在ECA（用于大肠杆菌 ），使用螺旋接种仪和PDA（对于链格孢 ）。 </li><li>孵育在35℃下24个小时的ECA板和PDA平板在25℃下3天。读取使用的光学板阅读器中微生物菌落计数。清理所有设备在使用后接触到受污染的水果。 </li></ol></li><li>测量使用制造商的协议的果实硬度测试仪果实硬度。校准测试仪前每次使用。测量水果20为每个复制和表达的结果作为压力力，牛顿（N），由1毫米到压缩果需要（换算成N·米- 1）。 </li><li>称取与水果整个蛤壳式的开始处和在储存过程中和计算相比于初始重量的重量损失。 </li></ol> 5.统计分析<ol><li>复制所有实验一式三份。分析使用方差分析（ANOVA）分析数据。确定由Duncan多范围检验的均值分离;的意义是在p &lt;0.05所定义。 </li></ol>

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M., Ragaert, P., Jeyachchandran, V., Debevere, J., Devlieghere, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shelf-life+of+minimally+processed+lettuce+and+cabbage+treated+with+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+and+cysteine.">Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine.</a> Int J Food Microbiol. 121 (1), 74-83 (2008).</li><li>Mahovic, M. J., Tenney, J. D., Bartz, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+for+control+of+bacterial+soft+rot+in+tomatoes.">Applications of chlorine dioxide gas for control of bacterial soft rot in tomatoes.</a> Plant Dis. 91 (10), 1316-1320 (2007).</li><li>Tan, H. K., Wheeler, W. B., Wei, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+chlorine+dioxide+with+amino-acids+and+peptides+-+kinetics+and+mutagenicity+studies.">Reaction of chlorine dioxide with amino-acids and peptides - kinetics and mutagenicity studies.</a> Mutat Res. 188 (4), 259-266 (1987).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

二氧化氯是防止食品腐烂的理想杀菌剂。然而，在高浓度和非运输的，需要昂贵的发电机或低效的两部分粉末混合不稳定。本研究二氧化氯的稳定，随时可以使用形式的应用，以减少食品腐败和食源性疾病的发生率。相较于目前使用的其他二氧化氯应用技术，这里使用的商业二氧化氯具有成本效益，具有保质期长，且不需要大型发电机或预混。然而，由于二氧化氯的强氧化性，二...

丰富的新鲜水果和蔬菜的饮食可能有助于减少许多疾病，包括冠状动脉心脏疾病和特定类型的癌症1的风险。不过，也有一些食源性致病微生物，如大肠杆菌 ， 沙门氏菌和李斯特菌 ，新鲜水果和蔬菜，可能会导致消费者谁食用被污染的农产品2中患病甚至死亡的消费有关。例如， 大肠杆菌（E.coli）O157:H7爆发已经与葡萄，番茄，草莓和3,4相关联，并且甲型肝炎爆发已与新鲜蓝莓5相关联。此外，微生物污染可导致通过采后腐烂6实质的产品损失。 交链孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌ŧ<html>帽是已知会导致叶斑和其他疾病中的植物7的超过380宿主物种。它已被证明是一种黑斑病 8，茎溃疡病，西红柿9的叶枯病的原因。因此，安全有效的采收后处理净化是需要两个控制食源性致病菌并防止采后腐烂在新鲜的农产品。 低收入和无渣技术是替代消毒剂的新趋势。各种采后杀菌剂已被用于减少腐败菌，防止食源性疾病。臭氧，强大的抗微生物剂，已显示出保留草莓和蓝莓10，11的质量和新鲜度。然而，臭氧可以引起水果表面组织的氧化，可导致变色和风味质量的恶化S = "外部参照"&gt; 12。氯已被用于消毒新鲜农产品，如蓝莓和苹果13。虽然有效，氯可以与含氮化合物或氨反应，导致致癌的副产物14，用于新鲜水果15中的消毒时尤其如此。 二氧化氯（二氧化氯 ），洗手液的替代物，正在为水果和蔬菜16的采后处理批准中国和美国。二氧化氯是一种水溶性氧化剂与氧化能力比的游离氯17的大2.5倍。二氧化氯是在低浓度和具有短接触时间18非常有效。二氧化氯具有用于消毒浓度低毒性和最小的腐蚀性，并且它被认为是最有效的杀菌之一并在各种设置19，20，21使用杀菌剂。 众多的研究结果已经表明，二氧化氯可以控制食源性致病菌和采后腐烂16。例如，二氧化氯的气体已被用于灭活单增李斯特菌 ， 沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌 O157:H7和防止蓝莓，草莓变质22,23。二氧化氯的气体减少了微生物污染的风险，同时保持新鲜水果的属性，并且它是在控制草莓24的采后腐烂有效。然而，在高浓度和不可传输不稳定的，需要在历史上的网站或低效的两部分粉末混合昂贵发电机。 然而，一个新的CLO2产物与现成的，控制释放制剂（ 即，它不要求一个发生器或成分的预混合）已被证明是在控制的预备试验25食品腐败生物和病原体非常有效。它是一种安全，经济高效，无腐蚀性，易于运输和控释二氧化氯的形式，对环境无不良影响。先前的实验已经证明，该缓释CLO 2粉末包裹在过滤材料，并放置在吸塑包装显著减少的新鲜蓝莓和草莓的衰退，减少浆果失水，和采后存储器25，26期间维持果实硬度。最近，一种控释二氧化氯包通过在半透性聚合物膜密封二氧化氯的浆液形式开发的。这项工作的目标是:于:1）监测在两个封闭的容器中二氧化氯的气体释放性和在穿孔的蛤壳，2）调查控制释放二氧化氯袋封闭在上食源性致病菌的容器和葡萄西红柿的衰减的效果，以及3）评价对葡萄西红柿的质量存储控释二氧化氯的影响。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Curoxin chlorine dioxide pouch</td>
			<td>Worrell Water Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slurry, a.i. 9.5% in sealed permeable polymer film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grape tomato</td>
			<td>Santa Sweets, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Santa Sweets Authentic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ClO2 gas detector</td>
			<td>Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PortaSens II&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perforated clamshell</td>
			<td>Packaging Plus LLC, Yakima, WA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OSU #1, 1 lb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wild Type (WT) from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternaria alternata</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli agar&#160;</td>
			<td>EC Broth, Oxoid, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EC Broth with 1.5% agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potato dextrose agar&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levine eosin methylene blue agar</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigger spray bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>Impact Products, LLC., Toledo, OH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized sampling bag&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbit shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Innova 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IUL Instruments Neutec Eddy jet spiral plater inoculation plating system</td>
			<td>Neutec Group Inc., Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ micro optical plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Synoptics, Ltd., Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ProtoCOL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fruit firmness tester&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioworks Inc, Wamego, KS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FirmTech 2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tinytag temperature and RH data logger</td>
			<td>Gemini Data Loggers, West Sussex, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McFarland equivalence turbidity standard</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled-release of chlorine dioxide in a perforated packaging system to extend the storage life and improve the safety of grape tomatoes

的控释二氧化氯（CLO 2）袋是由密封二氧化氯的浆液形式成半透聚合物膜显影;袋的释放特性在有或无果的容器进行了监测。将袋固定到含有葡萄西红柿穿孔蛤壳的内部，并在微生物群体，坚固性的效果，并在在20℃下14天的储存期进行评价的重量损失。在3天后，将二氧化氯浓度在蛤壳达到为3.5ppm和保持不变，直到第10天。此后，通过3.08日志CFU降低至2ppm白天14.二氧化氯袋显示出强大的抗微生物活性，从而减少大肠杆菌群体/克和链格孢种群由2.85日志CFU /克后存储14天。的二氧化氯处理也降低软化和体重减轻和延长了的西红柿的整体的货架寿命。我们的研究结果表明，二氧化氯的治疗是用于延长保质期和储存过程中改善的西红柿的微生物安全性而不损害它们的质量是有用的。

二氧化氯的释放显示出在最初的几个小时的线性图案。浓度在第一4小时增加约2.38 PPM /小时。温育24个小时后的释放速度减慢，并且二氧化氯浓度达到25.4 ppm的。然而，浓度趋向于孵育的24个小时（ 图1）后保持稳定。 顶部空间二氧化氯浓度与葡萄西红柿蛤壳为3天和第10天之间约4ppm，它储存?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes at JoVE.com

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

在穿孔的包装系统二氧化氯的控释，延长贮藏寿命，提高葡萄番茄的安全

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

controlled-release-chlorine-dioxide-perforated-packaging-system-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.9K 次观看.  USDA, ARS, USHRL. Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

视频: Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

自动凝胶尺寸选择，以提高下一代测序文库的质量，从环境水样准备

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

科研

环境科学

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

对水生生命值评价悬浮泥沙影响的流通系统曝光

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

与CO平衡的原油流变学测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;在水库条件

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

用虱、烟粉虱在棉花中开发无梗昆虫生命表的方法作为模型系统

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

蚂蚁视觉系统解剖学研究方法

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

百里香精油应用于肉类干燥过程中微生物负荷的影响

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.